The Chinese multiplication table is the first requisite for using the Rod calculus for carrying out multiplication, division, the extraction of square roots, and the solving of equations based on place value decimal notation. It was known in China as early as the Spring and Autumn period, and survived through the age of the abacus; pupils in elementary school today still must memorise it. The existence of the Chinese multiplication table is evidence of an early positional decimal system: otherwise a much larger multiplication table would be needed with terms beyond 9×9.
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| - Chinese multiplication table (en)
- 九九表 (zh)
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| - 九九表，又称九九歌、九因歌，是中国古代筹算中进行十进位制乘法、除法、开方等运算中的基本计算规则，春秋戰國沿用到今日，已有两千多年。现在小学初年级学生、一些学龄儿童都会背诵。 西方文明古国的古希腊和古巴比伦也發明过乘法表，不過比起九九表要复杂得多。希腊乘法表有1,700多项，而且不够全面。由於在13世纪之前他们计算乘法、除法十分困难，所以能够除一个大数的人會被视为数学家。欧洲直到13世紀初都不知道这种简单的十进位乘法表。13世纪之初，東方的十进位计算方法通过阿拉伯人传入欧洲，歐洲人發現了他的方便之處，所以学习這個新方法。當時，用新法乘两个数这类题目，是當時大学的教材。 (zh)
- The Chinese multiplication table is the first requisite for using the Rod calculus for carrying out multiplication, division, the extraction of square roots, and the solving of equations based on place value decimal notation. It was known in China as early as the Spring and Autumn period, and survived through the age of the abacus; pupils in elementary school today still must memorise it. The existence of the Chinese multiplication table is evidence of an early positional decimal system: otherwise a much larger multiplication table would be needed with terms beyond 9×9. (en)
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| - The Chinese multiplication table is the first requisite for using the Rod calculus for carrying out multiplication, division, the extraction of square roots, and the solving of equations based on place value decimal notation. It was known in China as early as the Spring and Autumn period, and survived through the age of the abacus; pupils in elementary school today still must memorise it. The Chinese multiplication table consists of eighty-one terms. It was often called the nine-nine table, or simply nine-nine, because in ancient times, the nine nine table started with 9×9: nine nines beget eighty-one, eight nines beget seventy-two ... seven nines beget sixty three, etc. two ones beget one. In the opinion of Wang Guowei, a noted scholar, the nine-nine table probably started with nine because of the "worship of nine" in ancient China; the emperor was considered the "nine five supremacy" in the Book of Change. See also Numbers in Chinese culture#Nine. It is also known as nine-nine song (or poem), as the table consists of eighty-one lines with four or five Chinese characters per lines; this thus created a constant metre and render the multiplication table as a poem. For example, 9x9=81 would be rendered as "九九八十一", or "nine nine eighty one", with the world for "begets" "得" implied. This makes it easy to learn by heart. A shorter version of the table consists of only forty-five sentences, as terms such as "nine eights beget seventy-two" are identical to "eight nines beget seventy-two" so there is no need to learn them twice. When the abacus replaced the counting rods in the Ming dynasty, many authors on the abacus advocated the use of the full table instead of the shorter one. They claimed that memorising it without needing a moment of thinking makes abacus calculation much faster. The existence of the Chinese multiplication table is evidence of an early positional decimal system: otherwise a much larger multiplication table would be needed with terms beyond 9×9. (en)
- 九九表，又称九九歌、九因歌，是中国古代筹算中进行十进位制乘法、除法、开方等运算中的基本计算规则，春秋戰國沿用到今日，已有两千多年。现在小学初年级学生、一些学龄儿童都会背诵。 西方文明古国的古希腊和古巴比伦也發明过乘法表，不過比起九九表要复杂得多。希腊乘法表有1,700多项，而且不够全面。由於在13世纪之前他们计算乘法、除法十分困难，所以能够除一个大数的人會被视为数学家。欧洲直到13世紀初都不知道这种简单的十进位乘法表。13世纪之初，東方的十进位计算方法通过阿拉伯人传入欧洲，歐洲人發現了他的方便之處，所以学习這個新方法。當時，用新法乘两个数这类题目，是當時大学的教材。 (zh)
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