Samuel Backhouse (sometimes Bacchus or Bakehouse; bapt. 18 Nov. 1554 – 24 June 1626) was an English merchant who later became a country gentleman based in the county of Berkshire. He was a member of Parliament (MP) twice early in James I's reign, first for New Windsor in 1604 and then for Aylesbury in 1614. After the Addled Parliament, Backhoue did not seek reelection, and soon returned to Swallowfield. He became a shareholder in the New River Company in 1619, engaged in a minor familial dispute around the Swallowfield church, and possibly cultivated associates interested in esotericism.