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Muslim communities in South Asia apply a system of religious stratification. It developed as a result of ethnic segregation between the foreign conquerors/ Upper caste Hindus who converted to Islam (Ashraf) (also known as tabqa-i ashrafiyya) and the local converts (Ajlaf) as well as the continuation of the Indian caste system among local converts. Non-Ashrafs are converts from Hinduism. The neologism Pasmandas include Ajlaf and Arzal Muslims, and Ajlafs' statuses are defined by them being descendants of converts to Islam and are also defined by their pesha (profession).

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  • Caste system among South Asian Muslims (en)
  • Sistem kasta pada umat Muslim (in)
  • Касты в исламских странах Южной Азии (ru)
  • 南亞穆斯林的種姓 (zh)
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  • Kasta Muslim merupakan salah satu unit stratifikasi sosial yang berkembang di kalangan Muslim di India dan Pakistan sebagai akibat dari kedekatan budaya Hindu. Sebagian besar di dari penduduk Hindu, meskipun prinsip Islam dan mualaf Muslim bertahan dalam kebiasaan sosial Hindu mereka. Hindu, pada gilirannya, mengakomodasi kelas penguasa Muslim dengan memberinya status tersendiri (in)
  • Касты в исламских странах Южной Азии (Пакистан и Бангладеш) — своеобразная система социальной иерархии, возникшая в эпоху Империи Великих Моголов как компромисс между индуистскими и исламскими традициями. Термин «касты» в исламских обществах не используется. «Исламские касты» — система существенно более мягкая, чем касты в индуизме, допускающая переходы из одной социальной группы в другую. С другой стороны, такая система находится в прямом противоречии с Кораном, осуждающим неравенство по какому-либо внешнему признаку. Аналогичный пережиток индуизма существует среди христиан Индии. (ru)
  • 南亞的穆斯林與其他地方的穆斯林不同,他們受印度文化同化而接受了種姓制度。但程度上較温和。 (zh)
  • Muslim communities in South Asia apply a system of religious stratification. It developed as a result of ethnic segregation between the foreign conquerors/ Upper caste Hindus who converted to Islam (Ashraf) (also known as tabqa-i ashrafiyya) and the local converts (Ajlaf) as well as the continuation of the Indian caste system among local converts. Non-Ashrafs are converts from Hinduism. The neologism Pasmandas include Ajlaf and Arzal Muslims, and Ajlafs' statuses are defined by them being descendants of converts to Islam and are also defined by their pesha (profession). (en)
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