The term genocidal massacre was introduced by Leo Kuper (1908–1994) to describe incidents which have a genocidal component but are committed on a smaller scale when they are compared to genocides such as the Rwandan genocide. Others such as Robert Melson, who also makes a similar differentiation, class genocidal massacres as "partial genocide". Kiernan makes the point that in his opinion, the killings, like genocide, do not have to be organized by the state. In support of his view, he describes several incidents:
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| rdfs:label
| - Massacre génocidaire (fr)
- Pembantaian genosidal (in)
- Genocidal massacre (en)
- 種族滅絕式屠殺 (zh)
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| rdfs:comment
| - Istilah pembantaian genosidal diperkenalkan oleh (1908–1994) untuk menyebut insiden dengan komponen genosidal namun dilakukan pada skala yang lebih kecil saat dibandingkan dengan genosida seperti Genosida Rwanda. Tokoh lainnya seperti Robert Melson, yang juga membuat definisi serupa, mengklasifikasikan pembantaian genosidal sebagai "genosida sebagian". (in)
- Le concept de massacre génocidaire, élaboré par (en), désigne des campagnes qui présentent un caractère génocidaire mais leur portée est plus restreinte que les génocides massifs comme celui des Tutsi au Rwanda. D'autres auteurs, comme (en), qui établit la même distinction, considèrent qu'un massacre génocidaire est un « génocide partiel ». (fr)
- The term genocidal massacre was introduced by Leo Kuper (1908–1994) to describe incidents which have a genocidal component but are committed on a smaller scale when they are compared to genocides such as the Rwandan genocide. Others such as Robert Melson, who also makes a similar differentiation, class genocidal massacres as "partial genocide". Kiernan makes the point that in his opinion, the killings, like genocide, do not have to be organized by the state. In support of his view, he describes several incidents: (en)
- 种族灭绝式屠杀这一术语由（1908-1994）提出，以描述那些具有种族灭绝性质的事件，但与卢旺达种族灭绝等种族灭绝事件相比，这些事件规模较小。其他人，如，也做了类似的区分，他把灭绝种族的大屠杀归类为“部分种族灭绝”。 本·基尔南在他的《》一书中指出，帝国势力为了控制其国内的少数民族，经常实施种族灭绝式屠杀。例如，他描述了历史上两个罗马军团的行动，这两个军团在公元68年被派往埃及，以平息犹太人在亚历山大城的暴乱，这些犹太人支持那些参加第一次犹太罗马战争的犹太人。罗马总督命令这两个军团屠杀犹太区的居民，不分年龄或性别严格执行。大屠杀在大约5万人被杀后结束，因为当时亚历山大听到了一些尚未被杀的人的恳求，怜悯他们并下令停止杀戮。 基尔南提出，在他看来杀戮和种族灭绝一样，不一定要由国家组织发动。为了论证其观点，他列举了几个事件：
* 1577年，来自斯凯岛的一支突击队中的成员屠杀了艾格岛上几乎全部的居民，在第二年的报复性袭击中，成员在特朗潘教堂烧死了一群麦克劳德信众，然后很快就爆发了。
* 2002年2月27日，一列载着印度教朝圣者的火车（从阿约提亚返回）停靠在戈德拉火车站附近，火车上的乘客与站台上的小贩发生争执，导致车厢意外起火，造成59人死亡（9名男子，25名妇女，25名儿童）。第二天以及随后的两天，古吉拉特邦的骚乱造成790名穆斯林和254名印度教徒死亡。 (zh)
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| - The term genocidal massacre was introduced by Leo Kuper (1908–1994) to describe incidents which have a genocidal component but are committed on a smaller scale when they are compared to genocides such as the Rwandan genocide. Others such as Robert Melson, who also makes a similar differentiation, class genocidal massacres as "partial genocide". In his book Blood and Soil, Ben Kiernan states that imperial powers have often committed genocidal massacres to control difficult minorities within their empires. As an example he describes the actions of two Roman legions which were sent to Egypt in 68 AD in order to quell Jews who were rioting in Alexandria in support of Jews who were taking part in the First Jewish–Roman War. The Roman governor Tiberius Julius Alexander ordered two legions to massacre the inhabitants of the Jewish quarter, which was carried out to the letter, sparing none whatever their age or sex. The massacre ended after about 50,000 had been killed when Alexander, listening to the pleas of some yet to be killed, felt pity for them and ordered an end to the killings. Kiernan makes the point that in his opinion, the killings, like genocide, do not have to be organized by the state. In support of his view, he describes several incidents:
* The massacre in the Cave of Frances of all the inhabitants of the Isle of Eigg by members of the Clan MacLeod on a raiding party from the Isle of Skye in 1577 and a retaliatory raid the next year when members of the Clan MacDonald burnt a MacLeod congregation to death in Trumpan Church, which was almost immediately followed by the Battle of the Spoiling Dyke.
