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In 20th-century discussions of Karl Marx's economics, the transformation problem is the problem of finding a general rule by which to transform the "values" of commodities (based on their socially necessary labour content, according to his labour theory of value) into the "competitive prices" of the marketplace. This problem was first introduced by Marx in chapter 9 of the draft of volume 3 of Capital, where he also sketched a solution. The essential difficulty was this: given that Marx derived profit, in the form of surplus value, from direct labour inputs, and that the ratio of direct labour input to capital input varied widely between commodities, how could he reconcile this with a tendency toward an average rate of profit on all capital invested among industries, if such a tendency (as

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  • Transformationsproblem (de)
  • Théorème marxien fondamental (fr)
  • Problema della trasformazione dei valori in prezzi di produzione (it)
  • Проблема трансформации (ru)
  • Transformation problem (en)
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  • Das Transformationsproblem innerhalb der Arbeitswerttheorie (hier abgekürzt: AWT) von Karl Marx bezeichnet die Frage, ob ein konsistentes formales Verfahren angegeben werden kann, das erlaubt, die in gesellschaftlich notwendiger Arbeitszeit gemessenen Werte von Waren in Produktionspreise umzurechnen. (de)
  • Le théorème marxien fondamental est un théorème formalisé d'économie qui montre que le profit des capitalistes est impossible sans exploitation des travailleurs, conformément à la thèse centrale du Capital de Marx. Il est attribué aux économistes japonais Nobuo Okishio et Michio Morishima. (fr)
  • Проблема трансформации — одна из центральных проблем марксистской политэкономии и экономической науки, которая заключается в противоречии между трудовой теорией стоимости и тенденцией выравнивания нормы прибыли в различных отраслях промышленности. Трудовая теория стоимости подразумевает, что труд является источником стоимости и прибавочной стоимости (или прибыли), прибыль зависит от количества труда. Но вместе с тем в «капиталоёмких» отраслях норма прибыли более высокая, чем в «трудоёмких». Маркс попытался объяснить это противоречие через «выравнивание нормы прибыли», которое многие экономисты сочли натяжкой. (ru)
  • Nel dibattito economico, non ancora concluso, successivo alla pubblicazione de Il Capitale di Karl Marx, con la locuzione problema della trasformazione dei valori in prezzi di produzione si fa riferimento alle difficoltà che, secondo alcuni, sorgono nell'analisi marxiana nel passaggio dai valori ai prezzi di produzione delle merci, una volta abbandonata l'ipotesi di costanza della composizione organica del capitale tra settori. (it)
  • In 20th-century discussions of Karl Marx's economics, the transformation problem is the problem of finding a general rule by which to transform the "values" of commodities (based on their socially necessary labour content, according to his labour theory of value) into the "competitive prices" of the marketplace. This problem was first introduced by Marx in chapter 9 of the draft of volume 3 of Capital, where he also sketched a solution. The essential difficulty was this: given that Marx derived profit, in the form of surplus value, from direct labour inputs, and that the ratio of direct labour input to capital input varied widely between commodities, how could he reconcile this with a tendency toward an average rate of profit on all capital invested among industries, if such a tendency (as (en)
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