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The Assizes of Ariano were a series of laws for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated in the summer of 1140 at Ariano, near Benevento, by Roger II of Sicily. Having recently pacified the peninsula, constantly in revolt, he had decided to make a move to more centralised government. The assizes established the large Sicilian bureaucracy and sought to maintain the feudal system under strict royal control. It contained forty clauses that touched on all possible topics of contemporary legal concern: private property, public property, the church, civil law, royal finances, and the military. The work was advanced for its day, deriving its precepts not only from Norman and French, but also Muslim and Byzantine (especially Justinian) legal theories.

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  • Assisen von Ariano (de)
  • Assizes of Ariano (en)
  • Assise di Ariano (it)
  • Assises d'Ariano (fr)
  • Арианские ассизы (ru)
  • Аріанські асизи (uk)
  • 阿里亚诺法令 (zh)
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  • Assisen von Ariano ist die Bezeichnung für 44 Gesetze Rogers II. von Sizilien, von denen 39 in die Konstitutionen von Melfi übernommen worden sind. Erstmals wurden sie 1856 von J. Merkel aus dem Cod.Vat.lat. 8782 veröffentlicht. Die Überschrift Assise regum regni Sicilie findet sich nur in der späteren Handschrift 468 aus Montecassino. Inzwischen ist auch eine griechische Fassung bekannt geworden. (de)
  • Les Assises d'Ariano représentent une série de lois promulguées par le roi Roger II de Sicile pendant l'été 1140 à Ariano, près de Bénévent en Italie méridionale. Les Assises nous sont parvenues dans deux manuscrits, différant légèrement l'un de l'autre, bien qu'on ignore ce qui est omissions et ce qui est adjonctions. Ils ont été retrouvés en 1856 dans les archives du Vatican et celles de Monte Cassino. (fr)
  • Арианские ассизы — свод законов, введённый в действие Рожером II в Сицилийском королевстве в 1140 году. Нашли своё дальнейшее развитие в Мельфийских конституциях Фридриха II (1231 год). Установили беспрецедентное для своего времени систему централизованного государственного правления. (ru)
  • The Assizes of Ariano were a series of laws for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated in the summer of 1140 at Ariano, near Benevento, by Roger II of Sicily. Having recently pacified the peninsula, constantly in revolt, he had decided to make a move to more centralised government. The assizes established the large Sicilian bureaucracy and sought to maintain the feudal system under strict royal control. It contained forty clauses that touched on all possible topics of contemporary legal concern: private property, public property, the church, civil law, royal finances, and the military. The work was advanced for its day, deriving its precepts not only from Norman and French, but also Muslim and Byzantine (especially Justinian) legal theories. (en)
  • Le Assise di Ariano furono alcune storiche adunanze convocate da re Ruggero II di Sicilia nella città di Ariano tra il 1140 e il 1142. Nel corso di tali assemblee il sovrano stabilì il conio di una nuova valuta, il ducale (meglio noto come ducato), destinato a circolare nell'intero ducato di Puglia e Calabria in sostituzione di tutte le varie tipologie di monete precedentemente in uso. (it)
