"Aristocracy of officials" and "civil service aristocracy" (Danish and Norwegian: embedsaristokratiet or embetsaristokratiet) are terms used by historians to denote the elite social class (aristocracy) of university-educated higher state officials in Denmark and Norway from the early modern period until the 19th century. Particularly in Norway, which unlike Denmark had no significant nobility from the 17th century and which formally abolished nobility in 1821, the aristocracy of officials filled the vacant position at the top of society at the local, regional and national levels. Vidar L. Haanes notes that "in Norway the aristocracy of officials occupied the position in society held by the nobility elsewhere in Europe". This social group, principally constituted by priests, lawyers and doc
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| - Aristocracy of officials (en)
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| - "Aristocracy of officials" and "civil service aristocracy" (Danish and Norwegian: embedsaristokratiet or embetsaristokratiet) are terms used by historians to denote the elite social class (aristocracy) of university-educated higher state officials in Denmark and Norway from the early modern period until the 19th century. Particularly in Norway, which unlike Denmark had no significant nobility from the 17th century and which formally abolished nobility in 1821, the aristocracy of officials filled the vacant position at the top of society at the local, regional and national levels. Vidar L. Haanes notes that "in Norway the aristocracy of officials occupied the position in society held by the nobility elsewhere in Europe". This social group, principally constituted by priests, lawyers and doc (en)
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| - The church and the priests had power over the symbols. They performed the rites of life which in the Norwegian context were associated with baptism, confirmation, communion, wedding and funeral. The Church interpreted reality. The priests represented the sacred, the organizing power of life . At the same time, they represented the King, with the symbols, e.g. education, Latin, official dress and official estate, and all the mythology that could be attached to this purely secular power structure. Thus the church had power over the symbols. But the church and the priests also had symbolic power, as interpreters of the meaning of the social world . The priests had the exclusive right to legitimate ideological production, and exercised power, not by violence, but by everyone perceiving and treating them as the only legitimate interpreters of the religion and stewards of the rituals of life. In the Norwegian culture of unity, there was consensus on the meaning of the social world. The structuring elements of the culture were taken for granted, supported by the Lutheran doctrine of supremacy which meant that all should remain in the condition God had set them, and be obedient to their superiors. The clergy belonged to the social class that controlled the ideology, or the ideological structure of society. In Norway the aristocracy of officials occupied the position in society held by the nobility elsewhere in Europe. (en)
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| - "Det moderne gjennombrudd i Norge, frikirkeligheten og lavkirkeligheten" (en)
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| - "Aristocracy of officials" and "civil service aristocracy" (Danish and Norwegian: embedsaristokratiet or embetsaristokratiet) are terms used by historians to denote the elite social class (aristocracy) of university-educated higher state officials in Denmark and Norway from the early modern period until the 19th century. Particularly in Norway, which unlike Denmark had no significant nobility from the 17th century and which formally abolished nobility in 1821, the aristocracy of officials filled the vacant position at the top of society at the local, regional and national levels. Vidar L. Haanes notes that "in Norway the aristocracy of officials occupied the position in society held by the nobility elsewhere in Europe". This social group, principally constituted by priests, lawyers and doctors, has with reference to the 19th century also been called "the thousand academic families" by the historian Jens Arup Seip, and they comprised less than one per thousand in the overall population. By the 19th century Norway is widely considered to have been a "Civil Servant State," reflecting the role of the civil servants as "the most enduring, consistent and visible elite." (en)
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