The hook effect refers to the prozone phenomenon, also known as antibody excess or the Postzone phenomenon, also known as antigen excess. It is an immunologic phenomenon whereby the effectiveness of antibodies to form immune complexes can be impaired when concentrations of an antibody or an antigen are very high. The formation of immune complexes stops increasing with greater concentrations and then decreases at extremely high concentrations, producing a hook shape on a graph of measurements. An important practical relevance of the phenomenon is as a type of interference that plagues certain immunoassays and nephelometric assays, resulting in false negatives or inaccurately low results. Other common forms of interference include antibody interference, cross-reactivity and signal interferen
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| - High-Dose-Hook-Effect (de)
- Efecto gancho (es)
- Hook effect (en)
- Effetto Hook (it)
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| - Als High-Dose-Hook-Effekt wird im Rahmen serologischer Methoden ein Phänomen beschrieben, welches bei Vorliegen sehr hoher Konzentrationen eines nachzuweisenden Stoffes (Analyt), zu falsch-niedrigen oder sogar falsch-negativen Untersuchungsergebnissen führen kann. (de)
- The hook effect refers to the prozone phenomenon, also known as antibody excess or the Postzone phenomenon, also known as antigen excess. It is an immunologic phenomenon whereby the effectiveness of antibodies to form immune complexes can be impaired when concentrations of an antibody or an antigen are very high. The formation of immune complexes stops increasing with greater concentrations and then decreases at extremely high concentrations, producing a hook shape on a graph of measurements. An important practical relevance of the phenomenon is as a type of interference that plagues certain immunoassays and nephelometric assays, resulting in false negatives or inaccurately low results. Other common forms of interference include antibody interference, cross-reactivity and signal interferen (en)
- El efecto gancho o el efecto prozona, es un fenómeno inmunológico por el cual la efectividad de un anticuerpo para formar los complejos inmunes es a veces deficiente, cuando la concentración de un anticuerpo o un antígeno es muy alta. La formación de complejos inmunes se detiene cuando se utilizan concentraciones más grandes, y en el caso de concentraciones extremadamente altas, decrece produciendo la forma característica de "gancho" en una curva de diluciones. Se conocen dos tipos del efecto de gancho: 1) por exceso de anticuerpos y, 2) por exceso de antígenos. Este fenómeno es un tipo de interferencia de especial relevancia en ciertos inmunoensayos y ensayos nefelométricos, resultando en falsos negativos o resultados de baja precisión. Otras formas comunes de interferencia incluyen: inte (es)
- L'effetto Hook o prozona è un fenomeno immunologico in base al quale l'efficacia degli anticorpi nel formare complessi immunitari è talvolta compromessa quando le concentrazioni di un anticorpo o di un antigene sono molto elevate. La formazione di complessi immunitari smette di aumentare con concentrazioni maggiori e diminuisce con concentrazioni estremamente elevate, producendo una forma ad uncino su un grafico di misurazioni. Questo effetto esiste in due versioni:
* con anticorpi in eccesso;
* con antigeni in eccesso. (it)
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| - Als High-Dose-Hook-Effekt wird im Rahmen serologischer Methoden ein Phänomen beschrieben, welches bei Vorliegen sehr hoher Konzentrationen eines nachzuweisenden Stoffes (Analyt), zu falsch-niedrigen oder sogar falsch-negativen Untersuchungsergebnissen führen kann. Zum Nachweis von Krankheitserregern, Antigenen oder auch Antikörpern werden häufig sogenannte Immunassays und Lateral-Flow-Tests eingesetzt. Diese basieren auf dem Sandwich-Prinzip, wobei die gesuchte Substanz von zwei Antikörpern gebunden und wie bei einem Sandwich in der Mitte „eingeklemmt“ wird. Diese Reaktion kann beispielsweise mittels eines Farbprodukts sichtbar gemacht werden, wenn einer der beiden Antikörper als Immunkonjugat vorliegt (also entsprechend präpariert ist). (de)
- The hook effect refers to the prozone phenomenon, also known as antibody excess or the Postzone phenomenon, also known as antigen excess. It is an immunologic phenomenon whereby the effectiveness of antibodies to form immune complexes can be impaired when concentrations of an antibody or an antigen are very high. The formation of immune complexes stops increasing with greater concentrations and then decreases at extremely high concentrations, producing a hook shape on a graph of measurements. An important practical relevance of the phenomenon is as a type of interference that plagues certain immunoassays and nephelometric assays, resulting in false negatives or inaccurately low results. Other common forms of interference include antibody interference, cross-reactivity and signal interference. The phenomenon is caused by very high concentrations of a particular analyte or antibody and is most prevalent in one-step (sandwich) immunoassays. (en)
- El efecto gancho o el efecto prozona, es un fenómeno inmunológico por el cual la efectividad de un anticuerpo para formar los complejos inmunes es a veces deficiente, cuando la concentración de un anticuerpo o un antígeno es muy alta. La formación de complejos inmunes se detiene cuando se utilizan concentraciones más grandes, y en el caso de concentraciones extremadamente altas, decrece produciendo la forma característica de "gancho" en una curva de diluciones. Se conocen dos tipos del efecto de gancho: 1) por exceso de anticuerpos y, 2) por exceso de antígenos. Este fenómeno es un tipo de interferencia de especial relevancia en ciertos inmunoensayos y ensayos nefelométricos, resultando en falsos negativos o resultados de baja precisión. Otras formas comunes de interferencia incluyen: interferencia de anticuerpo, reactividad cruzada e interferencia de señal. El fenómeno es causado por concentraciones muy altas de un analito o anticuerpo en particular, y es más prevalente en inmunoensayos de paso simple (emparedado) (es)
- L'effetto Hook o prozona è un fenomeno immunologico in base al quale l'efficacia degli anticorpi nel formare complessi immunitari è talvolta compromessa quando le concentrazioni di un anticorpo o di un antigene sono molto elevate. La formazione di complessi immunitari smette di aumentare con concentrazioni maggiori e diminuisce con concentrazioni estremamente elevate, producendo una forma ad uncino su un grafico di misurazioni. Questo effetto esiste in due versioni:
* con anticorpi in eccesso;
* con antigeni in eccesso. Un'importante rilevanza pratica del fenomeno è come un tipo di interferenza che riguarda alcuni saggi immunologici e saggi nefelometrici, con conseguenti falsi negativi o risultati inaccuratamente bassi. Altre forme comuni di interferenza includono l'interferenza dell'anticorpo, la reattività crociata e l'interferenza del segnale. Il fenomeno è causato da concentrazioni molto elevate di un particolare analita o anticorpo ed è prevalente nei saggi immunologici in un unico passaggio (sandwich). (it)
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