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In electrochemistry, polarization is a collective term for certain mechanical side-effects (of an electrochemical process) by which isolating barriers develop at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. These side-effects influence the reaction mechanisms, as well as the chemical kinetics of corrosion and metal deposition.In a reaction we can displace the bonding electrons by attacking reagents. The electronic displacement in turn may be due to certain effects, some of which are permanent (inductive and mesomeric effects), and the others are temporary (electromeric effect). Those effects which are permanently operating in the molecule are known as polarization effects, and those effects which are brought into play by attacking reagent (and as the attacking reagent is removed, the e

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  • Polarització electroquímica (ca)
  • Polarización electroquímica (es)
  • Polarizzazione (elettrochimica) (it)
  • 電気化学的分極 (ja)
  • Polarization (electrochemistry) (en)
  • 极化 (电化学) (zh)
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  • 電気化学的分極(でんきかがくてきぶんきょく、electrochemical polarization)とは、電極電位をからずらす操作、または、電極電位が静止電位からずれる現象のことを言う。言い換えれば、外部回路に電流が流れるように電極電位をずらす操作、または、外部回路に電流が流れることによって電極電位がずれる現象が電気化学的分極である。 誤解がないときは単に分極(ぶんきょく、polarization)とも言う。電極が(電極反応が1種類)の場合は過電圧とほぼ同じである。 (ja)
  • In elettrochimica, la polarizzazione è un fenomeno che diminuisce l'efficienza dei processi elettrochimici, rallentando il procedere delle reazioni di elettrodo e dando luogo a cadute di tensione; tali cadute sono dette "sovratensioni"; le sovratensioni comportano a loro volta generazione di calore a causa della loro natura dissipativa e rappresentano delle deviazioni dalle condizioni di equilibrio della cella elettrochimica. (it)
  • 在电化学中,极化是一个描述某些机械副作用(在电化学反应中)的通用名称。这些副作用在电极和电解液界面上产生隔离性阻碍,从而影响反应机制以及腐蚀和的化学动力学。 上述机械副作用包括: * 活化极化:气体以及其他非反应物在电极与电解质界面上的积累。 * 浓差极化:因电解质反应物消耗不等而在边界层造成的浓度梯度。 这两种副作用将电极与电解质隔离,妨碍两者之间的反应以及电荷交换。造成的即刻后果: * 还原电势降低,反应速率降低并可能停止。 * 电流转变为热量,而不是所希望的化学功。 * 基于欧姆定律,要么電動勢下降,电流增加,要么相反。 * 电化学电池的自放电增长。 每个即刻后果都具有多重次级效应。例如,热量会影响电极材料的晶体结构。这反过来会影响反应速度,加速枝晶的形成,板块变形,以及沉淀物熱失控。 (zh)
  • S'anomena polarització electroquímica a la reducció de la força electromotriu d'una pila elèctrica a conseqüència de les alteracions que el seu propi funcionament provoca a les seves parts constituents, els elèctrodes i l'electròlit. La reducció de la tensió que apareix entre els borns equival a un augment de la resistència interna de l'element. Aquesta modificació és en part transitòria, ja que després d'interrompre la circulació del corrent, és normal que es recuperi, en part i espontàniament, la situació anterior després d'un cert temps, però a la llarga és acumulativa i acaba convertint la cel·la en inservible. Naturalment és un inconvenient, ja que priva d'utilitat els elements voltaics d'estructura senzilla, atès que el corrent que passa pel circuit extern disminueix contínuament, de (ca)
  • Se llama polarización electroquímica a la reducción de la fuerza electromotriz de un elemento voltaico como consecuencia de las alteraciones que su propio funcionamiento provoca en sus partes constituyentes, los electrodos y el electrolito. La reducción del voltaje que aparece en los bordes equivale a un aumento de la resistencia interna del elemento. Esta modificación es en parte transitoria, pues, tras interrumpirse la circulación de la corriente, es normal que se recupere, en parte y espontáneamente, la situación anterior al cabo de cierto tiempo (p. ej., por difusión de un gas en el electrolito), pero a la larga es acumulativa y termina por hacer inservible la celda. Naturalmente es un inconveniente serio, que priva de utilidad a los elementos voltaicos de estructura sencilla, ya que l (es)
  • In electrochemistry, polarization is a collective term for certain mechanical side-effects (of an electrochemical process) by which isolating barriers develop at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. These side-effects influence the reaction mechanisms, as well as the chemical kinetics of corrosion and metal deposition.In a reaction we can displace the bonding electrons by attacking reagents. The electronic displacement in turn may be due to certain effects, some of which are permanent (inductive and mesomeric effects), and the others are temporary (electromeric effect). Those effects which are permanently operating in the molecule are known as polarization effects, and those effects which are brought into play by attacking reagent (and as the attacking reagent is removed, the e (en)
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  • S'anomena polarització electroquímica a la reducció de la força electromotriu d'una pila elèctrica a conseqüència de les alteracions que el seu propi funcionament provoca a les seves parts constituents, els elèctrodes i l'electròlit. La reducció de la tensió que apareix entre els borns equival a un augment de la resistència interna de l'element. Aquesta modificació és en part transitòria, ja que després d'interrompre la circulació del corrent, és normal que es recuperi, en part i espontàniament, la situació anterior després d'un cert temps, però a la llarga és acumulativa i acaba convertint la cel·la en inservible. Naturalment és un inconvenient, ja que priva d'utilitat els elements voltaics d'estructura senzilla, atès que el corrent que passa pel circuit extern disminueix contínuament, de vegades amb gran rapidesa. La major part de la història de la pila voltaica ha consistit en la lluita contra aquest fenomen o, cosa que és el mateix, la recerca d'una composició de les cel·les que subministri un voltatge com més constant millor. (ca)
