About: Gender-based price discrimination in the United States

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Gender-based price discrimination is a form of economic discrimination that occurs when one gender is charged a different price than another gender for identical goods or services. Race and class-based price discrimination also exists. Acts of discrimination often have legal ramifications, but a study of gender-based price discrimination first looks at gendered price disparities. From there, the question of whether gendered price disparities prove an intent to discriminate or constitute illegal discrimination can become a legal inquiry that is developed by examining the law of the applicable jurisdiction. Gender-based price discrimination is typically disapproved of, but not universally. In the United States, a few states have adopted statutes forbidding gender-based price discrimination,

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rdfs:label	التمييز في الأسعار على أساس النوع الاجتماعي في الولايات المتحدة (ar) Gender-based price discrimination in the United States (en)
rdfs:comment	التمييز في الأسعار على أساس النوع الاجتماعي هو شكل من أشكال التمييز الاقتصادي يحدث عندما يتم فرض رسوم مقابل سلع أو خدمات مماثلة يستخدمها الجنسين، إلا أنها تكون بسعر مختلف لجنس عن الجنس الآخر. وهذا بجانب التمييز في الأسعار على أساس العرق والطبقة الاجتماعية. وغالبا ما يكون لأعمال التمييز تداعيات ونتائج قانونية، ولكن لدراسة التمييز على أساس النوع الاجتماعي يجب أن نبحث أولاً في التباين بين الجنسين في الأسعار. ومن هنا، يمكننا أن نرى ما إذا كان تباين الأسعار بين الجنسين يثبت نية التمييز أو يشكل تمييزا غير قانونيا وذلك عن طريق تحقيق قانوني يتم تطويره من خلال دراسة القانون المختص الساري. (ar) Gender-based price discrimination is a form of economic discrimination that occurs when one gender is charged a different price than another gender for identical goods or services. Race and class-based price discrimination also exists. Acts of discrimination often have legal ramifications, but a study of gender-based price discrimination first looks at gendered price disparities. From there, the question of whether gendered price disparities prove an intent to discriminate or constitute illegal discrimination can become a legal inquiry that is developed by examining the law of the applicable jurisdiction. Gender-based price discrimination is typically disapproved of, but not universally. In the United States, a few states have adopted statutes forbidding gender-based price discrimination, (en)
dcterms:subject	Ethically disputed business practices Gender equality Women's rights in the United States Pricing controversies Feminist economics Discrimination in the United States
Wikipage page ID	50446794 (xsd:integer)
Wikipage revision ID	1115428623 (xsd:integer)
Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage	California Pennsylvania Ethically disputed business practices Maryland Gender inequality Vehicle insurance Gender equality Civil Rights Act of 1964 Gender pay gap Gender role Consumption tax Ladies' night Women's rights in the United States Pricing controversies Price discrimination Washington (state) Jurisdiction Federalism in the United States Florida Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Feminist economics Tampon Retail Health insurance Iowa Discrimination in the United States Supreme Court of the United States Economic discrimination Discrimination Illinois Michigan New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection Affordable Care Act Unruh Civil Rights Act Personal care Tampon tax Miami-Dade County
sameAs	Gender-based price discrimination in the United States Gender-based price discrimination in the United States Gender-based price discrimination in the United States Gender-based price discrimination in the United States
dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate	dbt:Efn dbt:Lead_too_long dbt:Notes dbt:Reflist
has abstract	التمييز في الأسعار على أساس النوع الاجتماعي هو شكل من أشكال التمييز الاقتصادي يحدث عندما يتم فرض رسوم مقابل سلع أو خدمات مماثلة يستخدمها الجنسين، إلا أنها تكون بسعر مختلف لجنس عن الجنس الآخر. وهذا بجانب التمييز في الأسعار على أساس العرق والطبقة الاجتماعية. وغالبا ما يكون لأعمال التمييز تداعيات ونتائج قانونية، ولكن لدراسة التمييز على أساس النوع الاجتماعي يجب أن نبحث أولاً في التباين بين الجنسين في الأسعار. ومن هنا، يمكننا أن نرى ما إذا كان تباين الأسعار بين الجنسين يثبت نية التمييز أو يشكل تمييزا غير قانونيا وذلك عن طريق تحقيق قانوني يتم تطويره من خلال دراسة القانون المختص الساري. عادة ما يتم رفض التمييز على أساس النوع الاجتماعي، لكن ليس بشكل عام. ففي الولايات المتحدة، اعتمدت بعض الولايات قوانين تحظر التمييز