| rdfs:comment
| - المَدَّة أو الكُرُونِيم (بالإنجليزية: Chroneme) هي وحدة نظرية تتميز بها الكلمات حسب طول حروفها المصمتة أو حركاتها. (ar)
- Le chronème est l’unité suprasegmentale théorique de base d’un son qui le distingue d’un autre par la durée. Le concept est comparable au tonème, unité de ton. Dans l’alphabet phonétique international, le chronème est représenté par le brève suscrit ‹ ◌̆ › pour les sons courts, le demi-chrone ‹ ˑ › pour les sons semi-long, et le chrone ‹ ː › pour les sons longs. Le terme chronème est aussi utilisé par François Falc’hun pour désigner un groupe complexe formé d’une voyelle et d’une consonne. (fr)
- 言語学において、長音素（英語: chroneme [ˈkɹəʊ̯niːm], [ˈkɹoʊ̯niːm]）または長さ音素とは、語を一つの母音または子音のみの長さによって弁別することができる、音の基本的、理論的単位である。名詞「chroneme」はギリシャ語の χρόνος (khrónos)（クロノス、時間）と、「phoneme」( φώνημα (phṓnēma))（音素）の「-eme」から類推して接尾辞となった「-eme」に由来する。しかし、この用語は広く通用しておらず、長音素を持つと主張される言語に取り組むに知られていない場合さえある。 (ja)
- Een chroneem (van het Griekse χρονος, "tijd" en het suffix -eem van foneem) is een theoretisch segment - een klinker of medeklinker - dat alleen dankzij zijn duur verschillende fonemen en daardoor bijvoorbeeld minale paren onderscheidt. De definitie lijkt enigszins op die van een archifoneem. Het begrip "chroneem" is niet erg wijdverbreid in de taalkunde, zelfs fonologen zijn er niet altijd mee vertrouwd. (nl)
- Ein Chronem (von altgriechisch χρόνος chronos, deutsch ‚Zeit‘) beschreibt die Dauer von Sprachlauten und dient der Unterscheidung von Phonemen und somit auch von Wörtern. Im Hochdeutschen gibt es bei Konsonanten nur ein Chronem, bei Vokalen zwei:
* Bann, hacken (Vokalkürze)
* Bahn, Haken (Vokallänge) Einige deutsche Dialekte (darunter Ripuarisch und Moselfränkisch) unterscheiden drei Vokalchroneme: „kurz“, „lang“ und „überlang“ (bzw. „gedehnt“). Das kölsche „ä“ gibt es zum Beispiel in drei Längen:
* kurz: Wäsp (Wespe)
* lang: määt (macht)
* überlang: Wääsch (Weg) (de)
- In linguistics, a chroneme is a basic, theoretical unit of sound that can distinguish words by duration only of a vowel or consonant. The noun chroneme is derived from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos) 'time', and the suffixed -eme, which is analogous to the -eme in phoneme or morpheme. However, the term does not have wide currency and may be unknown even to phonologists who work on languages claimed to have chronemes. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) denotes length by doubling the letter or by diacritics above or after the letters: (en)
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| has abstract
| - المَدَّة أو الكُرُونِيم (بالإنجليزية: Chroneme) هي وحدة نظرية تتميز بها الكلمات حسب طول حروفها المصمتة أو حركاتها. (ar)
- Ein Chronem (von altgriechisch χρόνος chronos, deutsch ‚Zeit‘) beschreibt die Dauer von Sprachlauten und dient der Unterscheidung von Phonemen und somit auch von Wörtern. Im Hochdeutschen gibt es bei Konsonanten nur ein Chronem, bei Vokalen zwei:
* Bann, hacken (Vokalkürze)
* Bahn, Haken (Vokallänge) Einige deutsche Dialekte (darunter Ripuarisch und Moselfränkisch) unterscheiden drei Vokalchroneme: „kurz“, „lang“ und „überlang“ (bzw. „gedehnt“). Das kölsche „ä“ gibt es zum Beispiel in drei Längen:
* kurz: Wäsp (Wespe)
* lang: määt (macht)
* überlang: Wääsch (Weg) Auch Konsonanten werden in zahlreichen westmitteldeutschen Dialekten sowie in anderen Sprachen (Italienisch, Finnisch, Arabisch oder Japanisch) unterschiedlich lang gesprochen. Das Estnische hat sogar drei Chroneme für Konsonanten. In der Schreibung werden Konsonantenchroneme meist durch verdoppelte Konsonanten dargestellt, die entsprechend länger ausgesprochen werden. Im Deutschen fehlt diese Möglichkeit, da doppelte Konsonanten mit der Funktion belegt wurden, den unmittelbar vorausgehenden Vokal zu verkürzen. (de)
- In linguistics, a chroneme is a basic, theoretical unit of sound that can distinguish words by duration only of a vowel or consonant. The noun chroneme is derived from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos) 'time', and the suffixed -eme, which is analogous to the -eme in phoneme or morpheme. However, the term does not have wide currency and may be unknown even to phonologists who work on languages claimed to have chronemes. Most languages have differences in length of vowels or consonants, but in the case of most languages it would not be treated phonemically or phonologically as distinctive or contrastive. Even in those languages which do have phonologically contrastive length, a chroneme is only posited in particular languages. Use of a chroneme views /aː/ as being composed of two segments: /a/ and /ː/, whereas in a particular analysis, /aː/ may be considered a single segment with length being one of its features. This may be compared to the analysis of a diphthong like [ai] as a single segment /ai/ or as the sequence of a vowel and consonant: /aj/. For the purposes of analysis of a chronemic contrast, two words with different meaning that are spoken exactly the same except for length of one segment are considered a minimal pair. