Satellite or SAT chromosomes are chromosomes that contain secondary constructs that serve as identification. They are observed in Acrocentric chromosomes. In addition to the centromere, one or more secondary constrictions can be observed in some chromosomes at metaphase. These chromosomes are called satellite chromosomes. In humans it is usually associated with the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome, such as in the chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, & 22. The Y chromosome can also contain satellites, although these are thought to be translocations from autosomes. The secondary constriction always keeps its position, so it can be used as markers to identify specific chromosomes.
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| - Satellit (Chromosom) (de)
- Trabant (biologia) (pl)
- Satellite chromosome (en)
- Satélite (cromossomo) (pt)
- 随体染色体 (zh)
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| - Der Begriff ist nicht mit Satelliten-DNA zu verwechseln. In der Genetik und Cytologie bezeichnet Satellit einen Endabschnitt am kurzen Arm eines Chromosoms, der durch eine sekundäre Einschnürungsstelle vom Rest des Chromosoms abgesetzt ist. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch von SAT-Chromosomen gesprochen. Bei einem kondensierten Chromosom wird außer der primären Einschnürung am Centromer lichtmikroskopisch also eine weitere Einschnürung sichtbar, an deren Ende der Satellit genannte Chromosomenteil hängt. Die Sekundäreinschnürung, die den Satelliten abgliedert, kann ribosomale DNA enthalten und eine Nukleolusorganisatorregion (NOR) darstellen. (de)
- Trabant (satelita) – końcowa część chromosomu oddzielona przewężeniem wtórnym. Zawiera DNA, które po podziale komórki umożliwia odtworzenie jąderka. (pl)
- 在细胞分裂中期，除了着丝粒，一些染色体中还可以观察到一或多个次缢痕。次缢痕总是保持位置不变，因此可以用来识别特定染色体的标志物。一个随体染色体或卫星染色体通过次缢痕具备了跟染色体主体分离的一个染色体节。该术语是谢尔盖纳瓦申在1912年提出的。 在细胞分裂中期随体出现，并通过一个染色质丝附着在染色体其余部分上。 每个二倍体细胞核都至少有2个随体染色体，而缢痕对应于一个核仁组织区 (NOR)。 NOR处出现次缢痕被认为是由于rRNA 转录或核仁结构特征阻碍了染色体凝缩造成的。 在人类中，随体染色体的例子有染色体13、14、15、21和22。 (zh)
- Satellite or SAT chromosomes are chromosomes that contain secondary constructs that serve as identification. They are observed in Acrocentric chromosomes. In addition to the centromere, one or more secondary constrictions can be observed in some chromosomes at metaphase. These chromosomes are called satellite chromosomes. In humans it is usually associated with the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome, such as in the chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, & 22. The Y chromosome can also contain satellites, although these are thought to be translocations from autosomes. The secondary constriction always keeps its position, so it can be used as markers to identify specific chromosomes. (en)
- Em citologia e genética, o termo satélite ou zona SAT refere-se a um segmento cromossômico separado do restante do cromossomo por uma subterminal. Além do centrômero, alguns cromossomos podem apresentar uma ou mais constrições secundárias durante a metáfase. A constrição secundária sempre mantém sua posição, então pode ser usada como marcador para identificar cromossomos específicos. Um cromossomo que apresenta satélite é denominado cromossomo satélite ou cromossomo SAT. (pt)
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| - Der Begriff ist nicht mit Satelliten-DNA zu verwechseln. In der Genetik und Cytologie bezeichnet Satellit einen Endabschnitt am kurzen Arm eines Chromosoms, der durch eine sekundäre Einschnürungsstelle vom Rest des Chromosoms abgesetzt ist. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch von SAT-Chromosomen gesprochen. Bei einem kondensierten Chromosom wird außer der primären Einschnürung am Centromer lichtmikroskopisch also eine weitere Einschnürung sichtbar, an deren Ende der Satellit genannte Chromosomenteil hängt. Die Sekundäreinschnürung, die den Satelliten abgliedert, kann ribosomale DNA enthalten und eine Nukleolusorganisatorregion (NOR) darstellen. (de)
