Xiaolian (Chinese: 孝廉; literally "filial and incorrupt"), was the standard of nominating civil officers started by Emperor Wu of Han in 134 BC. It lasted until its replacement by the imperial examination system during the Sui Dynasty. In Confucian philosophy, filial piety is a virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors. After the Han dynasty, high positions were usually nominated according to the Nine-rank system, so Xiaolian became increasingly unimportant. During the Sui dynasty, both systems were replaced by the imperial examination system.
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| - Xiaolian (fr)
- 孝廉 (ja)
- 효렴 (ko)
- Xiaolian (en)
- 孝廉 (zh)
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| - 孝廉（こうれん）は、中国前漢の武帝が制定した郷挙里選の科目の一つ。孝廉とは父母への孝順及び物事に対する廉正な態度を意味する。孝廉は察挙常科の中で最も重要視された科目である。 (ja)
- 효렴(孝廉)은 중국 전한(前漢)의 무제(武帝)가 제정한 향거리선(鄕擧里選) 과목 중 하나이다. 효렴이란 부모에게 효도하는 몸가짐과 청렴한 자세를 뜻하며, 찰거(察擧) 과목 중 가장 중요하게 다루어졌다. 효렴은 무재(茂才)와 동일한 과정을 통해 동일하게 임명되는 과정이지만 차이점이라면 무재는 자사가, 효렴은 태수가 천거한다는 차이점이 있다. 무재의 원래 호칭은 수재(秀才)였으나 후한 광무제의 휘를 피하기 위해 수재에서 무재로 명칭이 개명되었다. (ko)
- 孝廉是汉武帝时设立的察举考试，以任用官員的一种科目，孝廉是「孝顺親長、廉能正直」的意思。後代，「孝廉」這個稱呼，也變成明朝、清朝對舉人的雅稱。 (zh)
- Xiaolian (chinois traditionnel et simplifié : 孝廉, pinyin : xiàolían), « piété filiale et incorruptibilité », était un critère de nomination des mandarins dans la Chine antique. Le critère de piété filiale et d'incorruptibilité fut institué par l'empereur Wudi des Han en 134 av. J.-C. (1re année de Yuanguang) sur les conseils de Dong Zhongshu. Les responsables de chaque district avaient pour ordre de recommander annuellement une personne pour sa piété filiale et une autre pour son incorruptibilité afin que ceux-ci joignent le service public. Ce système permettait d'apporter des jeunes talents dans l'administration et sous la dynastie Han occidentaux constituait la principale source de fonctionnaires. (fr)
- Xiaolian (Chinese: 孝廉; literally "filial and incorrupt"), was the standard of nominating civil officers started by Emperor Wu of Han in 134 BC. It lasted until its replacement by the imperial examination system during the Sui Dynasty. In Confucian philosophy, filial piety is a virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors. After the Han dynasty, high positions were usually nominated according to the Nine-rank system, so Xiaolian became increasingly unimportant. During the Sui dynasty, both systems were replaced by the imperial examination system. (en)
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| - Xiaolian (chinois traditionnel et simplifié : 孝廉, pinyin : xiàolían), « piété filiale et incorruptibilité », était un critère de nomination des mandarins dans la Chine antique. Le critère de piété filiale et d'incorruptibilité fut institué par l'empereur Wudi des Han en 134 av. J.-C. (1re année de Yuanguang) sur les conseils de Dong Zhongshu. Les responsables de chaque district avaient pour ordre de recommander annuellement une personne pour sa piété filiale et une autre pour son incorruptibilité afin que ceux-ci joignent le service public. Ce système permettait d'apporter des jeunes talents dans l'administration et sous la dynastie Han occidentaux constituait la principale source de fonctionnaires.
* Portail de l’éducation (fr)
- 孝廉（こうれん）は、中国前漢の武帝が制定した郷挙里選の科目の一つ。孝廉とは父母への孝順及び物事に対する廉正な態度を意味する。孝廉は察挙常科の中で最も重要視された科目である。 (ja)
- 효렴(孝廉)은 중국 전한(前漢)의 무제(武帝)가 제정한 향거리선(鄕擧里選) 과목 중 하나이다. 효렴이란 부모에게 효도하는 몸가짐과 청렴한 자세를 뜻하며, 찰거(察擧) 과목 중 가장 중요하게 다루어졌다. 효렴은 무재(茂才)와 동일한 과정을 통해 동일하게 임명되는 과정이지만 차이점이라면 무재는 자사가, 효렴은 태수가 천거한다는 차이점이 있다. 무재의 원래 호칭은 수재(秀才)였으나 후한 광무제의 휘를 피하기 위해 수재에서 무재로 명칭이 개명되었다. (ko)
- Xiaolian (Chinese: 孝廉; literally "filial and incorrupt"), was the standard of nominating civil officers started by Emperor Wu of Han in 134 BC. It lasted until its replacement by the imperial examination system during the Sui Dynasty. In Confucian philosophy, filial piety is a virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors. Under the advice of Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu ordered each commandery to recommend one filial and one incorrupt candidate for civil offices. Later the nomination became proportional; Emperor He of Han changed the proportion to one candidate for every 200,000 residents, and one for every 100,000 residents in ethnic minority regions. The nominator was also responsible if the nominee was charged with corruption, and could be punished if he refused to nominate qualified individuals. After the Han dynasty, high positions were usually nominated according to the Nine-rank system, so Xiaolian became increasingly unimportant. During the Sui dynasty, both systems were replaced by the imperial examination system. (en)
- 孝廉是汉武帝时设立的察举考试，以任用官員的一种科目，孝廉是「孝顺親長、廉能正直」的意思。後代，「孝廉」這個稱呼，也變成明朝、清朝對舉人的雅稱。 (zh)
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