A Mass rock (Irish: Carraig an Aifrinn) was a rock used as an altar in mid-17th century Ireland as a location for Catholic Mass. Isolated locations were sought to hold religious ceremonies, as observing the Catholic Mass was a matter of difficulty and danger at the time as a result of both Cromwell's campaign against the Irish, and the Penal Law of 1695. Bishops were banished and priests had to register to preach under the 1704 Registration Act. Priest hunters were employed to arrest unregistered priests and Presbyterian preachers under an Act of 1709.
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| - Mass Rock (de)
- Pietre da Messa (it)
- Mass rock (en)
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| - Der Mass Rock (irisch: Carraig an Aifrinn; deutsch: Messestein) ist ein in den Jahren der Penal Laws in Irland als Altar genutzter Felsblock. Er bot eine Voraussetzung für den heimlichen Besuch von Heiligen Messen, die im Freien stattfanden. (de)
- A Mass rock (Irish: Carraig an Aifrinn) was a rock used as an altar in mid-17th century Ireland as a location for Catholic Mass. Isolated locations were sought to hold religious ceremonies, as observing the Catholic Mass was a matter of difficulty and danger at the time as a result of both Cromwell's campaign against the Irish, and the Penal Law of 1695. Bishops were banished and priests had to register to preach under the 1704 Registration Act. Priest hunters were employed to arrest unregistered priests and Presbyterian preachers under an Act of 1709. (en)
- Una pietra da messa (Carraig an Aifrinn in irlandese) era un masso usato dalla metà del XVII secolo in Irlanda come luogo per celebrate la celebrazione eucaristica. Località isolate venivano scelte per tenere cerimonie religiose, poiché la celebrazione della messa cattolica creava situazioni di pericolo per i partecipanti dopo la (1649 – 1653) e le Leggi penali irlandesi del 1695. Banditi i vescovi dal paese già nel 1613 infatti, anche ai preti cattolici fu comminata l'espulsione dal paese e prevista, in caso di rientro, l'esecuzione capitale immediata. In alcuni casi furono anche utilizzati cacciatori di preti cattolici, persone che dietro congruo compenso individuavano e segnalavano alle autorità l'identità di preti cattolici che esercitavano, sia pur segretamente, il loro ministero in (it)
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| - Der Mass Rock (irisch: Carraig an Aifrinn; deutsch: Messestein) ist ein in den Jahren der Penal Laws in Irland als Altar genutzter Felsblock. Er bot eine Voraussetzung für den heimlichen Besuch von Heiligen Messen, die im Freien stattfanden. (de)
- A Mass rock (Irish: Carraig an Aifrinn) was a rock used as an altar in mid-17th century Ireland as a location for Catholic Mass. Isolated locations were sought to hold religious ceremonies, as observing the Catholic Mass was a matter of difficulty and danger at the time as a result of both Cromwell's campaign against the Irish, and the Penal Law of 1695. Bishops were banished and priests had to register to preach under the 1704 Registration Act. Priest hunters were employed to arrest unregistered priests and Presbyterian preachers under an Act of 1709. Similar stones, known as Mass stones, are found in Scotland. While working in the 1880s as a hired farmhand for Robert Menzies of , near Aberfeldy, Perthshire, South Uist seanchaidh Angus MacLellan learned that a Mass stone had stood in the middle of Mr. Menzies's farmfield since the days when Roman Catholic priests were outlawed in Scotland. A nearby high cross, Menzies added, marked the site of an important college of learning from the days of the Celtic Church. Mr. Menzies explained that, even though the local population had long since switched to Presbyterianism, former Catholic religious sites were still locally viewed with superstitious awe and were never tampered with. Menzies explained that the term for Mass stones, in the Perthshire dialect of the Scottish Gaelic language, was Clachan Ìobairt, meaning "Offering Stones." Presbyterians held similar Conventicles and these were also outlawed, even though they were not religious ceremonies. For Lutherans during the Counter-Reformation in Austria, a similar stone in Paternion was dubbed the hundskirche. (en)
- Una pietra da messa (Carraig an Aifrinn in irlandese) era un masso usato dalla metà del XVII secolo in Irlanda come luogo per celebrate la celebrazione eucaristica. Località isolate venivano scelte per tenere cerimonie religiose, poiché la celebrazione della messa cattolica creava situazioni di pericolo per i partecipanti dopo la (1649 – 1653) e le Leggi penali irlandesi del 1695. Banditi i vescovi dal paese già nel 1613 infatti, anche ai preti cattolici fu comminata l'espulsione dal paese e prevista, in caso di rientro, l'esecuzione capitale immediata. In alcuni casi furono anche utilizzati cacciatori di preti cattolici, persone che dietro congruo compenso individuavano e segnalavano alle autorità l'identità di preti cattolici che esercitavano, sia pur segretamente, il loro ministero in Irlanda. In molti casi venivano utilizzati massi presi da rovine di chiese e trasportati in aree rurali, sui quali veniva semplicemente scolpita una croce. A causa dell'illegalità della celebrazione del culto cattolico, le Messe non erano programmate ad orari ed in giorni precedentemente stabiliti ma la celebrazione veniva di volta in vota decisa e l'annuncio trasmesso verbalmente fra i parrocchiani. Questa pratica venne gradualmente meno verso la fine del XVII secolo, sostituita dalla celebrazione della messa in luoghi coperti. (it)
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