Yok-Utian is a proposed language family of California. It consists of the Yokuts language and the Utian language family. While connections between Yokuts and Utian languages were noticed through attempts to reconstruct their proto-languages in 1986, it was not until 1991 that Yok-Utian was proposed and named by Geoffrey Gamble. Yok-Utian has been further supported by Catherine Callaghan, who has argued for the family's existence on the basis of lexical, morphological, and phonological similarities between the reconstructed proto-languages. However, she and others have noted that while it is compelling, the evidence presented is not conclusive.
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| - Yok-Utian languages (en)
- Llengües yokutianes (ca)
- Lenguas yokutianas (es)
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| - Les llengües yokutianes (també yok-uti o Hotian) engloben un grup de llengües ameríndies parlades a Califòrnia formada per tres famílies de llengües reconegudes des de fa llarg temps, les llengües miwok, les llengües ohlone (costano) i les llengües yokuts. D'aquests tres grups tant el grup miwok com el grup yokuts estan a la vora de l'extinció amb menys de 100 parlants cadascuna. El grup costano està totalment extint des de mitjan segle XX. (ca)
- Las lenguas yokutianas (o yok-uti) engloban un grupo de lenguas indígenas habladas en California formada por tres familias de lenguas reconocidas desde hace largo tiempo, las lenguas miwok, las y las lenguas yokuts. De estos tres grupos tanto el grupo miwok como el grupo yokuts están al borde de la extinción con menos de 100 hablantes cada uno. El grupo costano está totalmente extinto desde mediados del siglo XX. (es)
- Yok-Utian is a proposed language family of California. It consists of the Yokuts language and the Utian language family. While connections between Yokuts and Utian languages were noticed through attempts to reconstruct their proto-languages in 1986, it was not until 1991 that Yok-Utian was proposed and named by Geoffrey Gamble. Yok-Utian has been further supported by Catherine Callaghan, who has argued for the family's existence on the basis of lexical, morphological, and phonological similarities between the reconstructed proto-languages. However, she and others have noted that while it is compelling, the evidence presented is not conclusive. (en)
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| - Pre-contact distribution of Yok-Utian languages (en)
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| - Les llengües yokutianes (també yok-uti o Hotian) engloben un grup de llengües ameríndies parlades a Califòrnia formada per tres famílies de llengües reconegudes des de fa llarg temps, les llengües miwok, les llengües ohlone (costano) i les llengües yokuts. D'aquests tres grups tant el grup miwok com el grup yokuts estan a la vora de l'extinció amb menys de 100 parlants cadascuna. El grup costano està totalment extint des de mitjan segle XX. (ca)
- Las lenguas yokutianas (o yok-uti) engloban un grupo de lenguas indígenas habladas en California formada por tres familias de lenguas reconocidas desde hace largo tiempo, las lenguas miwok, las y las lenguas yokuts. De estos tres grupos tanto el grupo miwok como el grupo yokuts están al borde de la extinción con menos de 100 hablantes cada uno. El grupo costano está totalmente extinto desde mediados del siglo XX. (es)
- Yok-Utian is a proposed language family of California. It consists of the Yokuts language and the Utian language family. While connections between Yokuts and Utian languages were noticed through attempts to reconstruct their proto-languages in 1986, it was not until 1991 that Yok-Utian was proposed and named by Geoffrey Gamble. Yok-Utian has been further supported by Catherine Callaghan, who has argued for the family's existence on the basis of lexical, morphological, and phonological similarities between the reconstructed proto-languages. However, she and others have noted that while it is compelling, the evidence presented is not conclusive. According to the proposal, the Yok-Utian proto-language was spoken by a group originating in the Great Basin at least as early as 4500 BC. There was a division around 2500 BC, as the group which began speaking Proto-Utian migrated from the Great Basin into California. Proto-Miwok began to emerge in the northern Bay Area between 1000 and 500 BC, and began to spread west and south. Proto-Costanoan emerged in the eastern Bay Area, splitting from the larger Utian group sometime after 1500 BC, if not earlier. The language that remained in the Great Basin turned into proto-Yokuts before gradually splitting into the various Yokuts dialects and only later began to migrate into California. However, Scott DeLancey and Victor Golla have proposed that the language distribution could be the result of a single migration of Yok-Utian speakers who later spread out throughout California. One component of the evidence offered for Yok-Utian is that of sound correspondences in the reconstructed proto-languages for Yokuts and the Utian family, such as the sample below. However, while the reconstructed correspondences can be compelling, they are not conclusive. As the speakers of the Yokuts and Utian languages were in contact with one another for hundreds or thousands of years, it is entirely possible that the sound correspondences are the result of borrowing, rather than a common linguistic ancestor. While Yok-Utian can be included in the larger Penutian proposal, the Yok-Utian proposal does not directly support Penutian. (en)
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