  • Аріанські асизи — звід законів Сицилійського королівства, оприлюднених Рожером II Сицилійським влітку 1140 року на асамблеї баронів королівства в Аріано, поблизу Беневенто. Нещодавно заспокоївши країну, яка потерпала від баронських заколотів, Рожер вирішив перейти до більш централізованого правління. Асизи вводили в Сицилійському королівстві систему бюрократичного управління і прагнули тримати феодалів під суворим королівським контролем. Вони містили сорок пунктів, які врегульовували усі галузі, які були в тогочасному праві: приватну власність, державну власність, церкву, цивільне право, королівські фінанси та військові справи. Праця була передовою для свого часу, виводячи свої положення не тільки з норманської та французької, але й мусульманської та візантійської (особливо юстиніанівської (uk)
  • 阿里亚诺法令是西西里国王罗杰二世在1140年夏天贝内文托附近的阿里亚诺颁布的一系列的王国法律,在平息了近年国内不断的叛乱后,罗杰二世决定建立一个更加集权的政府。法令旨在建立起一个庞大的西西里官僚制并设法将封建制度严格控制在王室之下。它包含了四十多项条文,涉及当时几乎所有的法律议题:私有财产、公共财产、教会、民法、王室财政和军队。阿里亚诺法令在当时无疑是先进的,它不但来源于诺曼和法兰西,也源自穆斯林和拜占庭(尤其是查士丁尼法典)的法学理论。 1140年上半年,罗杰二世就在巴勒莫精心准备法令的编纂工作。尽管首都的立法工作还在继续,但罗杰二世在同年七月前往阿普利亚公爵领首府萨莱诺,然而又来到布鲁齐,在那里他视察了他的儿子们:小罗杰和阿方索,阿普利亚公爵和卡普亚亲王。诺曼人现在已经完全统治了南亚平宁半岛,这为这项伟大法令的诞生奠定了基础。 罗杰二世在阿里亚诺最后的政令就是在全国发行了达克特(货币),一种低质的货币标准,他的名称来源于公爵一词。这些硬币虽然主要是铜和一些银铸造而不是后来发行的金币,但其重要性仍然迅速增长. 阿里亚诺法令现在保存下了两份手稿,虽然彼此略有不同,但仍然有部分遗漏的内容尚不清楚。这些手稿在1856年的梵蒂冈宗座档案馆和卡西诺山被发现。 (zh)
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  • Assisen von Ariano ist die Bezeichnung für 44 Gesetze Rogers II. von Sizilien, von denen 39 in die Konstitutionen von Melfi übernommen worden sind. Erstmals wurden sie 1856 von J. Merkel aus dem Cod.Vat.lat. 8782 veröffentlicht. Die Überschrift Assise regum regni Sicilie findet sich nur in der späteren Handschrift 468 aus Montecassino. Inzwischen ist auch eine griechische Fassung bekannt geworden. (de)
  • The Assizes of Ariano were a series of laws for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated in the summer of 1140 at Ariano, near Benevento, by Roger II of Sicily. Having recently pacified the peninsula, constantly in revolt, he had decided to make a move to more centralised government. The assizes established the large Sicilian bureaucracy and sought to maintain the feudal system under strict royal control. It contained forty clauses that touched on all possible topics of contemporary legal concern: private property, public property, the church, civil law, royal finances, and the military. The work was advanced for its day, deriving its precepts not only from Norman and French, but also Muslim and Byzantine (especially Justinian) legal theories. The first half of 1140 was spent by Roger in Palermo preparing the Assizes. They were certainly well-planned. Despite having written the legislation in his capital, in July, he traveled in state to Salerno, the capital of the duchy of Apulia, and thence to Abruzzi, where he examined the conquests of his sons: Roger and Alfonso. These men, now duke of Apulia and prince of Capua respectively, had consolidated Norman rule over the peninsula and made it possible for the great feats of legislation that year. The Assizes affirm that the king is the only lawgiver in Sicily, that he is both judge and priest (as he holds the legatine powers from the pope), and all Sicilians were equal and under the same laws, whether Latin, Greek, Jew, or