Iron Girls (sometimes translated as Iron Women) is a term that was popularized in China during the 1950s through the 1970s. It was used to define a new idealized emerging group of working women who were strong and capable of performing highly demanding labor tasks, usually assigned to men. These tasks included repairing high-voltage electric wires, working at farmland, or heavy physical work. Beginning during the Great Leap Forward, Iron Girls were a symbol of shifting gender norms during the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, and in the years following the cultural revolution they faced harsh criticism. Iron Girls relied on the idea that men and women were inherently equal, but this idea was criticized by some feminists for its emphasis on the division of labor. Accounts
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| - Iron Girls (en)
- 철고랑 (ko)
- 铁姑娘 (zh)
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| - 철고랑(중국어 간체자: 铁姑娘, 정체자: 鐵姑娘, 병음: tiěgū‧niang)은 1950년대에서 1970년대까지 중화인민공화국에서 유행했던 말이다. 고압선 가선공, 농장일 등 주로 남성의 일로 여겨져 온 고된 육체노동에 종사하며 높은 생산성을 발휘하는 여성노동자 집단을 우상화하는 표현이었다. 철고랑 여성들은 특히 1960년대 문화대혁명 시기에 낡은 성규범의 변화의 상징이었고, 문혁이 지나간 이후에는 그 반대급부로 거센 비판의 대상이 되었다. 모택동이 사망하고 문혁이 종결된 이후 철고랑이라는 신여성상은 조롱의 대상으로 전락했고, 중국공산당 정부는 여성들에게 전통적인 여성의 성역할로 돌아갈 것을 권장했다. (ko)
- Iron Girls (sometimes translated as Iron Women) is a term that was popularized in China during the 1950s through the 1970s. It was used to define a new idealized emerging group of working women who were strong and capable of performing highly demanding labor tasks, usually assigned to men. These tasks included repairing high-voltage electric wires, working at farmland, or heavy physical work. Beginning during the Great Leap Forward, Iron Girls were a symbol of shifting gender norms during the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, and in the years following the cultural revolution they faced harsh criticism. Iron Girls relied on the idea that men and women were inherently equal, but this idea was criticized by some feminists for its emphasis on the division of labor. Accounts (en)
- 铁姑娘是一个文革名词。意思是用性质坚硬、坚强的“铁”修饰姑娘，是1960年代、1970年代对中国女性去性别化（或称男性化、）行为方式的称誉性评价，認為姑娘是脆弱的，也是那个反性感时代的性感。对中国传统之于妇女德容工言须“温柔”“贤淑”的弱女子性别规范，是一种颠覆。其语义与中国古代的穆桂英、花木兰形象相似，指称女性中可堪与男性媲美的豪杰。但却是从毛泽东“时代不同了，男女都一样”、“妇女能顶半边天”、“中华儿女多奇志，不爱红装爱武装”的诗意想象中汲取意涵，创造出的专属于那个时代的新的女性象征性符号。 她们中的风流人物是女劳模李秀英、吕玉兰、郝建秀、、尉凤英，第一代知青邢燕子、侯隽，大寨铁姑娘郭凤莲、江水英（《龙江颂》里的女主人公）。梳双辫、留短发，宽肩粗腰，大嗓门，身着蓝色工装（裙子有“小资”嫌疑），皮肤黝黑，结实而强壮，神态活泼开朗；从不在乎自己的容貌，忌讳个人情感，“同志”、“战友”取代了“窈窕淑女，君子好逑”；“一副肩膀两只手，一根扁担两条腿”，在生产劳动中“誓叫大地换新颜”——江青所摄“飒爽英姿五尺枪”的“女民兵”照片就是典型的铁姑娘形象。任何肯定女性身体性征美（秀发、玉肤、红唇、高乳、长腿）的展示都被斥之为“臭美”，把那些令人怦然心动的人体美许给了狐媚的女特务、资产阶级小姐、浪荡堕落女人。 (zh)
