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| - La rebelión Miao, fue un levantamiento del grupo étnico Miao en la provincia de Guizhou, ocurrió durante el reinado de la dinastía Qing. El levantamiento fue precedido por las otras rebeliones Miao en 1735-1736 y 1795-1806 y fue uno de los diversos levantamientos que barrió China en el siglo XIX. La rebelión se extendió por los periodos de la dinastía Qing Xianfeng y Tongzhi, y finalmente fue suprimida con la fuerza militar. Las estimaciones indican que hubo 4.9 millones de muertos. (es)
- The Miao rebellion of 1854–1873, also known as the Qian rebellion (Chinese: 黔亂; pinyin: Qián luàn; lit. 'Guizhou uprising') was an uprising of ethnic Miao and other groups in Guizhou province during the reign of the Qing dynasty. Despite its name, Robert Jenks estimates that ethnic Miao made up less than half of the uprising's participants. The uprising was preceded by Miao rebellions in 1735–36 and 1795–1806, and was one of many ethnic uprisings sweeping China in the 19th century. The rebellion spanned the Xianfeng and Tongzhi periods of the Qing dynasty, and was eventually suppressed with military force. Estimates place the number of casualties as high as 4.9 million out of a total population of 7 million, though these figures are likely overstated. (en)
- A Rebelião Miao de 1854 - 1873 foi uma revolta da etnia Miao na província de Guizhou durante o reinado da dinastia Qing. A revolta foi precedida pelas rebeliões Miao em e em , e foi um dos muitos distúrbios étnicos que assolaram a China no século XIX. A rebelião estendeu-se dos períodos de Xianfeng e de Tongzhi a dinastia Qing, e acabou por ser reprimida com força militar. Estimativas colocam o número de vítimas como elevada com 4,9 milhões de uma população total de 7 milhões de pessoas, embora esses números são provavelmente exagerados. (pt)
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| - La rebelión Miao, fue un levantamiento del grupo étnico Miao en la provincia de Guizhou, ocurrió durante el reinado de la dinastía Qing. El levantamiento fue precedido por las otras rebeliones Miao en 1735-1736 y 1795-1806 y fue uno de los diversos levantamientos que barrió China en el siglo XIX. La rebelión se extendió por los periodos de la dinastía Qing Xianfeng y Tongzhi, y finalmente fue suprimida con la fuerza militar. Las estimaciones indican que hubo 4.9 millones de muertos. La rebelión surgió de una multitud de quejas, incluyendo las tensiones étnicas con los chinos Han, la mala administración, la pobreza extrema y creciente competencia por la tierra cultivable. La erupción de la Rebelión Taiping llevó al gobierno de la dinastía Qing a tomar la medida de aumentar los impuestos y, retiró al mismo tiempo las tropas de la región, permitiendo así una rebelión desarrollada. El término "Miao" no significa sólo los antecedentes de la minoría nacional Miao de hoy; es un término mucho más general, que habría sido utilizado por los chinos para describir varias tribus aborígenes de la montaña Guizhou y otras provincias del sudoeste de China. Consistía en un 40-60% de la población de la provincia. (es)
- The Miao rebellion of 1854–1873, also known as the Qian rebellion (Chinese: 黔亂; pinyin: Qián luàn; lit. 'Guizhou uprising') was an uprising of ethnic Miao and other groups in Guizhou province during the reign of the Qing dynasty. Despite its name, Robert Jenks estimates that ethnic Miao made up less than half of the uprising's participants. The uprising was preceded by Miao rebellions in 1735–36 and 1795–1806, and was one of many ethnic uprisings sweeping China in the 19th century. The rebellion spanned the Xianfeng and Tongzhi periods of the Qing dynasty, and was eventually suppressed with military force. Estimates place the number of casualties as high as 4.9 million out of a total population of 7 million, though these figures are likely overstated. The rebellion stemmed from a variety of grievances, including long-standing ethnic tensions with Han Chinese, poor administration, grinding poverty and growing competition for arable land. The eruption of the Taiping Rebellion led the Qing government to increase taxation, and to simultaneously withdraw troops from the already restive region, thus allowing a rebellion to unfold. It also inspired the ethnic minorities in Guizhou to revolt. Millenarianism was an influence especially on the non-ethnic Miao participants. The rebellion started in March 1854, when "Yang Yuanbao, a peasant of the Buyi ethnic group from Dushan County, led hundreds of people to revolt". By May 1854, the Qing army had "brutally suppressed" this revolt. In March 1855, Zhang Xiumei from Taigong led a Miao rebellion which was followed by other groups in the wider region. In 1869 several rebel groups won a battle against the Chu Army at Huangpiao. After capturing several towns, the rebels, together with the Taiping attacked the provincial capital Guiyang. Guizhou governor Zhao Deguan was killed in an ambush by the rebels. Once the Taiping rebellion was suppressed, the Qing government defeated the Miao rebels one-by-one. The aftermath of the rebellion left many areas of Guizhou depopulated, with farmland being overgrown and towns destroyed, causing many Miao, Hmong and other groups to migrate into Vietnam and Laos. The term "Miao", explains the anthropologist Norma Diamond, does not mean only the antecedents of today's Miao national minority; it is much more general term, which had been used by the Chinese to describe various aboriginal, mountain tribes of Guizhou and other southwestern provinces of China, which shared some cultural traits. They consisted of 40–60% population of the province. English language accounts of the Miao Rebellion include the first-hand memoirs of William Mesny in his magazine "Mesny's Chinese Miscellany" (1895–1905); David Leffman's biography of Mesny, "The Mercenary Mandarin"; and "Insurgency and Social Disorder in Guizhou" by Robert D. Jenks. Most contemporary records from the uprising comes from Qing officials who were sent to quell the rebellion. (en)
- A Rebelião Miao de 1854 - 1873 foi uma revolta da etnia Miao na província de Guizhou durante o reinado da dinastia Qing. A revolta foi precedida pelas rebeliões Miao em e em , e foi um dos muitos distúrbios étnicos que assolaram a China no século XIX. A rebelião estendeu-se dos períodos de Xianfeng e de Tongzhi a dinastia Qing, e acabou por ser reprimida com força militar. Estimativas colocam o número de vítimas como elevada com 4,9 milhões de uma população total de 7 milhões de pessoas, embora esses números são provavelmente exagerados. A rebelião resultou de uma variedade de agravos, incluindo antigas tensões étnicas com chineses han, a má administração, a pobreza extrema e a concorrência crescente por terras aráveis. A erupção da Rebelião Taiping levou a dinastia Qing a aumentar a tributação, e simultaneamente retirar tropas da região já inquieta, permitindo assim o desenrolar de uma rebelião. O termo "Miao" não denota apenas os antecedentes da atual minoria nacional Miao, é um termo bem mais geral, que foi usado pelos chineses para descrever várias tribos aborígines das montanhas de Guizhou e outras províncias do sudoeste da China, que compartilham alguns traços culturais. Eles consistiam de 40-60% da população da província. (pt)
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