A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance under an altered constitutional setup that can be proclaimed by the President of India, when the consultant group perceives and warns against grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or from financial situations of crisis. Under Article 352 of the Indian constitution, upon the advice of the cabinet of ministers, the President can overrule many provisions of the constitution, which guarantee fundamental rights to the citizens of India and acts governing devolution of powers to the states which form the federation. In the history of independent India, such a state of emergency has been declared three times.
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- Undantagstillstånd i Indien (sv)
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| - A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance under an altered constitutional setup that can be proclaimed by the President of India, when the consultant group perceives and warns against grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or from financial situations of crisis. Under Article 352 of the Indian constitution, upon the advice of the cabinet of ministers, the President can overrule many provisions of the constitution, which guarantee fundamental rights to the citizens of India and acts governing devolution of powers to the states which form the federation. In the history of independent India, such a state of emergency has been declared three times. (en)
- Undantagstillstånd avser i Indien en tidsperiod under vilken grundlagen inte gäller fullt ut. Undantagstillstånd kan förklaras av Indiens president under åberopande av allvarliga hot mot nationen, vare sig dessa hot är inre eller yttre, eller under åberopande av svår ekonomisk kris. (sv)
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| - A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance under an altered constitutional setup that can be proclaimed by the President of India, when the consultant group perceives and warns against grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or from financial situations of crisis. Under Article 352 of the Indian constitution, upon the advice of the cabinet of ministers, the President can overrule many provisions of the constitution, which guarantee fundamental rights to the citizens of India and acts governing devolution of powers to the states which form the federation. In the history of independent India, such a state of emergency has been declared three times. 1.
* The first instance was between 26 October 1962 to 10 January 1968 during the India-China war, when "the security of India" was declared as being "threatened by external aggression". 2.
* The second instance was between 3 and 17 December 1971, which was originally proclaimed during the Indo-Pakistan war. 3.
* The third proclamation between 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 was under controversial circumstances of political instability under Indira Gandhi's premiership, when emergency was declared on the basis of "internal disturbances". The proclamation immediately followed a ruling in the Allahabad High Court, that voided the Prime Minister's election from Rae Bareli in the 1971 Indian general election. She was also prohibited from contesting election for next 6 years, challenging her legitimacy to continue in her post. Indira Gandhi, instead recommended to the then president Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed to proclaim a state of emergency to strengthen her hand. The phrase Emergency period used loosely, when referring to the political history of India, often refers to this third and the most controversial of the three occasions. In 1978, the Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, substituted the words "internal disturbance" for "armed rebellion" in Article 352, making the term more specific and less subject to interpretations. The President can declare three types of emergencies — national, state and financial emergency in a state. (en)
- Undantagstillstånd avser i Indien en tidsperiod under vilken grundlagen inte gäller fullt ut. Undantagstillstånd kan förklaras av Indiens president under åberopande av allvarliga hot mot nationen, vare sig dessa hot är inre eller yttre, eller under åberopande av svår ekonomisk kris. Sedan presidenten rådgjort med regeringen kan han under ett undantagstillstånd, med stöd i första hand av avsnitt 18 i den indiska grundlagen, åsidosätta många av de grundläggande fri- och rättigheter som annars gäller i landet. Presidenten kan på detta sätt också lyfta delstaternas politiska makt till centralregeringen (se härom presidentstyre), så att angelägenheter som annars skulle beslutas politiskt i delstaten istället beslutas på federal nivå. Det tredje beslutet om undantagstillstånd (se nedan) medförde de största inskränkningarna av normala förhållanden och fri- och rättigheter i Indien, och ledde till en mycket kraftig valförlust för Indira Gandhi, som då var Indiens premiärminister. I praktiken ligger nämligen den största politiska makten på federal nivå hos premiärministern, och vad presidenten beslutat är i allmänhet vad premiärministern begärt. (sv)
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