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| - Iron Girls (sometimes translated as Iron Women) is a term that was popularized in China during the 1950s through the 1970s. It was used to define a new idealized emerging group of working women who were strong and capable of performing highly demanding labor tasks, usually assigned to men. These tasks included repairing high-voltage electric wires, working at farmland, or heavy physical work. Beginning during the Great Leap Forward, Iron Girls were a symbol of shifting gender norms during the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, and in the years following the cultural revolution they faced harsh criticism. Iron Girls relied on the idea that men and women were inherently equal, but this idea was criticized by some feminists for its emphasis on the division of labor. Accounts of Iron Girls are limited aside from state propaganda which was circulated during the Cultural Revolution. Propaganda images emphasized women with strong physical attributes as well as their ability to perform in jobs which had been dominated by men in the earlier years prior to the Cultural Revolution. Firsthand narratives in the form of memoirs which focus on other social issues at the time are some of the only pieces of evidence of the era available to historians, making it difficult to understand the reality of life as an Iron Girl. The relative equal opportunities for women in labor was a deviation from traditional Chinese models where there was a large gendered division of labor. After the death of Mao Zedong the idea and depictions of Iron Girls would be heavily mocked and the Chinese government would encourage women to take up traditionally female roles. (en)
- 철고랑(중국어 간체자: 铁姑娘, 정체자: 鐵姑娘, 병음: tiěgū‧niang)은 1950년대에서 1970년대까지 중화인민공화국에서 유행했던 말이다. 고압선 가선공, 농장일 등 주로 남성의 일로 여겨져 온 고된 육체노동에 종사하며 높은 생산성을 발휘하는 여성노동자 집단을 우상화하는 표현이었다. 철고랑 여성들은 특히 1960년대 문화대혁명 시기에 낡은 성규범의 변화의 상징이었고, 문혁이 지나간 이후에는 그 반대급부로 거센 비판의 대상이 되었다. 모택동이 사망하고 문혁이 종결된 이후 철고랑이라는 신여성상은 조롱의 대상으로 전락했고, 중국공산당 정부는 여성들에게 전통적인 여성의 성역할로 돌아갈 것을 권장했다. (ko)
- 铁姑娘是一个文革名词。意思是用性质坚硬、坚强的“铁”修饰姑娘，是1960年代、1970年代对中国女性去性别化（或称男性化、）行为方式的称誉性评价，認為姑娘是脆弱的，也是那个反性感时代的性感。对中国传统之于妇女德容工言须“温柔”“贤淑”的弱女子性别规范，是一种颠覆。其语义与中国古代的穆桂英、花木兰形象相似，指称女性中可堪与男性媲美的豪杰。但却是从毛泽东“时代不同了，男女都一样”、“妇女能顶半边天”、“中华儿女多奇志，不爱红装爱武装”的诗意想象中汲取意涵，创造出的专属于那个时代的新的女性象征性符号。 妇女作为现代工业化的人力资源被动员起来加入劳动大军，1970年代年全民所有制企业女工比重达到28.3% （低于实际的妇女参与劳动率），1980年代妇女的劳动参与率达到80%以上（比世界平均水平高15%），是1949年以来重要的社会进步之一。女性被鼓励进入以前由男人从事的重工业、重体力劳动行业—— “三八女子测量队”（“三八女子XX队”成为了固定格式的命名方式）、“三八钻井队”、“女子高空带电作业班”、女炼钢炉长、女建筑工、女子架桥班、三八女子搬运班、三八女子掘进班、女子海洋采殖班、女拖拉机手、雷锋女子民兵班、女飞行员……被媒体广为报道，刺激着、塑造着人们的想象。但据研究者调查，女子专业队也多集中在生产建设兵团、石油系统和电业局等大型国有企业和基地，不像人们想象（被媒体渲染所诱导、营造）的那么普遍。实际是计划经济下统一调配劳动力造成某些局部、暂时的性比例失调，以妇女从业方式来缓解。而通过组织女子专业队的方式激励妇女做超出她们体能的重、累、脏、险的活，往往比男女混编更行之有效。 她们中的风流人物是女劳模李秀英、吕玉兰、郝建秀、、尉凤英，第一代知青邢燕子、侯隽，大寨铁姑娘郭凤莲、江水英（《龙江颂》里的女主人公）。梳双辫、留短发，宽肩粗腰，大嗓门，身着蓝色工装（裙子有“小资”嫌疑），皮肤黝黑，结实而强壮，神态活泼开朗；从不在乎自己的容貌，忌讳个人情感，“同志”、“战友”取代了“窈窕淑女，君子好逑”；“一副肩膀两只手，一根扁担两条腿”，在生产劳动中“誓叫大地换新颜”——江青所摄“飒爽英姿五尺枪”的“女民兵”照片就是典型的铁姑娘形象。任何肯定女性身体性征美（秀发、玉肤、红唇、高乳、长腿）的展示都被斥之为“臭美”，把那些令人怦然心动的人体美许给了狐媚的女特务、资产阶级小姐、浪荡堕落女人。 应该看到，1949年以后这一中国社会性别平等的多层次的、分步的历程，作为中国共产党主导的妇女解放，毕竟拓展了妇女参与社会生产的广度，改变了社会对妇女的能力评价，部分触及到“男主外女主内”的传统性别分工模式以及支持这一模式的文化观念系统，争取女性的权利，是女权权利在中国发展、成长的实际道路。但它同时也是牺牲了女性福利换来的。罔顾固有女性生理特点，忽视对妇女生理特点的劳动保护，造成了许多妇女病的发生、遗留。 1980年代大陆学界对这样的政策取向进行了批判性审理。1990年代国家劳动人事部明确禁止女职工从事矿山井下作业、森林伐木及流放作业、建筑业脚手架的组装和拆除作业、电力电信行业的高处架线作业、连续负重（每小时负重次数在6次以上）每次负重超过20公斤等作业。此时女职工已全线退出重体力、井下和野外作业；初步达到国际公认的妇女劳动保护底线。 (zh)
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