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Biritch (birich, biryuch Russian: бирич, бирюч) in Ancient Rus was a herald, an announcer of the will of a knyaz, sometimes kniaz's deputy in police or diplomatic affairs, or tax collector. A birich travelled to settlements, played bugle or horn in the center of a town square or yard to gather people and read the announcement. The word "biritch" is the name of a 19th-century card game. It is said to have originated in Russia, but satisfactory evidence of this has not been discovered. It is considered to be a precursor of contract bridge.

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  • Biritch (es)
  • Biritch (en)
  • Biritch (fr)
  • Biritch (it)
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  • Le biritch est une forme désuète de bridge, se distinguant du whist par la présence d'un jeu visible (par la suite appelé le mort) et de trois jeux cachés (d'où l'étymologie un-trois venant de la langue turque), le biritch est contemporain d'un jeu d'origine teutonne se jouant également avec cinquante-deux cartes. Selon certains le mot Biritch viendrait d'un ancien jeu de cartes russe apparenté au bridge. On trouve des citations du birich dans des manuscrits slaves du Xe siècle jusqu'au XVIIe siècle. Pour d'autres enfin l'origine du mot serait anglaise. (fr)
  • Il Biritch, detto anche Whist russo, è un gioco di carte antesignano del bridge. Le regole qui illustrate sono tratte da un libretto stampato il 23 ottobre 1886 e conservato nella biblioteca dell'Università di Oxford. (it)
  • Biritch (birich, biryuch Russian: бирич, бирюч) in Ancient Rus was a herald, an announcer of the will of a knyaz, sometimes kniaz's deputy in police or diplomatic affairs, or tax collector. A birich travelled to settlements, played bugle or horn in the center of a town square or yard to gather people and read the announcement. The word "biritch" is the name of a 19th-century card game. It is said to have originated in Russia, but satisfactory evidence of this has not been discovered. It is considered to be a precursor of contract bridge. (en)
  • El Biritch (birich, biryuch en ruso, бирич, бирюч) en la Rus de Kiev era un heraldo, un locutor de la voluntad del kniaz, a veces el segundo del kniaz en asuntos políticos o diplomáticos, o recolector de impuestos. Un birich viajaba por los asentamientos, tocaba una corneta o un cuerno en el centro de la plaza o jardín para reunir a la gente y leer el anuncio. La palabra «biritch» es el nombre de un juego de cartas del siglo XIX. Aunque se dice que se originó en Rusia, no se ha descubierto suficiente evidencia que lo compruebe. Se considera el precursor del bridge. (es)
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  • Biritch (birich, biryuch Russian: бирич, бирюч) in Ancient Rus was a herald, an announcer of the will of a knyaz, sometimes kniaz's deputy in police or diplomatic affairs, or tax collector. A birich travelled to settlements, played bugle or horn in the center of a town square or yard to gather people and read the announcement. The word is thought to be derived from a Turkic word for "bugler", "hornist" (in modern Turkish: borucu, borazancı). Other hypotheses try to base the meanings on interpretations of the root bir-, meaning "to take" in Slavic languages, deriving the meaning "tax collector". Birich is mentioned in East Slavic manuscripts since the 10th century and until the end of the 17th century. The Laurentian Codex mentions under the year of 992 that knyaz Vladimir of Kiev, when looking for a volunteer to fight a Pecheneg baghatur have sent a birich in regiments. Later tsars of Muscovy announced various ukases via biriches. Heads of the Eastern Orthodox Church also used biriches to announce their decrees. A birich was supposed to make an announcement in market place, not once but many times, sometimes during several months. Later other administrators (namestniks, voyevodas, etc.) had biriches in their staff, as mentioned in payrolls. The word "biritch" is the name of a 19th-century card game. It is said to have originated in Russia, but satisfactory evidence of this has not been discovered. It is considered to be a precursor of contract bridge. (en)
  • El Biritch (birich, biryuch en ruso, бирич, бирюч) en la Rus de Kiev era un heraldo, un locutor de la voluntad del kniaz, a veces el segundo del kniaz en asuntos políticos o diplomáticos, o recolector de impuestos. Un birich viajaba por los asentamientos, tocaba una corneta o un cuerno en el centro de la plaza o jardín para reunir a la gente y leer el anuncio. La palabra posiblemente derive de la palabra túrquica para «cornetista», «cuernista» (en turco moderno: borucu, borazancı). Otras hipótesis intentan fundamentar el significado en las interpretaciones de la raíz bir-, que significa «tomar» en idiomas eslavos, derivándose el significado «recolector de impuestos». El Birich es mencionado en manuscritos eslavos orientales desde el siglo X y hasta finales del siglo XVII.​ La menciona cerca del año 992 que el kniaz Vladímir de Kiev, cuando buscaba un voluntario para pelear contra un pechenego había enviado un birich en sus regimientos. Zares posteriores de Moscovia anunciaron varios ukazes mediante birichi. Cabezas de la iglesia también usaban birichi para anunciar sus decretos. Un birich debía hacer un anuncio en la plaza, no solo una vez sino varias, a veces durante meses. Otros administradores posteriores tenían birichi en su personal, como se menciona en las nóminas. La palabra «biritch» es el nombre de un juego de cartas del siglo XIX. Aunque se dice que se originó en Rusia, no se ha descubierto suficiente evidencia que lo compruebe. Se considera el precursor del bridge. (es)
  • Le biritch est une forme désuète de bridge, se distinguant du whist par la présence d'un jeu visible (par la suite appelé le mort) et de trois jeux cachés (d'où l'étymologie un-trois venant de la langue turque), le biritch est contemporain d'un jeu d'origine teutonne se jouant également avec cinquante-deux cartes. Selon certains le mot Biritch viendrait d'un ancien jeu de cartes russe apparenté au bridge. On trouve des citations du birich dans des manuscrits slaves du Xe siècle jusqu'au XVIIe siècle. Pour d'autres enfin l'origine du mot serait anglaise. (fr)
  • Il Biritch, detto anche Whist russo, è un gioco di carte antesignano del bridge. Le regole qui illustrate sono tratte da un libretto stampato il 23 ottobre 1886 e conservato nella biblioteca dell'Università di Oxford. (it)
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