على أساس النوع الاجتماعي، لكن هذه السياسات غير مطبقة إلى حد كبير. عادة ما تؤثر التباينات في الأسعار سلبًا على النساء أكثر من الرجال. على سبيل المثال، وجدت دراسة أجرتها إدارة حماية العامل والمستهلك في مدينة نيويورك أن المنتجات النسائية تكلف في المتوسط 7% أكثر من المنتجات المماثلة للرجال. والتمييز في التسعير القائم على النوع الاجتماعي نجده في العديد من الخدمات، بما في ذلك التأمين( تعاني النساء من مشاكل صحية أكثر)، والتنظيف الجاف للملابس( فترتدي النساء بشكل عام ملابس فاخرة أكثر)، وتصفيف الشعر( النساء لديهن شعر أطول الذي يصعب قصه)، والنوادي الليلية، ومنتجات العناية الشخصية فتحتاج المرأة عناية شخصية أكثر بينما الرجل يحتاج إلى عناية أقل. كانت قانونية التمييز النوعي في الأسعار محل جدل في الولايات المتحدة والاتحاد الأوروبي منذ التسعينات. (ar) Gender-based price discrimination is a form of economic discrimination that occurs when one gender is charged a different price than another gender for identical goods or services. Race and class-based price discrimination also exists. Acts of discrimination often have legal ramifications, but a study of gender-based price discrimination first looks at gendered price disparities. From there, the question of whether gendered price disparities prove an intent to discriminate or constitute illegal discrimination can become a legal inquiry that is developed by examining the law of the applicable jurisdiction. Gender-based price discrimination is typically disapproved of, but not universally. In the United States, a few states have adopted statutes forbidding gender-based price discrimination, but these policies are largely unenforced. Typically, price disparities negatively affect women more often than men. For example, a study by the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection found that, on average, women's products cost seven percent more than similar products for men. Gender-based pricing exists in many industries, including insurance, dry cleaning, hairdressing, nightclubs, clothing, and personal care products. The legality of gender-based price discrimination in matching markets has been of debate in the United States and European Union since the 1990s. The debate is centered around whether gender-based pricing is a form of gender discrimination. In other words, instead of prices being based on a market-based analysis of the effects on competition, gender-based pricing may instead reinforce negative stereotypes about both women and men in matching markets. Gender-based price disparities have been found in personal care products, retail sales, and consumer service prices. They also exist in the pricing of insurance, such as health insurance and car insurance. Other studies suggest that gender-based price disparities often occur when negotiating and purchasing new cars. Discount prices based on gender may also be a type of gender-based price discrimination. A common gender-based price discount is a "ladies' night" promotion, in which female patrons pay less for alcoholic drinks or a lower cover charge than male patrons do. Consumption taxes on certain products but not others have also been viewed a form of gender-based price disparity. For example, in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, tampons are often subjected to a consumption tax, while related products such as condoms, lubricant, and several other medical items are exempt from the tax. Opponents of the enforcement of laws against gender-based pricing make two arguments. They suggest that courts should dismiss cases involving gender-based pricing because the injury to the plaintiff is so inconsequential that they should not be entitled to relief. They also point to economic efficiency as a justification. In response to the economic efficiency argument, scholars suggest that gender-based pricing should be prohibited on moral grounds, stating that gender should not be used as a proxy for other characteristics, especially when based on stereotypes. (en)
prov:wasDerivedFrom	wikipedia-en:Gender-based_price_discrimination_in_the_United_States?oldid=1115428623&ns=0
page length (characters) of wiki page	22407 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf	wikipedia-en:Gender-based_price_discrimination_in_the_United_States
is Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage of	Universal access to education Gender price discrimination in the United States dbr:Minoxidil Ladies' night Economic discrimination Pink tax Tampon tax
is Wikipage redirect of	Gender price discrimination in the United States
is foaf:primaryTopic of	wikipedia-en:Gender-based_price_discrimination_in_the_United_States

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