| rdfs:comment
| - Cassare or calissare (from Portuguese casar, "to marry") was the term applied to the marriage alliances, largely in West Africa, set up between European and African slave traders; the "husband" was European and the wife/concubine African. This was not marriage under Christian auspices, although there might be an African ceremony; there were few clerics in equatorial Africa, and the "wives" could not marry since they had not been baptized. Male monogamy was not expected. As such, concubinage is a more accurate term. The multinational Quaker slave trader and polygamist, Zephaniah Kingsley purchased the Wolof princess, Anna Kingsley, who had earlier been enslaved and sold in Cuba, after being captured in modern-day Senegal. (en)
- Cassare o calissare (dal portoghese casar, "sposarsi") era il termine utilizzato per il matrimonio tra europei ed africani in epoca coloniale. Quella del cassare divenne una vera e propria politica ed economia. La pratica era già utilizzata in epoca pre-europea per integrare tra loro anche le diverse tribù africane presenti. Le tribù più potenti dell'Africa occidentale (ed in particolare della Costa d'Oro) erano solite utilizzare i matrimoni come alleanza o per rafforzare i legami commerciali con gli europei facendo sposare a questi le donne delle loro famiglie. Questi matrimoni erano comuni anche all'inizio della pratica schiavista. I matrimoni venivano spesso svolti secondo il costume africano, fatto a cui di norma gli europei non si opponevano a fronte delle importanti ragioni che lo mo (it)
- Cassare of calissare (van het Portugese casar, "trouwen") was de term voor de huwelijkspolitiek, grotendeels in West-Afrika, die werd gevoerd door Europese en Afrikaanse slavenhandelaren waarbij de echtgenoot Europeaan was en de echtgenote/ concubine Afrikaans. Het was geen huwelijk op christelijke grondslagen en kon vergezeld gaan van een Afrikaanse ceremonie. In Equatoriaal Afrika waren weinig geestelijken en de inheemse vrouwen konden geen kerkelijk huwelijk sluiten omdat ze niet waren gedoopt. Van mannen werd niet verwacht dat ze monogaam waren. Daarom is concubinaat een betere term. De multinationale slavenhandelaar, Quaker en polygamist, , kocht , een tot slaaf gemaakte prinses van de Wolof, die al eerder was verkocht in Cuba nadat ze was gevangengenomen in het huidige Senegal. (nl)
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| - Cassare or calissare (from Portuguese casar, "to marry") was the term applied to the marriage alliances, largely in West Africa, set up between European and African slave traders; the "husband" was European and the wife/concubine African. This was not marriage under Christian auspices, although there might be an African ceremony; there were few clerics in equatorial Africa, and the "wives" could not marry since they had not been baptized. Male monogamy was not expected. As such, concubinage is a more accurate term. The multinational Quaker slave trader and polygamist, Zephaniah Kingsley purchased the Wolof princess, Anna Kingsley, who had earlier been enslaved and sold in Cuba, after being captured in modern-day Senegal. Cassare created political and economic bonds. The name is European, and reflects similar relationships of Portuguese men, who were the first explorers of the west African coast. But it antedated European contact; selling a daughter, if not for cash then for some economic benefit, including simple peace, was pre-European practice used to integrate the "other" from a differing African ethnic group. Powerful West African groups with ties to the slave trade used these marriages to strengthen their alliances with European men by marrying off (selling) their daughters. Early on in the Atlantic slave trade, these marriages were common. The marriages were sometimes performed using African customs, which Europeans did not object to, seeing how important the connections were. African wives could receive money and schooling for the children they bore to European men. Wives could also inherit slaves and property from their husbands when they returned to Europe or died. Many coastal ethnic groups in West Africa, such as the Ga and Fante, used this system to gain political and economic advantages. It enabled Africans to trust strangers, like the Europeans, when dealing within their trade networks. It made the transition from strangers to trading partners a lot smoother. (en)
