The triangle of reference (also known as the triangle of meaning and the semiotic triangle) is a model of how linguistic symbols relate to the objects they represent. The triangle was published in The Meaning of Meaning (1923) by Charles Kay Ogden and I. A. Richards. While often referred to as the "Ogden/Richards triangle", the idea was also expressed in 1810 by Bernard Bolzano, in his Beiträge zu einer begründeteren Darstellung der Mathematik. The triangle can be traced back to 4th century BC, in Aristotle's Peri Hermeneias. The Triangle relates to the problem of universals, a philosophical debate which split ancient and medieval philosophers, especially realists and nominalists.
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| - Semiotisches Dreieck (de)
- Triangolo semiotico (it)
- Triangle of reference (en)
- 語義三角 (zh)
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| - Das semiotische Dreieck ist ein in der Sprachwissenschaft und Semiotik verwendetes Modell. Es soll veranschaulichen, dass ein Zeichenträger (Graphem, Syntagma, Symbol) sich nicht direkt und unmittelbar auf einen außersprachlichen Gegenstand bezieht, sondern dieser Bezug nur mittelbar durch eine Vorstellung/einen Begriff erfolgt. Das semiotische Dreieck publizierten erstmals Charles Kay Ogden und Ivor Armstrong Richards in dem Werk The Meaning of Meaning (1923). (de)
- 語義三角（英語：Ogden and Richards's meaning triangle）是一個由和理查茲在1923年提出來的理論，特別強調符號的表徵性。二人在一書中提出這個理論來解釋語言學裡的符號如何與它所代表的客體產生關連，特別強調符號的表徵性。雖然這個理論常被稱作奧古登－理查茲三角，但這個概念最早可追溯到公元前四世紀時亞里斯多德所寫的《解釋篇》，而伯納德·波爾查諾在發表於1810年的《論一種更為實在的數學表達形式》（德語：Beyträge zu einer begründeteren Darstellung der Mathematik）中也提出了相似的概念。語義三角論也與中古世紀的哲學共相問題有關。 語義三角形的三個頂點分別為符號(symbol)、所指示的實物(the referent)、思維(thought or reference)。 思維和符號、所指示的實物之間有因果關係存在，但是符號與實物兩者之間，卻需要透過人的思維才能建立間接關係。 (zh)
- The triangle of reference (also known as the triangle of meaning and the semiotic triangle) is a model of how linguistic symbols relate to the objects they represent. The triangle was published in The Meaning of Meaning (1923) by Charles Kay Ogden and I. A. Richards. While often referred to as the "Ogden/Richards triangle", the idea was also expressed in 1810 by Bernard Bolzano, in his Beiträge zu einer begründeteren Darstellung der Mathematik. The triangle can be traced back to 4th century BC, in Aristotle's Peri Hermeneias. The Triangle relates to the problem of universals, a philosophical debate which split ancient and medieval philosophers, especially realists and nominalists. (en)
- Il triangolo semiotico è una rappresentazione geometrica dei componenti essenziali della significazione. Fu proposto da due autori inglesi, il linguista e filosofo Charles Kay Ogden (1889-1957) e il critico letterario Ivor Armstrong Richards (1893-1979), nell'opera (The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism). In questa formula, vox corrisponde al simbolo, conceptus al pensiero e res al referente. (it)
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| - Das semiotische Dreieck ist ein in der Sprachwissenschaft und Semiotik verwendetes Modell. Es soll veranschaulichen, dass ein Zeichenträger (Graphem, Syntagma, Symbol) sich nicht direkt und unmittelbar auf einen außersprachlichen Gegenstand bezieht, sondern dieser Bezug nur mittelbar durch eine Vorstellung/einen Begriff erfolgt. Das semiotische Dreieck publizierten erstmals Charles Kay Ogden und Ivor Armstrong Richards in dem Werk The Meaning of Meaning (1923). (de)
- The triangle of reference (also known as the triangle of meaning and the semiotic triangle) is a model of how linguistic symbols relate to the objects they represent. The triangle was published in The Meaning of Meaning (1923) by Charles Kay Ogden and I. A. Richards. While often referred to as the "Ogden/Richards triangle", the idea was also expressed in 1810 by Bernard Bolzano, in his Beiträge zu einer begründeteren Darstellung der Mathematik. The triangle can be traced back to 4th century BC, in Aristotle's Peri Hermeneias. The Triangle relates to the problem of universals, a philosophical debate which split ancient and medieval philosophers, especially realists and nominalists. The triangle describes a simplified form of relationship between the speaker as the subject, a concept as an object or referent, and its designation (sign, signans). (en)
- Il triangolo semiotico è una rappresentazione geometrica dei componenti essenziali della significazione. Fu proposto da due autori inglesi, il linguista e filosofo Charles Kay Ogden (1889-1957) e il critico letterario Ivor Armstrong Richards (1893-1979), nell'opera (The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism). Ai vertici del triangolo, Ogden e Richards posero i termini symbol, thought e referent, cioè 'simbolo', 'pensiero' e 'referente'. Al termine thought è stato talvolta preferito dagli autori reference ('riferimento'), ma nel corso del tempo altri autori hanno usato diverse triadi di nomi dal significato più o meno trasparente (segno, concetto e denotato; forma, significato e referente; nome, senso e cosa). La tripartizione in sé stessa viene generalmente accettata. Essa peraltro corrisponde alla formula scolastica: In questa formula, vox corrisponde al simbolo, conceptus al pensiero e res al referente. Nella terminologia del linguista svizzero Saussure (1857-1913), il simbolo può essere inteso come il significante, il pensiero è il significato e il referente è la cosa.. Anche il filosofo del linguaggio Gottlob Frege adotta il modello tripartito ma usa una terminologia lievemente diversa: chiama “senso” l’elemento mentale, e “significato” il referente fisico. Questa rappresentazione geometrica evidenzia il rapporto diadico tra gli elementi, di modo che sussistono due relazioni dirette (tra pensiero e simbolo, da un lato, e tra pensiero e referente, dall'altro) e una relazione indiretta, quella tra simbolo e referente: il pensiero funge da mediatore tra le forme linguistiche e i referenti reali. Il linguista ungherese Stephen Ullmann (1914-1976), seguendo in ciò Saussure, ha sottolineato come il lato sinistro del triangolo sia specifica pertinenza della linguistica, mentre il lato destro attiene più alla riflessione filosofica. (it)
- 語義三角（英語：Ogden and Richards's meaning triangle）是一個由和理查茲在1923年提出來的理論，特別強調符號的表徵性。二人在一書中提出這個理論來解釋語言學裡的符號如何與它所代表的客體產生關連，特別強調符號的表徵性。雖然這個理論常被稱作奧古登－理查茲三角，但這個概念最早可追溯到公元前四世紀時亞里斯多德所寫的《解釋篇》，而伯納德·波爾查諾在發表於1810年的《論一種更為實在的數學表達形式》（德語：Beyträge zu einer begründeteren Darstellung der Mathematik）中也提出了相似的概念。語義三角論也與中古世紀的哲學共相問題有關。 語義三角形的三個頂點分別為符號(symbol)、所指示的實物(the referent)、思維(thought or reference)。 思維和符號、所指示的實物之間有因果關係存在，但是符號與實物兩者之間，卻需要透過人的思維才能建立間接關係。 (zh)
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