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) denotes length by doubling the letter or by diacritics above or after the letters: American English does not have minimal pairs indicating the existence of chronemes or may theoretically be said to have only one chroneme. Some other dialects such as Australian English have contrastive vowel length, but it is not analysed as the consequence of a chroneme. Many Indo-European languages, including Classical Latin, have distinctive length in consonants, for example in Italian: Japanese, some Italian dialects, and Thai have distinctive length in vowels. For example, in Thai: See, for example, the cŭ/cū minimal pair in the dialect spoken near Palmi, Calabria (Italy): or a more general example for the Sicilian language as a whole: Almost all Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Hungarian and Estonian have a distinctive moraic chroneme as a phoneme (also arguably called archiphoneme or epenthetic vowel/consonant). The etymology of the vocalic chroneme has been traced to a voiced velar fricative in the hypothetical Proto-Uralic language, such that [Vɣ] becomes [Vː]. For example, taka- "back-", takka "fireplace" and taakka "burden" are unrelated words. It is also grammatically important; the third person marker is a chroneme (menee "s/he goes"), and often in the spoken Finnish of the Helsinki area there are grammatical minimal pairs, e.g. nominative Stadi "Helsinki" vs. partitive Stadii. In Finnish, Estonian and Sami languages, there are also two allophonic lengths of the chroneme, half-long and over-long. For example, Finnish imperative anna! "give!" has a short vowel, oma "own" has a half-long vowel, and Annaa (partitive case of the name Anna) has an overlong vowel (without any distinctive tonal variation to distinguish these three). Estonian and Sami also have a three-way distinction in consonants, e.g. lina "bed sheet", linna (half-long 'n') "of the city", linna (over-long 'n') "to the city". Estonian, in which the phonemic opposition is the strongest, uses tonal contour as a secondary cue to distinguish the two; "over-long" is falling as in other Finnic languages, but "half-long" is rising. Finnish also denotes stress principally by adding more length (approximately 100 ms) to the vowel of the syllable nucleus. This means that Finnish has five different physical lengths. (The half-long vowel is a phonemically short vowel appearing in the second syllable, if the first—and thus stressed—syllable is a single short vowel.) The unstressed short vowels are about 40 ms in physical duration, the unstressed long vowels about 70 ms. The stress adds about 100 ms, giving short stressed as 130–150 ms and long stressed as 170–180 ms. The half-long vowel, which is always short unstressed, is distinctively longer than the standard 40 ms. Japanese is another language in which vowel length is distinctive. For example, biru is a foreign loan word (clipped from a longer form) that means "building" whereas bīru is a foreign loan word for "beer". Using a notion intuitive to a speaker of Japanese, it could be said that more than anything, what differentiates bīru from biru is an extra mora (or minimal vowel syllable) in the speech rhythm that signifies a lengthening of the vowel [i]. However, upon observation one might also note a rise in pitch and intensity of the longer vowel. It could be said, also, that vowel lengthening—chronemic contrasts—nearly doubles Japanese's rather small inventory of vowel phonemes (though the occurrence of diphthongs also augments vowel counts). Due to native literacy practices, Japanese long vowels are often thought of as sequences of two vowels of the same quality (rather than one vowel of a greater quantity or length) since that is how they are sometimes written. In the case of consonants of Japanese, if treated phonemically, a medial consonant might appear to double, thus creating a contrast, for example, between the word hiki (meaning 'pull' or 'influence') and hikki (meaning 'writing'). In terms of articulation and phonetics, the difference between the two words would be that, in the latter hikki, the doubled [kk] closes the first syllable [hi-] and is realized in the glottis as glottal plosive stop (with some anticipatory articulation evident in the velum of the mouth, where a /k/ is usually made) while starting the next syllable [-ki] as a [k] articulated and realized as the regular velar sound. In effect, this consonant doubling then adds one mora to the overall speech rhythm and timing. Hence, among other contrasts, the word hik-ki is felt to be one mora or beat longer than hi-ki by a speaker of Japanese. (en)
- Le chronème est l’unité suprasegmentale théorique de base d’un son qui le distingue d’un autre par la durée. Le concept est comparable au tonème, unité de ton. Dans l’alphabet phonétique international, le chronème est représenté par le brève suscrit ‹ ◌̆ › pour les sons courts, le demi-chrone ‹ ˑ › pour les sons semi-long, et le chrone ‹ ː › pour les sons longs. Le terme chronème est aussi utilisé par François Falc’hun pour désigner un groupe complexe formé d’une voyelle et d’une consonne. (fr)
- 言語学において、長音素（英語: chroneme [ˈkɹəʊ̯niːm], [ˈkɹoʊ̯niːm]）または長さ音素とは、語を一つの母音または子音のみの長さによって弁別することができる、音の基本的、理論的単位である。名詞「chroneme」はギリシャ語の χρόνος (khrónos)（クロノス、時間）と、「phoneme」( φώνημα (phṓnēma))（音素）の「-eme」から類推して接尾辞となった「-eme」に由来する。しかし、この用語は広く通用しておらず、長音素を持つと主張される言語に取り組むに知られていない場合さえある。 (ja)
- Een chroneem (van het Griekse χρονος, "tijd" en het suffix -eem van foneem) is een theoretisch segment - een klinker of medeklinker - dat alleen dankzij zijn duur verschillende fonemen en daardoor bijvoorbeeld minale paren onderscheidt. De definitie lijkt enigszins op die van een archifoneem. Het begrip "chroneem" is niet erg wijdverbreid in de taalkunde, zelfs fonologen zijn er niet altijd mee vertrouwd. (nl)
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