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Criminalization or criminalisation, in criminology, is "the process by which behaviors and individuals are transformed into crime and criminals". Previously legal acts may be transformed into crimes by legislation or judicial decision. However, there is usually a formal presumption in the rules of statutory interpretation against the retrospective application of laws, and only the use of express words by the legislature may rebut this presumption. The power of judges to make new law and retrospectively criminalise behaviour is also discouraged. In a less overt way, where laws have not been strictly enforced, the acts prohibited by those laws may also undergo de facto criminalization through more effective or committed legal enforcement. The process of criminalization takes place through so

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  • تجريم (ar)
  • Kriminalisierung (de)
  • Criminalization (en)
  • Kriminalisasi (in)
  • Criminalizzazione (it)
  • Criminalisering (nl)
  • Criminalização (pt)
  • Kriminalisering (sv)
rdfs:comment
  • في علم الإجرام، التجريم هو «العملية التي تتحول فيها السلوكيات والأفراد إلى جرائم ومجرمين». يمكن لأفعال كانت قانونية في السابق أن تتحول إلى جرائم من خلال صدور تشريع أو قرار قضائي يجعلها كذلك. بيد أن هناك في العادة افتراض رسمي في قواعد التأويل القانوني يمنع التطبيق الرجعي للقوانين وبموجبه يمكن فقط للكلمات الدقيقة للهيئة التشريعية دحض هذا الافتراض. كذلك لا يُشجع على اللجوء إلى صلاحية القضاة التي تخولهم سن قوانين جديدة والتجريم الرجعي للسلوكيات. يمكن بطريقة أقل وضوحًا التجريم بحكم الأمر الواقع في الحالات التي لا تكون فيها الأفعال المحظورة قانونًا مطبقة على نحو صارم، وذلك من خلال اللجوء إلى تطبيق قانوني أكثر كفاءة أو التزامًا. تجري عملية التجريم من خلال المؤسسات المجتمعية ومن جملتها المدارس والعائلة ونظام العدالة الجنائية. (ar)
  • Pemenjahatan atau kriminalisasi (bahasa Inggris: criminalization) dalam ilmu kriminologi adalah sebuah proses saat sebuah perilaku/tindakan atau individu tertentu dijadikan sebagai kejahatan atau pelaku kejahatan. (in)
  • La criminalizzazione in criminologia è il processo mediante il quale i comportamenti individuali sono trasformati in atti criminali. Anteriormente il procedimento di trasformazione avveniva grazie alla legge e al sistema giurisdizionale. Il potere dei giudizi di promulgare nuove leggi e criminalizzare i comportamenti è attualmente deprecato. In modo altrettanto ambiguo, dove le leggi non hanno attecchito, certi comportamenti possono subire una sorta di criminalizzazione de facto attraverso un'azione più incisiva delle forze dell'ordine. (it)
  • Criminalisering is in de criminologie "het proces waardoor bepaalde gedragingen strafbaar worden, en de daders misdadigers, of minstens overtreders". Handelingen die voordien legaal waren, kunnen strafbaar gesteld worden door wetgeving of rechterlijke beslissingen. Doorgaans wordt echter aangenomen dat wetgeving en vonnissen geen terugwerkende kracht mogen hebben, tenzij een uitdrukkelijke wettekst dat voorziet. (nl)
  • A criminalização, de acordo com a criminologia, é "o processo pelo qual comportamentos e indivíduos são transformados em crime e criminosos". Atividades anteriormente legais podem ser declaradas crimes por uma legislação ou decisão judicial. No entanto, dentro da interpretação da lei, presume-se formalmente que leis não devem ser aplicadas retroativamente (e.g. alguém que cometeu um ato antes de tal ato virar crime não deve ser punido). Também é desencorajado que juízes apliquem penas retroativas. Em casos de leis que não são rigorosamente aplicadas, atos ilegais podem sofrer uma criminalização de facto, com uma aplicação mais efetiva e comprometida. (pt)
  • Kriminalisering innebär att någonting som tidigare har varit lagligt blir olaglig; en gärning, effekt eller fara påförs ett i enlighet med en klar och otvetydig lagtext. Är lagtexten oklar eller tvetydig, så ligger ansvarsbördan på lagstiftaren som inte har uttryckt sig tillräckligt klart och otvetydigt, till förmån för den misstänkte (latin: in dubio pro reo). Den omvända processen, att en gärning, effekt eller fara som inte längre anses vara straffvärd medför inte längre något straffansvar, och kallas för avkriminalisering. En gärning, effekt eller fara kan även legaliseras. (sv)
  • Criminalization or criminalisation, in criminology, is "the process by which behaviors and individuals are transformed into crime and criminals". Previously legal acts may be transformed into crimes by legislation or judicial decision. However, there is usually a formal presumption in the rules of statutory interpretation against the retrospective application of laws, and only the use of express words by the legislature may rebut this presumption. The power of judges to make new law and retrospectively criminalise behaviour is also discouraged. In a less overt way, where laws have not been strictly enforced, the acts prohibited by those laws may also undergo de facto criminalization through more effective or committed legal enforcement. The process of criminalization takes place through so (en)
  • Als Kriminalisierung wird in der Kriminologie der Prozess bezeichnet, mit dem Verhaltensweisen zu Kriminalität und die ausübenden Personen zu Kriminellen gemacht werden. Ein vorher legales Verhalten wird durch Gesetzgebung oder veränderte Anwendung bestehender Gesetze zu einem illegalen Akt. Eine solche Änderung wird im Normalfall durch das Rückwirkungsverbot in der zeitlichen Anwendbarkeit eingeschränkt. Das Antonym zur Kriminalisierung ist die Entkriminalisierung. Auch die unverhältnismäßige Verfolgung und Einordnung von subversiven Bagatelldelikten wie Adbusting durch staatliche Behörden, wie bspw. dem Verfassungsschutz, wird von Autoren der taz sowie von Netzpolitik.org als Kriminalisierung angesehen. (de)
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