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Carbonate hardgrounds are surfaces of synsedimentarily cemented carbonate layers that have been exposed on the seafloor (Wilson and Palmer, 1992). A hardground is essentially, then, a lithified seafloor. Ancient hardgrounds are found in limestone sequences and distinguished from later-lithified sediments by evidence of exposure to normal marine waters. This evidence can consist of encrusting marine organisms (especially bryozoans, oysters, barnacles, cornulitids, hederelloids, microconchids and crinoids), borings of organisms produced through bioerosion, early marine calcite cements, or extensive surfaces mineralized by iron oxides or calcium phosphates (Palmer, 1982; Bodenbender et al., 1989; Vinn and Wilson, 2010; Vinn and Toom, 2015). Modern hardgrounds are usually detected by sounding

AttributesValues
rdfs:label
  • Terra dura carbonatada (ca)
  • Carbonate hardgrounds (en)
  • Hard ground (it)
  • Surface durcie (fr)
rdfs:comment
  • En sédimentologie des carbonates, une surface durcie (hardground en anglais) est un état particulier du sommet d'un banc carbonaté, lithifié durant un arrêt du dépôt de sédiments. Les surfaces durcies se forment en fond de mer et la lithification a lieu antérieurement au dépôt du banc sus-jacent. Elles correspondent souvent à des surfaces d’inondation (flooding surfaces en anglais) dans lesquelles se produit une halmyrolyse précoce de la boue crayeuse, liée à des courants de fond. (fr)
  • Les terres dures carbonatades, en anglès: Carbonate hardgrounds, són superfícies de capes de carbonats sedimentàriament cimentades que ha estat exposades en el llit marí (Wilson and Palmer, 1992). Per tant una terra dura carbonatada és essencialment un llit marí litificat. Es poden veure antigues terres dures en les seqüències de pedra calcària (especialment bryozoa, ostres, percebes, , i crinoïdeus), forats d'organismes marins produïts a través de la bioerosió, ciments de calcita marins o extenses superfícies mineralitzades per òxids de ferro o fosfat de calci (Palmer, 1982; Bodenbender et al., 1989). Les terres dures modernes normalment es detecten pel sonar en aigües somes o per tècniques com el radar. (ca)
  • Carbonate hardgrounds are surfaces of synsedimentarily cemented carbonate layers that have been exposed on the seafloor (Wilson and Palmer, 1992). A hardground is essentially, then, a lithified seafloor. Ancient hardgrounds are found in limestone sequences and distinguished from later-lithified sediments by evidence of exposure to normal marine waters. This evidence can consist of encrusting marine organisms (especially bryozoans, oysters, barnacles, cornulitids, hederelloids, microconchids and crinoids), borings of organisms produced through bioerosion, early marine calcite cements, or extensive surfaces mineralized by iron oxides or calcium phosphates (Palmer, 1982; Bodenbender et al., 1989; Vinn and Wilson, 2010; Vinn and Toom, 2015). Modern hardgrounds are usually detected by sounding (en)
  • Gli hard ground sono superfici di livelli carbonatici cementati durante la che sono stati esposti sul fondale marino (Wilson and Palmer, 1992). Un hard ground è quindi definibile come fondale marino litificato. Hard ground antichi si trovano in strati calcarei e sono distinti dai sedimenti litificati più tardivamente perché contengono prove di esposizione alle normali acque marine (e non ai in ambiente diagenetico). Queste prove possono essere: incrostazioni ad opera di organismi marini incrostanti (specialmente briozoi, , cirripedi, , e crinoidi), fori di organismi risultati da , cementi calcitici precoci (nella diagenesi), o superfici estese mineralizzate con ossidi di ferro o fosfati di calcio (Palmer, 1982; Bodenbender et al., 1989). Gli hard ground attuali sono solitamente rilevati (it)
foaf:depiction
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CarmelHdgd.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cretaceous_hardground.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HardgroundPapers.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hardground_oblique_Ordovician_071514c.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/KanoshHardground.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Liberty_Hardground_090114.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ora_hardground_MR.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trypanites02.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LibertyBorings.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Petroxestes_borings_Ordovician.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trypanites01.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CarmelHardgroundSection.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ordovician_hardground_Utah.jpg
