Season cracking is a form of stress-corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases originally reported from British forces in India. During the monsoon season, military activity was temporarily reduced, and ammunition was stored in stables until the dry weather returned. Many brass cartridges were subsequently found to be cracked, especially where the case was crimped to the bullet. It was not until 1921 that the phenomenon was explained by Moor, Beckinsale and Mallinson: ammonia from horse urine, combined with the residual stress in the cold-drawn metal of the cartridges, was responsible for the cracking.
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| - Crique saisonnière (fr)
- Season cracking (en)
- 季裂 (zh)
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| - La crique saisonnière est une altération des pièces métalliques, caractérisée par une fissuration intercristalline, résultant de l'action combinée de contraintes mécaniques et de corrosion. Plus fréquemment rencontrée dans les alliages à base de cuivre, elle doit son nom au fait que les changements de température accélèrant le processus, la rupture de la pièce peut survenir lors d'un changement de saison. (fr)
- 季裂（Season cracking）是表現在黃銅彈殼上的一種形式，最早由駐印英軍所記載。在西南季風吹拂下，印度為濕熱的雨季，英軍在這段時間會減少軍事活動，並將彈藥儲藏在馬廄，直待冬天乾季的來臨。他們很快就發現，黃銅製的子彈逐漸出現裂痕，彈殼的部份又格外嚴重。1921年摩爾（Moore, H.）、貝琴薩（Beckinsale, S）、馬林森（Mallinson, C.E.）三人才發文解釋此現象。該現象肇因於馬尿中的氨與黃銅經深抽加工後殘餘應力未消除，兩者交互作用的結果。 季裂裂痕的特徵是黃銅受氨影響的部件會出現較深的脆性裂痕。若裂痕成長至臨界尺寸，則該部件會嘎然斷裂，有時會造成災難性的後果。然而，假如氨的濃度非常高，則腐蝕情況也會非常嚴重，也可能出現整個物體表面都被腐蝕的情況。要解決季裂問題可以從黃銅的熱處理下手，對抽製後的彈殼進行應力消除退火。另一種做法是減少腐蝕源，如不要將彈藥跟馬排泄物一起儲放，或者是減少彈藥附近會因腐爛而產生氨氣的有機物。 (zh)
- Season cracking is a form of stress-corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases originally reported from British forces in India. During the monsoon season, military activity was temporarily reduced, and ammunition was stored in stables until the dry weather returned. Many brass cartridges were subsequently found to be cracked, especially where the case was crimped to the bullet. It was not until 1921 that the phenomenon was explained by Moor, Beckinsale and Mallinson: ammonia from horse urine, combined with the residual stress in the cold-drawn metal of the cartridges, was responsible for the cracking. (en)
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| - La crique saisonnière est une altération des pièces métalliques, caractérisée par une fissuration intercristalline, résultant de l'action combinée de contraintes mécaniques et de corrosion. Plus fréquemment rencontrée dans les alliages à base de cuivre, elle doit son nom au fait que les changements de température accélèrant le processus, la rupture de la pièce peut survenir lors d'un changement de saison. (fr)
- Season cracking is a form of stress-corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases originally reported from British forces in India. During the monsoon season, military activity was temporarily reduced, and ammunition was stored in stables until the dry weather returned. Many brass cartridges were subsequently found to be cracked, especially where the case was crimped to the bullet. It was not until 1921 that the phenomenon was explained by Moor, Beckinsale and Mallinson: ammonia from horse urine, combined with the residual stress in the cold-drawn metal of the cartridges, was responsible for the cracking. Season cracking is characterised by deep brittle cracks which penetrate into affected components. If the cracks reach a critical size, the component can suddenly fracture, sometimes with disastrous results. However, if the concentration of ammonia is very high, then attack is much more severe, and attack over all exposed surfaces occurs. The problem was solved by annealing the brass cases after forming so as to relieve the residual stresses. (en)
- 季裂（Season cracking）是表現在黃銅彈殼上的一種形式，最早由駐印英軍所記載。在西南季風吹拂下，印度為濕熱的雨季，英軍在這段時間會減少軍事活動，並將彈藥儲藏在馬廄，直待冬天乾季的來臨。他們很快就發現，黃銅製的子彈逐漸出現裂痕，彈殼的部份又格外嚴重。1921年摩爾（Moore, H.）、貝琴薩（Beckinsale, S）、馬林森（Mallinson, C.E.）三人才發文解釋此現象。該現象肇因於馬尿中的氨與黃銅經深抽加工後殘餘應力未消除，兩者交互作用的結果。 季裂裂痕的特徵是黃銅受氨影響的部件會出現較深的脆性裂痕。若裂痕成長至臨界尺寸，則該部件會嘎然斷裂，有時會造成災難性的後果。然而，假如氨的濃度非常高，則腐蝕情況也會非常嚴重，也可能出現整個物體表面都被腐蝕的情況。要解決季裂問題可以從黃銅的熱處理下手，對抽製後的彈殼進行應力消除退火。另一種做法是減少腐蝕源，如不要將彈藥跟馬排泄物一起儲放，或者是減少彈藥附近會因腐爛而產生氨氣的有機物。 (zh)
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