- Cassare o calissare (dal portoghese casar, "sposarsi") era il termine utilizzato per il matrimonio tra europei ed africani in epoca coloniale. Quella del cassare divenne una vera e propria politica ed economia. La pratica era già utilizzata in epoca pre-europea per integrare tra loro anche le diverse tribù africane presenti. Le tribù più potenti dell'Africa occidentale (ed in particolare della Costa d'Oro) erano solite utilizzare i matrimoni come alleanza o per rafforzare i legami commerciali con gli europei facendo sposare a questi le donne delle loro famiglie. Questi matrimoni erano comuni anche all'inizio della pratica schiavista. I matrimoni venivano spesso svolti secondo il costume africano, fatto a cui di norma gli europei non si opponevano a fronte delle importanti ragioni che lo motivavano.Le mogli africane per contro potevano ottenere dei soldi di dote e un'istruzione per i loro figli, oltre a poter ereditare delle proprietà e persino degli schiavi dai loro mariti quando questi decidevano di tornare in Europa o morivano. Molti gruppi etnici dell'Africa, come ad esempio i ga o i fante, utilizzarono largamente questo sistema per ottenere vantaggi politici ed economici. Esso fu la base che permise agli europei di penetrare nell'intricata rete degli stati africani e di vantare dei diritti, di stringere alleanze e di fare contrattazioni. (it)
- Cassare of calissare (van het Portugese casar, "trouwen") was de term voor de huwelijkspolitiek, grotendeels in West-Afrika, die werd gevoerd door Europese en Afrikaanse slavenhandelaren waarbij de echtgenoot Europeaan was en de echtgenote/ concubine Afrikaans. Het was geen huwelijk op christelijke grondslagen en kon vergezeld gaan van een Afrikaanse ceremonie. In Equatoriaal Afrika waren weinig geestelijken en de inheemse vrouwen konden geen kerkelijk huwelijk sluiten omdat ze niet waren gedoopt. Van mannen werd niet verwacht dat ze monogaam waren. Daarom is concubinaat een betere term. De multinationale slavenhandelaar, Quaker en polygamist, , kocht , een tot slaaf gemaakte prinses van de Wolof, die al eerder was verkocht in Cuba nadat ze was gevangengenomen in het huidige Senegal. Cassare is een middel om politieke en economische banden te creëren. Het is een Europese term waarmee soortgelijke relaties van Portugese mannen (de eerste Europeanen die voet aan wal zetten op de West-Afrikaanse kust) met Afrikaanse vrouwen wordt aangeduid. Cassare bestond echter al voor het Europese contact. Het verkopen van een dochter voor geld of enig ander economisch voordeel, waaronder simpelweg vrede, was een pre-Europese praktijk waarmee een lid van een andere Afrikaanse etnische groep werd ingelijfd. Door hun dochters uit te huwelijken (verkopen) versterkten machtige West-Afrikaanse stammen die waren verbonden met de slavenhandel hun relaties met Europeanen. Al vroeg tijdens de Atlantische slavenhandel waren dit soort gemengde huwelijken heel gewoon. Ze werden soms voltrokken volgens Afrikaans gebruik, wat voor Europeanen geen beletsel vormde, aangezien de connecties belangrijk waren. Afrikaanse vrouwen ontvingen soms geld en scholing in ruil voor de kinderen die uit deze relaties werden geboren. Ook konden ze de slaafgemaakten en eigendommen erven van hun Europese mannen wanneer deze terugkeerden naar Europa of stierven. Kustbewoners in West-Afrika, zoals het Ga-volk en de Fante-stam, gebruikten deze huwelijkspolitiek om politieke en economische voordelen te behalen. Zo konden Afrikanen vreemdelingen, zoals de Europeanen vertrouwen binnen hun handelsnetwerken. De overgang van vreemdeling naar handelspartner verliep daardoor een stuk soepeler. (nl)
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