* On 27 February 2002, an argument on a train of Hindu pilgrims (returning from Ayodhya) with vendors at the platform where it had stopped led to an accidental fire that killed 59 people (9 men, 25 women, 25 children). The next day, and for the following two days, riots in Gujarat caused 790 Muslim and 254 Hindu fatalities. Kiernan states that some genocidal massacres are carried out against groups that are not covered by the Genocide Convention—such as being a member of a political party, or social class—but that these are covered under local laws and international treaties that criminalise crimes against humanity. However he does acknowledge that massacres against groups other than those in the Genocide Convention, and where the intention of the perpetrators did not specifically intend to commit genocide, are a grey area. William Schabas makes the point that genocidal massacres are criminal offences under international law as a crime against humanity, and during an armed conflict under the laws of war. However he points out that international prosecutions for individual acts are not covered by the Rome Statute (which brought into existence the International Court of Justice) because crimes against humanity must be "widespread or systematic" and war crimes usually have to have a threshold above the individual crime "in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes". Irving Louis Horowitz is critical of Kuper's approach. He cites Kuper's use of the term genocidal massacre to describe the inter-communal violence during the partition of India and during The Troubles in Northern Ireland. Hirsh states "to speak of [these] as genocidal in a context of religious competition and conflict risks diluting the notion of genocide and equating it with any conflict between national, religious, or racial groups". (en)
- Istilah pembantaian genosidal diperkenalkan oleh (1908–1994) untuk menyebut insiden dengan komponen genosidal namun dilakukan pada skala yang lebih kecil saat dibandingkan dengan genosida seperti Genosida Rwanda. Tokoh lainnya seperti Robert Melson, yang juga membuat definisi serupa, mengklasifikasikan pembantaian genosidal sebagai "genosida sebagian". (in)
- Le concept de massacre génocidaire, élaboré par (en), désigne des campagnes qui présentent un caractère génocidaire mais leur portée est plus restreinte que les génocides massifs comme celui des Tutsi au Rwanda. D'autres auteurs, comme (en), qui établit la même distinction, considèrent qu'un massacre génocidaire est un « génocide partiel ». (fr)
- 种族灭绝式屠杀这一术语由（1908-1994）提出，以描述那些具有种族灭绝性质的事件，但与卢旺达种族灭绝等种族灭绝事件相比，这些事件规模较小。其他人，如，也做了类似的区分，他把灭绝种族的大屠杀归类为“部分种族灭绝”。 本·基尔南在他的《》一书中指出，帝国势力为了控制其国内的少数民族，经常实施种族灭绝式屠杀。例如，他描述了历史上两个罗马军团的行动，这两个军团在公元68年被派往埃及，以平息犹太人在亚历山大城的暴乱，这些犹太人支持那些参加第一次犹太罗马战争的犹太人。罗马总督命令这两个军团屠杀犹太区的居民，不分年龄或性别严格执行。大屠杀在大约5万人被杀后结束，因为当时亚历山大听到了一些尚未被杀的人的恳求，怜悯他们并下令停止杀戮。 基尔南提出，在他看来杀戮和种族灭绝一样，不一定要由国家组织发动。为了论证其观点，他列举了几个事件：
* 1577年，来自斯凯岛的一支突击队中的成员屠杀了艾格岛上几乎全部的居民，在第二年的报复性袭击中，成员在特朗潘教堂烧死了一群麦克劳德信众，然后很快就爆发了。
* 2002年2月27日，一列载着印度教朝圣者的火车（从阿约提亚返回）停靠在戈德拉火车站附近，火车上的乘客与站台上的小贩发生争执，导致车厢意外起火，造成59人死亡（9名男子，25名妇女，25名儿童）。第二天以及随后的两天，古吉拉特邦的骚乱造成790名穆斯林和254名印度教徒死亡。 基尔南指出，一些种族灭绝式屠杀是针对《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》未包含的群体进行的——例如一个政党或社会阶层的成员——但这些都属于当地法律和国际条约规定的危害人类罪的范畴。然而，他确实承认，针对《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》所列群体以外的其他群体的屠杀，以及实施者的意图并不是具体为了实施种族灭绝的屠杀，是一个灰色地带。 指出，种族灭绝式屠杀作为一种危害人类罪，是国际法规定的刑事犯罪，在武装冲突期间，根据战争法也是一种刑事犯罪。然而，他指出对个人行为的国际起诉不包括在《罗马规约》（使得国际法院得以成立）之中，因为危害人类罪必须是“广泛或系统性的”，而战争罪通常必须有一个高于个人罪行的门槛，“特别是作为计划或政策的一部分或作为大规模实施这种罪行的一部分而实施时”。 批评了库珀的观点。他依照库珀的说法使用“种族灭绝式屠杀”一词来描述印巴分治时期和北爱尔兰问题时期的社区间暴力。霍洛维茨指出，“在宗教竞争和冲突的背景下，把（这些）说成是种族灭绝式的，有可能淡化种族灭绝的概念，把它等同于国族、宗教或种族群体之间的任何冲突”。 (zh)
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