The oscillating U-tube is a technique to determine the density of liquids and gases based on an electronic measurement of the frequency of oscillation, from which the density value is calculated. This measuring principle is based on the Mass-Spring Model. Overfilling the oscillator beyond the bearing points is irrelevant to the measurement. For this reason the oscillator can also be employed to measure the density of sample media that flow through the tube (Continuous Measurement).
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| - Biegeschwinger (Gerät) (de)
- Oscillating U-tube (in)
- Tubo manometrico (it)
- Oscillating U-tube (en)
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| - Oscillating U-tube adalah teknik untuk menentukan kepadatan cairan dan gas berdasarkan pengukuran elektronik frekuensi osilasi, yang nilai kerapatan dihitung. Prinsip pengukuran ini didasarkan pada Mass-Spring Model. (in)
- Il tubo manometrico (o sonda manometrica o manometro ad U) è uno strumento di misura costituito da un tubo posizionato perpendicolarmente alla direzione secondo la quale scorre il fluido (direzione di flusso). L'altezza della colonna che il fluido raggiunge in tale tubo graduato è proporzionale al valore della pressione statica del fluido in quel punto, ovvero: in cui è la differenza tra la pressione ad un'estremità del tubo e la pressione di riferimento (che in genere è la pressione atmosferica: ), è la densità del , e è la costante di accelerazione di gravità terrestre (pari a circa ). (it)
- Ein Biegeschwinger ist ein Gerät zur Bestimmung der Dichte von Flüssigkeiten und Gasen. Die Dichte wird aus der Messung der Eigenfrequenz eines mit dem zu untersuchenden Medium gefüllten Biegeschwingers errechnet. Das Prinzip der Messung beruht also auf einem Feder-Masse-Schwinger, dessen Masse teilweise durch das zu messende Medium gebildet wird. Eine Überfüllung des Schwingers über die Einspannstellen hinaus ist für die Messung belanglos. Aus diesem Grund können mit dem Schwinger auch die Dichten von Medien gemessen werden, die den Schwinger durchströmen (kontinuierliche Messung). (de)
- The oscillating U-tube is a technique to determine the density of liquids and gases based on an electronic measurement of the frequency of oscillation, from which the density value is calculated. This measuring principle is based on the Mass-Spring Model. Overfilling the oscillator beyond the bearing points is irrelevant to the measurement. For this reason the oscillator can also be employed to measure the density of sample media that flow through the tube (Continuous Measurement). (en)
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| - Ein Biegeschwinger ist ein Gerät zur Bestimmung der Dichte von Flüssigkeiten und Gasen. Die Dichte wird aus der Messung der Eigenfrequenz eines mit dem zu untersuchenden Medium gefüllten Biegeschwingers errechnet. Das Prinzip der Messung beruht also auf einem Feder-Masse-Schwinger, dessen Masse teilweise durch das zu messende Medium gebildet wird. Die Probe wird in ein schwingfähiges U-förmiges Röhrchen (meist aus Glas, im Fall von aggressiven Proben auch aus Spezialstahl) eingefüllt, dessen beide Schenkel die Federelemente eines Biegeschwingers bilden, ähnlich einer Stimmgabel. Die Schwingungsrichtung steht normal (senkrecht) auf der Ebene der beiden Schenkel. Das Rohr wird auf elektronischem Wege zu einer ungedämpften Schwingung mit möglichst geringer Amplitude angeregt. Die Eigenfrequenz des Schwingers wird von jenem Teil der Probenmasse beeinflusst, welcher an der Schwingung tatsächlich teilnimmt. Das an der Schwingung teilnehmende Volumen ist durch die ruhenden Schwingknoten an den Einspannstellen des Schwingers begrenzt. Ist der Schwinger mindestens bis zu den Einspannstellen (die Aufhängungs-/Montagepunkte des schwingenden U-Röhrchens) mit der Probe gefüllt, nimmt immer dasselbe genau definierte Volumen an der Schwingung teil, und die Masse der Probe kann daher proportional zu ihrer Dichte angenommen werden. Eine Überfüllung des Schwingers über die Einspannstellen hinaus ist für die Messung belanglos. Aus diesem Grund können mit dem Schwinger auch die Dichten von Medien gemessen werden, die den Schwinger durchströmen (kontinuierliche Messung). (de)
- The oscillating U-tube is a technique to determine the density of liquids and gases based on an electronic measurement of the frequency of oscillation, from which the density value is calculated. This measuring principle is based on the Mass-Spring Model. The sample is filled into a container with oscillation capacity. The eigenfrequency of this container is influenced by the sample's mass. This container with oscillation capacity is a hollow, U-shaped glass tube (oscillating U-tube) which is electronically excited into undamped oscillation. The two branches of the U-shaped oscillator function as its spring elements. The direction of oscillation is normal to the level of the two branches. The oscillator's eigenfrequency is only influenced by the part of the sample that is actually involved in the oscillation. The volume involved in the oscillation is limited by the stationary oscillation knots at the bearing points of the oscillator. If the oscillator is at least filled up to its bearing points, the same precisely defined volume always participates in the oscillation, thus the measured value of the sample's mass can be used to calculate its density. Overfilling the oscillator beyond the bearing points is irrelevant to the measurement. For this reason the oscillator can also be employed to measure the density of sample media that flow through the tube (Continuous Measurement). In modern digital density meters, Piezo elements are used to excite the U-tube whereby optical pickups determine the period of oscillation. This period τ can be measured with high resolution and stands in simple relation to the density ρ of the sample in the oscillator: A and B are the respective instrument constants of each oscillator. Their values are determined by calibrating with two substances of the precisely known densities ρ1 and ρ2. Modern instruments calculate and store the constants A and B after the two calibration measurements, which are mostly performed with air and water. They employ suitable measures to compensate various parasitic influences on the measuring result, e.g. the influence of the sample's viscosity and the non-linearity caused by the measuring instrument's finite mass as well as aging effects of the glass (reference oscillator). In 1967 the company Anton Paar GmbH presented the first digital density meter for liquids and gases employing the oscillating U-tube principle at ACHEMA. (en)
- Oscillating U-tube adalah teknik untuk menentukan kepadatan cairan dan gas berdasarkan pengukuran elektronik frekuensi osilasi, yang nilai kerapatan dihitung. Prinsip pengukuran ini didasarkan pada Mass-Spring Model. (in)
- Il tubo manometrico (o sonda manometrica o manometro ad U) è uno strumento di misura costituito da un tubo posizionato perpendicolarmente alla direzione secondo la quale scorre il fluido (direzione di flusso). L'altezza della colonna che il fluido raggiunge in tale tubo graduato è proporzionale al valore della pressione statica del fluido in quel punto, ovvero: in cui è la differenza tra la pressione ad un'estremità del tubo e la pressione di riferimento (che in genere è la pressione atmosferica: ), è la densità del , e è la costante di accelerazione di gravità terrestre (pari a circa ). (it)
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