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  • Les terres dures carbonatades, en anglès: Carbonate hardgrounds, són superfícies de capes de carbonats sedimentàriament cimentades que ha estat exposades en el llit marí (Wilson and Palmer, 1992). Per tant una terra dura carbonatada és essencialment un llit marí litificat. Es poden veure antigues terres dures en les seqüències de pedra calcària (especialment bryozoa, ostres, percebes, , i crinoïdeus), forats d'organismes marins produïts a través de la bioerosió, ciments de calcita marins o extenses superfícies mineralitzades per òxids de ferro o fosfat de calci (Palmer, 1982; Bodenbender et al., 1989). Les terres dures modernes normalment es detecten pel sonar en aigües somes o per tècniques com el radar. Les terres dures carbonatades sovint hostatgen una fauna única i una flora adaptada a la superfície dura. Els organismes normalment es cimenten entre ells i s'alimenten per filtració (Brett and Liddell, 1982). La majoria de les terres dures carbonatades es van formar durant els intervals del Mar de Calcita Els períodes Ordovicià-Silurià i el Juràssic-Cretaci tenen la majoria de les terres dures. En l'estratigrafia i la sedimentologia sovint es fan servir les terres dures com indicadores de hiatus sedimentaris o esdeveniments d'inundació (Fürsich et al., 1981, 1992; Pope and Read, 1997). (ca)
  • Carbonate hardgrounds are surfaces of synsedimentarily cemented carbonate layers that have been exposed on the seafloor (Wilson and Palmer, 1992). A hardground is essentially, then, a lithified seafloor. Ancient hardgrounds are found in limestone sequences and distinguished from later-lithified sediments by evidence of exposure to normal marine waters. This evidence can consist of encrusting marine organisms (especially bryozoans, oysters, barnacles, cornulitids, hederelloids, microconchids and crinoids), borings of organisms produced through bioerosion, early marine calcite cements, or extensive surfaces mineralized by iron oxides or calcium phosphates (Palmer, 1982; Bodenbender et al., 1989; Vinn and Wilson, 2010; Vinn and Toom, 2015). Modern hardgrounds are usually detected by sounding in shallow water or through remote sensing techniques like side-scan sonar. Carbonate hardgrounds often host a unique fauna and flora adapted to the hard surface. Organisms usually cement themselves to the substrate and live as sessile filter-feeders (Brett and Liddell, 1982). Some bore into the cemented carbonate to make protective domiciles (borings) for filter-feeding. Sometimes hardgrounds are undermined by currents which remove the soft sediment below them, producing shallow cavities and caves which host a cryptic fauna (Palmer and Fürsich, 1974). The evolution of hardground faunas can be traced through the Phanerozoic, from the Cambrian Period to today (Taylor and Wilson, 2003). Carbonate hardgrounds were most commonly formed during calcite sea intervals in Earth history, which were times of rapid precipitation of low-magnesium calcite and the dissolution of skeletal aragonite (Palmer and Wilson, 2004). The Ordovician-Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous Systems have the most hardgrounds (sometimes hundreds in a single section) and the Permian-Triassic Systems have the least (usually none). This cyclicity in hardground formation is reflected in the evolution of hardground-dwelling communities. There are distinct differences between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic hardground communities: the former are dominated by thick calcitic bryozoans and echinoderms, the latter by oysters and deep bivalve (Gastrochaenolites) and sponge (Entobia) borings (Taylor and Wilson, 2003). Stratigraphers and sedimentologists often use hardgrounds as marker horizons and as indicators of sedimentary hiatuses and flooding events (Fürsich et al., 1981, 1992; Pope and Read, 1997). Hardgrounds and their faunas can also represent very specific depositional environments such as tidal channels (Wilson et al., 2005) and shallow marine carbonate ramps (Palmer and Palmer, 1977; Malpas et al., 2004) * Hardground in the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) of southern Ohio. * Cross-section of an Upper Ordovician