Muslim, Norman, Lombard, or Arab. It punished treason with death. It was also detailed in other crimes of violence: cowardice in battle, arming a mob, or withholding support from the king or his allies. Ecclesiastically, Christian heretics and apostates lost their rights. Bishops were excused from attendance at courts, though the king was granted override on this, as on everything, and there could be no appeals. Militarily, the knightly class was closed. Nobody could become a knight if had no knightly lineage. Finally, the assizes did not ignore the commoners and demanded that they be treated with justice and be burdened not unduly by their lords. Roger's final act at Ariano was the issuance of a low-quality coinage standard for the entire realm, the ducat, taking its name from the duchy of Apulia. The coin, mostly copper and some silver, not gold as in later issuances, rapidly grew in importance. The Assizes survive in two manuscripts, slightly differing from one another, though what are omissions and what additions is unknown. These were found in 1856 in the Vatican archives and those of Monte Cassino. The Assizes are the legislations promulgated by King Roger II of Sicily. Once his kingdom was consolidated he issued a series of laws, although it is unknown where or when he did this. It is presumed that the laws were issued around 1140, for it was only after this date that officials can be found all over the kingdom; before then they only appear sporadically. At this time, Ariano was only an assembly of bishops and nobles and not a 'general assembly' in which all free men played a part. Important issues such as the military, obligations of vassals and the recognizance of the countries, and legislation was issued. The Assizes survive in only two composite juridical manuscripts. The fullest text is that contained in Codice Vaticano Latino 8782, which can be dated back to the end of the twelfth century and which contains forty four assizes, as well as a prologue. The second the Codex 468 of the library of Montecassino dates from the first half of the thirteenth century. It transmits only an abbreviated version of the laws, although it also contains some additions and another seven assizes which are lacking in the Vatican manuscript. The Assizes provide the first example of territorial legislation based upon Roman (Justinaic) law, as "they precede, and were more important in practice than, the purely academic rediscovery of Roman law." Roger's recourse to the example of the Roman emperors is indicative how ambitious his intentions were. The Assizes touch on only some aspects of the law: ecclesiastical, public, marriage and criminal. Alongside them customary law remained in force, unless it actual contradicted what was in the Assizes. The reason for this was "because of the variety of different people subject to our rule." Therefore, the legislator was clearly very conscious of ruling over a multi-ethnic state; he respected the individual character of the various groups, although only insofar as this did not conflict with his overriding supervision. (en)
  • Les Assises d'Ariano représentent une série de lois promulguées par le roi Roger II de Sicile pendant l'été 1140 à Ariano, près de Bénévent en Italie méridionale. Les Assises nous sont parvenues dans deux manuscrits, différant légèrement l'un de l'autre, bien qu'on ignore ce qui est omissions et ce qui est adjonctions. Ils ont été retrouvés en 1856 dans les archives du Vatican et celles de Monte Cassino. (fr)