  • Se llama polarización electroquímica a la reducción de la fuerza electromotriz de un elemento voltaico como consecuencia de las alteraciones que su propio funcionamiento provoca en sus partes constituyentes, los electrodos y el electrolito. La reducción del voltaje que aparece en los bordes equivale a un aumento de la resistencia interna del elemento. Esta modificación es en parte transitoria, pues, tras interrumpirse la circulación de la corriente, es normal que se recupere, en parte y espontáneamente, la situación anterior al cabo de cierto tiempo (p. ej., por difusión de un gas en el electrolito), pero a la larga es acumulativa y termina por hacer inservible la celda. Naturalmente es un inconveniente serio, que priva de utilidad a los elementos voltaicos de estructura sencilla, ya que la corriente que pasa por el circuito externo disminuye continuamente, a veces con gran rapidez. La mayor parte de la historia de la pila voltaica ha consistido en la tenaz lucha contra este fenómeno o, lo que es lo mismo, en la búsqueda de una composición de las celdas que suministrase un voltaje lo más constante posible. (es)
  • In electrochemistry, polarization is a collective term for certain mechanical side-effects (of an electrochemical process) by which isolating barriers develop at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. These side-effects influence the reaction mechanisms, as well as the chemical kinetics of corrosion and metal deposition.In a reaction we can displace the bonding electrons by attacking reagents. The electronic displacement in turn may be due to certain effects, some of which are permanent (inductive and mesomeric effects), and the others are temporary (electromeric effect). Those effects which are permanently operating in the molecule are known as polarization effects, and those effects which are brought into play by attacking reagent (and as the attacking reagent is removed, the electronic displacement disappears) are known as polarisability effects. The term 'polarization' derives from the early 19th-century discovery that electrolysis causes the elements in an electrolyte to be attracted towards one or the other pole— i.e. the gasses were polarized towards the electrodes. Thus, initially 'polarization' was essentially a description of electrolysis itself, and in the context of electrochemical cells used to describe the effects on the electrolyte (which was then called "polarization liquid"). In time, as more electrochemical processes were invented, the term 'polarization' evolved to denote any (potentially undesirable) mechanical side-effects that occur at the interface between electrolyte and electrodes. These mechanical side-effects are: * activation polarization: the accumulation of gasses (or other non-reagent products) at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. * concentration polarization: uneven depletion of reagents in the electrolyte cause concentration gradients in boundary layers. Both effects isolate the electrode from the electrolyte, impeding reaction and charge transfer between the two. The immediate consequences of these barriers are: * the reduction potential decreases, the reaction rate slows and eventually halts. * electric current is increasingly converted into heat rather than into desired electrochemical work. * as predicted by Ohm's law, either electromotive force decreases and current increases, or vice versa. * the self-discharge rate increases in electrochemical cells. Each of these immediate consequences has multiple secondary effects. For instance, heat affects the crystalline structure of the electrode material. This in turn can influence reaction rate, and/or accelerate dendrite formation, and/or deform the plates, and/or precipitate thermal runaway. The mechanical side-effects can be desirable in some electrochemical processes, for example, certain types of electropolishing and electroplating take advantage of the fact that evolved gasses will first accumulate in the depressions of the plate. This feature can be used to reduce current in the depressions, and exposes ridges and edges to higher currents. Undesirable polarization can be suppressed by vigorous agitation of the electrolyte, or – when agitation is impractical (such as in a stationary battery) – with a depolarizer. (en)
  • 電気化学的分極(でんきかがくてきぶんきょく、electrochemical polarization)とは、電極電位をからずらす操作、または、電極電位が静止電位からずれる現象のことを言う。言い換えれば、外部回路に電流が流れるように電極電位をずらす操作、または、外部回路に電流が流れることによって電極電位がずれる現象が電気化学的分極である。 誤解がないときは単に分極(ぶんきょく、polarization)とも言う。電極が(電極反応が1種類)の場合は過電圧とほぼ同じである。 (ja)
  • In elettrochimica, la polarizzazione è un fenomeno che diminuisce l'efficienza dei processi elettrochimici, rallentando il procedere delle reazioni di elettrodo e dando luogo a cadute di tensione; tali cadute sono dette "sovratensioni"; le sovratensioni comportano a loro volta generazione di calore a causa della loro natura dissipativa e rappresentano delle deviazioni dalle condizioni di equilibrio della cella elettrochimica. (it)
  • 在电化学中,极化是一个描述某些机械副作用(在电化学反应中)的通用名称。这些副作用在电极和电解液界面上产生隔离性阻碍,从而影响反应机制以及腐蚀和的化学动力学。 上述机械副作用包括: * 活化极化:气体以及其他非反应物在电极与电解质界面上的积累。 * 浓差极化:因电解质反应物消耗不等而在边界层造成的浓度梯度。 这两种副作用将电极与电解质隔离,妨碍两者之间的反应以及电荷交换。造成的即刻后果: * 还原电势降低,反应速率降低并可能停止。 * 电流转变为热量,而不是所希望的化学功。 * 基于欧姆定律,要么電動勢下降,电流增加,要么相反。 * 电化学电池的自放电增长。 每个即刻后果都具有多重次级效应。例如,热量会影响电极材料的晶体结构。这反过来会影响反应速度,加速枝晶的形成,板块变形,以及沉淀物熱失控。 (zh)
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