hardground from Kentucky. The light-colored vertical elements are borings (Trypanites) filled with dolomite. The scale bar is 1.0 cm. * A Middle Ordovician hardground from the Kanosh Formation of Utah with echinoderm holdfasts cemented to its upper surface. The scale bar is 1.0 cm. * Petroxestes borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southern Ohio. * Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, Indiana. * Carbonate hardground with an encrusting bryozoan; Kanosh Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Utah; scale in mm. * Cross-section of a carbonate hardground encrusted by oysters and bored by bivalves (Gastrochaenolites); Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah. * Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground from northern Kentucky. * Carbonate hardground; Ora Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Turonian), southern Israel. (en)
  • En sédimentologie des carbonates, une surface durcie (hardground en anglais) est un état particulier du sommet d'un banc carbonaté, lithifié durant un arrêt du dépôt de sédiments. Les surfaces durcies se forment en fond de mer et la lithification a lieu antérieurement au dépôt du banc sus-jacent. Elles correspondent souvent à des surfaces d’inondation (flooding surfaces en anglais) dans lesquelles se produit une halmyrolyse précoce de la boue crayeuse, liée à des courants de fond. (fr)
  • Gli hard ground sono superfici di livelli carbonatici cementati durante la che sono stati esposti sul fondale marino (Wilson and Palmer, 1992). Un hard ground è quindi definibile come fondale marino litificato. Hard ground antichi si trovano in strati calcarei e sono distinti dai sedimenti litificati più tardivamente perché contengono prove di esposizione alle normali acque marine (e non ai in ambiente diagenetico). Queste prove possono essere: incrostazioni ad opera di organismi marini incrostanti (specialmente briozoi, , cirripedi, , e crinoidi), fori di organismi risultati da , cementi calcitici precoci (nella diagenesi), o superfici estese mineralizzate con ossidi di ferro o fosfati di calcio (Palmer, 1982; Bodenbender et al., 1989). Gli hard ground attuali sono solitamente rilevati dal sondaggio in acque poco profonde o attraverso tecniche di telerilevamento come . Hard ground del Cretaceo del Texas con ostreidi incrostanti e fori di . La scala di misura è 1,0 cm. Gli hard ground spesso ospitano flora e fauna uniche dato il loro adattamento alla durezza della superficie. Gli organismi spesso si cementano al substrato e vivono come filtratori sessili (Brett and Liddell, 1982). Alcuni forano il substrato per costruire tane protette per il filtraggio dell'acqua. A volte gli hard ground vengono indeboliti da correnti che rimuovono il sedimento soffice sotto di loro, producendo cavità poco profonde e grotte che ospitano una fauna peculiare (Palmer and Fürsich, 1974). L'evoluzione delle faune tipiche degli hard ground può essere studiata attraverso il Fanerozoico, dal periodo Cambriano ad oggi (Taylor and Wilson, 2003). Hard ground del Giurassico medio (Carmel Formation) con ostreidie incrostanti e perforazioni.Pubblicazioni scientifiche sugli gli hard ground per periodo geologico. Esprime l'abbondanza di hard ground al variare del tempo. Gli intervalli di "" e "" sono rappresentati sull'asse dei tempi.Una superficie di hard ground in rocce carbonatiche bioturbate dell'Ordoviciano dell'Ohio. La scala di misura è di 1,0 cm. Nella storia della Terra gli hard ground si sono formati soprattutto negli intervalli di "", periodi di rapida precipitazione di calcite basso-magnesiaca e dissoluzione di aragonite di origine biologica (Palmer and Wilson, 2004). Gli hard ground sono più abbondanti nei sistemi Ordoviciano-Siluriano e Giurassico-Cretaceo (a volte centinaia per ) e più rari nei sistemi Permiano-Triassico (di solito nemmeno uno). Questa formazione ciclica di hard ground trova corrispondenza nell'evoluzione delle associazioni faunistiche di perforatori. Ci sono differenze tra le comunità Paleozoiche e Mesozoiche: le prime sono dominati da briozoi ed echinodermi a guscio calcitico spesso, le seconde da , bivalvi e fori di spugna (Taylor and Wilson, 2003). Stratigrafi e sedimentologi spesso usano gli hard ground come indicatori di ed eventi trasgressivi (Fürsich et al., 1981, 1992; Pope and Read, 1997). Gli hard ground e le loro faune possono anche rappresentare particolari come lo sono i (Wilson et al., 2005). (it)
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