  • Le Assise di Ariano furono alcune storiche adunanze convocate da re Ruggero II di Sicilia nella città di Ariano tra il 1140 e il 1142. Nel corso di tali assemblee il sovrano stabilì il conio di una nuova valuta, il ducale (meglio noto come ducato), destinato a circolare nell'intero ducato di Puglia e Calabria in sostituzione di tutte le varie tipologie di monete precedentemente in uso. Durante le stesse Assise re Ruggero, trascorsi ormai dieci anni dalla sua incoronazione, emanò inoltre un cospicuo numero di atti legislativi nonché, secondo una consolidata tradizione storiografica, le stesse constitutiones (ossia statuti) del regno di Sicilia. (it)
  • Арианские ассизы — свод законов, введённый в действие Рожером II в Сицилийском королевстве в 1140 году. Нашли своё дальнейшее развитие в Мельфийских конституциях Фридриха II (1231 год). Установили беспрецедентное для своего времени систему централизованного государственного правления. (ru)
  • 阿里亚诺法令是西西里国王罗杰二世在1140年夏天贝内文托附近的阿里亚诺颁布的一系列的王国法律,在平息了近年国内不断的叛乱后,罗杰二世决定建立一个更加集权的政府。法令旨在建立起一个庞大的西西里官僚制并设法将封建制度严格控制在王室之下。它包含了四十多项条文,涉及当时几乎所有的法律议题:私有财产、公共财产、教会、民法、王室财政和军队。阿里亚诺法令在当时无疑是先进的,它不但来源于诺曼和法兰西,也源自穆斯林和拜占庭(尤其是查士丁尼法典)的法学理论。 1140年上半年,罗杰二世就在巴勒莫精心准备法令的编纂工作。尽管首都的立法工作还在继续,但罗杰二世在同年七月前往阿普利亚公爵领首府萨莱诺,然而又来到布鲁齐,在那里他视察了他的儿子们:小罗杰和阿方索,阿普利亚公爵和卡普亚亲王。诺曼人现在已经完全统治了南亚平宁半岛,这为这项伟大法令的诞生奠定了基础。 法令申明国王是西西里王国的唯一立法者,他同时享有世俗权和教会权(因为他拥有来自教宗授予的继承权)。所有的西西里人都是平等的,遵守相同的法律,无论是拉丁人、希腊人、犹太人,或是穆斯林、诺曼人、伦巴第人、阿拉伯人。法令将叛国罪处以死刑。其他暴力犯罪也有详细说明:在战场上退缩怯懦、武装暴乱或拒绝拥护国王及其盟友。在宗教上,基督异端和叛教者被剥夺权利,主教不能出庭上诉,国王凌驾于宗教与一切事务之上。在军事上,骑士阶级被提高门槛,如果不是骑士血统,则不能成为骑士。最后,法条并没有忽视平民。它要求平民受到公正对待,不能被他们的领主过度压迫。 罗杰二世在阿里亚诺最后的政令就是在全国发行了达克特(货币),一种低质的货币标准,他的名称来源于公爵一词。这些硬币虽然主要是铜和一些银铸造而不是后来发行的金币,但其重要性仍然迅速增长. 阿里亚诺法令现在保存下了两份手稿,虽然彼此略有不同,但仍然有部分遗漏的内容尚不清楚。这些手稿在1856年的梵蒂冈宗座档案馆和卡西诺山被发现。 虽然尚不知晓罗杰二世是在何时何地将阿里亚诺法令作为正式法律颁布的,但是西西里王国国力确实被这一系列法律所巩固加强。据推测这些法律颁布大概在1140年左右,因为在此之后才有官方记载被发现,此前这些法律只是偶尔出现。 这个时候,阿里亚诺法令颁布了重要法条诸如军事,附庸义务,国家条约和立法活动。只不过法令是由主教和贵族共同完成的,而不是所有人都能参与的“立法大会”。 在两份保存下来的阿里亚诺法条手稿中,最完整的是梵蒂冈宗座档案馆的拉丁文8782版,里面内容可以追溯到十二世纪末,包含法令序言及四十四项法条。其次是卡西诺山图书馆保存的468版,它的内容始于13世纪上半叶。尽管卡西诺手稿只是流传下来的节选本,但是它还包含一些增加的内容以及梵蒂冈手稿中没有的另外七项法条。 阿里亚诺法令提供了第一个基于罗马法(查士丁尼民法典)的领地立法的案例,正如“实践比纯学术上重新发现罗马法更为重要”。罗杰二世以罗马皇帝们为标榜同样表明他的雄心壮志。阿里亚诺法令只涉及了部分法律:教会法,公共法,婚姻法和刑法。与之并行的习惯法仍然有效,除非它与阿里亚诺法令相矛盾。这样做的理由是“因为我们统治着不同的族群”。因此,立法者显然是有意识的统治着一个多民族国家,尽管只是在不与他统治相抵触的范围内,但他仍然尊重各个族群的特性。 (zh)
  • Аріанські асизи — звід законів Сицилійського королівства, оприлюднених Рожером II Сицилійським влітку 1140 року на асамблеї баронів королівства в Аріано, поблизу Беневенто. Нещодавно заспокоївши країну, яка потерпала від баронських заколотів, Рожер вирішив перейти до більш централізованого правління. Асизи вводили в Сицилійському королівстві систему бюрократичного управління і прагнули тримати феодалів під суворим королівським контролем. Вони містили сорок пунктів, які врегульовували усі галузі, які були в тогочасному праві: приватну власність, державну власність, церкву, цивільне право, королівські фінанси та військові справи. Праця була передовою для свого часу, виводячи свої положення не тільки з норманської та французької, але й мусульманської та візантійської (особливо юстиніанівської) правових теорій. (uk)
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