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With regard to early polyphony the term copula has a variety of meanings. At its most basic level, it can be thought of as the linking of notes together to form a melody. "A copula is a rapid, connected discant..." However, it is often considered to be a particular type of polyphonic texture similar to organum, but with modal rhythm. The music theorist Johannes de Garlandia favoured this description of copula. The term refers to music where the lower voice sings long, sustained notes (the chant or tenor) while the higher voices sing faster-moving harmony lines. This style is typical of what is referred to as Notre Dame Polyphony; examples of which can be found in the Magnus Liber Organi. Copula might have implied a strophic construction with much repetition in the various parts, which was

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  • Copula (Musik) (de)
  • Copula (music) (en)
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  • Copula, lateinisch von con- zusammen, und apere/apisci verbinden. Bindemittel, Bindeglied, Band, Leine, Enterhaken; auch Ergebnis des Verbindens, Verbindung, Verband, Paar. Provenzalisch cobla; französisch couple; italienisch copula. Der Begriff Copulatio steht im lateinischen für die Tätigkeit des Verbindens, sowie die Mittel und Ergebnisse des Verbindens. In der Mehrstimmigkeitslehre um 1100 werden Copula und Copulatio als Begriffe der Schlussbildung verwendet. (de)
  • With regard to early polyphony the term copula has a variety of meanings. At its most basic level, it can be thought of as the linking of notes together to form a melody. "A copula is a rapid, connected discant..." However, it is often considered to be a particular type of polyphonic texture similar to organum, but with modal rhythm. The music theorist Johannes de Garlandia favoured this description of copula. The term refers to music where the lower voice sings long, sustained notes (the chant or tenor) while the higher voices sing faster-moving harmony lines. This style is typical of what is referred to as Notre Dame Polyphony; examples of which can be found in the Magnus Liber Organi. Copula might have implied a strophic construction with much repetition in the various parts, which was (en)
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  • With regard to early polyphony the term copula has a variety of meanings. At its most basic level, it can be thought of as the linking of notes together to form a melody. "A copula is a rapid, connected discant..." However, it is often considered to be a particular type of polyphonic texture similar to organum, but with modal rhythm. The music theorist Johannes de Garlandia favoured this description of copula. The term refers to music where the lower voice sings long, sustained notes (the chant or tenor) while the higher voices sing faster-moving harmony lines. This style is typical of what is referred to as Notre Dame Polyphony; examples of which can be found in the Magnus Liber Organi. Copula might have implied a strophic construction with much repetition in the various parts, which was characteristic of much of the music written in this idiom. The upper part consists of "antecedent-consequent" phrases, themselves featuring much melodic repetition. The rhythm is notated in copula, unlike in organum. It is, in essence, the "coming together" of these two (or more) parts at the cadence that led to the term copula being used, from the Latin meaning "that binds." Franco of Cologne, a music theorist, considered copula to be one of the three categories of discantus - copula itself being the type that was "continuous." He further describes it as a fast, cadential passage that is similar to either the 2nd or 6th rhythmic mode, although it differs in tempo and notation. (en)
  • Copula, lateinisch von con- zusammen, und apere/apisci verbinden. Bindemittel, Bindeglied, Band, Leine, Enterhaken; auch Ergebnis des Verbindens, Verbindung, Verband, Paar. Provenzalisch cobla; französisch couple; italienisch copula. Der Begriff Copulatio steht im lateinischen für die Tätigkeit des Verbindens, sowie die Mittel und Ergebnisse des Verbindens. Im mittelalterlichen Musikschrifttum spielen Wörter des Verbindens, darunter Copula und Copulatio, eine bedeutende Rolle. Von einigen spätmittelalterlichen Autoren wird Copula im Sinne der Ligatur, der Verbindung von Noten zu einer rhythmisch festgelegten Tonfolge, gebraucht. In der Mehrstimmigkeitslehre um 1100 werden Copula und Copulatio als Begriffe der Schlussbildung verwendet. In der theoretischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Kunst der Notre-Dame-Schule wird Copula von Johannes de Garlandia als Bezeichnung für eine zwischen Discantus und Organum stehende Setzweise gebraucht. Im weiteren musikgeschichtlichen Verlauf verzichtet Lambertus auf eine Behandlung der Copula und setzt an ihre Stelle den Hoquetus. Der (1279) und der verwenden Copula für den irregulären Vortrag der Choralbearbeitungspartie. Franco von Köln definiert um das Jahr 1280 Copula ebenfalls als auf den Choralbearbeitungsvortrag bezogen, als Velox Discantus, und unterscheidet zwischen einer gebundenen Copula Ligata und ungebundenen Copula non ligata. Der Wandel des Begriffs der Copula entspricht damit der kompositorischen Entwicklung im 13. Jahrhundert. Teilweise sich widersprechende Aussagen sind dabei in erster Linie auf die unterschiedlichen theoretischen Konzeptionen der Autoren zurückzuführen. Mit dem Stagnieren der Notre-Dame-Überlieferung seit dem frühen 14. Jahrhundert nimmt das Interesse am Copula-Vortrag rapide ab. Im Quartum principale des späten 14. Jahrhunderts ist die Coplula dann als frangierte Mensureinheit definiert. (de)
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