- Satellite or SAT chromosomes are chromosomes that contain secondary constructs that serve as identification. They are observed in Acrocentric chromosomes. In addition to the centromere, one or more secondary constrictions can be observed in some chromosomes at metaphase. These chromosomes are called satellite chromosomes. In humans it is usually associated with the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome, such as in the chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, & 22. The Y chromosome can also contain satellites, although these are thought to be translocations from autosomes. The secondary constriction always keeps its position, so it can be used as markers to identify specific chromosomes. The name derives from the small chromosomal segment behind the secondary constriction, called a satellite, named by Sergei Navashin, in 1912. Later, Heitz (1931) qualified the secondary constriction as the SAT state (Sine Acid Thymonucleinico, which means "without thymonucleic acid"), because it didn't stain with the Feulgen reaction. With time, the term "SAT-chromosome" simply became a synonym and also an abbreviation for satellite chromosome. The satellite at metaphase appears to be attached to the chromosomes by a thread of chromatin. SAT-chromosomes whose secondary constriction is associated with the formation of the nucleolus are referred to as nucleolar SAT-chromosomes. There are at least 4 SAT chromosomes in each diploid nucleus, and the constriction corresponds to a nucleolar organizer (NOR), a region containing multiple copies of the 18S and 28S ribosomal genes that synthesize ribosomal RNA required by ribosomes. The appearance of secondary constrictions at NORs is thought to be due to rRNA transcription and/or structural features of the nucleolus impeding chromosome condensation. (en)
- Em citologia e genética, o termo satélite ou zona SAT refere-se a um segmento cromossômico separado do restante do cromossomo por uma subterminal. Além do centrômero, alguns cromossomos podem apresentar uma ou mais constrições secundárias durante a metáfase. A constrição secundária sempre mantém sua posição, então pode ser usada como marcador para identificar cromossomos específicos. Um cromossomo que apresenta satélite é denominado cromossomo satélite ou cromossomo SAT. O satélite se localiza entre a e o telômero, correspondendo a cerca de 10% da extensão cromossômica, cujo tamanho é inferior a 1µm. Porém, em alguns casos, ele pode compreender 40% ou mais do tamanho do cromossomo. Os satélites também estão associados à formação do nucléolo ao final da divisão celular, durante a telófase. O nucléolo, formado por RNAr e proteínas, desaparece durante a divisão. A zona SAT contém múltiplas cópias repetidas do genes ribossômicos para a transcrição do RNAr necessário pelos ribossomos. A constrição secundária marca o local conhecido como região organizadora do nucléolo (RON), contém várias cópias dos genes ribossômicos 18S e 28S. A RON permanece ligada ao nucléolo durante a interfase, e os remanescentes nucleolares que permanecem no cromossomo podem fazer com que a fibra de cromatina contendo os genes ribossômicos persista como um fio fino na metáfase. Acredita-se que o aparecimento de constrições secundárias nas RONs seja devido à transcrição do RNAr e/ou características estruturais do nucléolo que impedem a condensação do cromossomo. (pt)
- Trabant (satelita) – końcowa część chromosomu oddzielona przewężeniem wtórnym. Zawiera DNA, które po podziale komórki umożliwia odtworzenie jąderka. (pl)
- 在细胞分裂中期，除了着丝粒，一些染色体中还可以观察到一或多个次缢痕。次缢痕总是保持位置不变，因此可以用来识别特定染色体的标志物。一个随体染色体或卫星染色体通过次缢痕具备了跟染色体主体分离的一个染色体节。该术语是谢尔盖纳瓦申在1912年提出的。 在细胞分裂中期随体出现，并通过一个染色质丝附着在染色体其余部分上。 每个二倍体细胞核都至少有2个随体染色体，而缢痕对应于一个核仁组织区 (NOR)。 NOR处出现次缢痕被认为是由于rRNA 转录或核仁结构特征阻碍了染色体凝缩造成的。 在人类中，随体染色体的例子有染色体13、14、15、21和22。 (zh)
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