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The history of responsa in Judaism (Hebrew: שאלות ותשובות; Sephardic: She'elot Utshuvot; Ashkenazic: Sheilos Utshuvos;, usually shortened to שו"ת Shu"t ), spans a period of 1,700 years. Rabbinic responsa constitute a special class of rabbinic literature, differing in form, but not necessarily in content, from Rabbinic commentaries devoted to the exegesis of the Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud, and halakha (the codes of Jewish religious law). The codes themselves contain the rules for ordinary incidents of life. The responsa literature covers all these topics and more.

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  • Response (Judentum) (de)
  • History of responsa in Judaism (en)
  • Responsa (judaïsme) (fr)
  • Storia dei responsa nell'ebraismo (it)
  • Responsy (pl)
  • Респонсы (ru)
  • Responsa (pt)
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  • La storia dei responsa nell'ebraismo copre un periodo di 1700 anni. I responsa rabbinici costituiscono una categoria speciale di letteratura rabbinica, differendo in forma, ma non necessariamente nei contenuti, dai commentari rabbinici dedicati all'esegesi della Bibbia ebraica, della Mishnah, del Talmud e della Halakha (i codici della legge religiosa ebraica). I codici stessi contengono le regole dei quotidiani incidenti della vita. La letteratura dei responsa copre tutte quelle occasioni/materie dove una normativa risulta necessaria per attenersi alle mitzvot di condotta ebraica. Il modo, lo stile e la materia stessa sono cambiate in funzione dei viaggi diasporici del popolo ebraico e dello sviluppo di altra letteratura halakhica, in particolare dei codici. (it)
  • A Responsa fornece respostas para perguntas sobre o judaísmo e a vida judaica. Diferente das resoluções, que são adotadas por voto nas convenções, responsa fornece um guia, e não governança. Como um grupo de literatura, a responsa publicada revela um grande consenso em perguntas importantes que o judaísmo contemporâneo encontra. (pt)
  • Responsen (von lateinisch responsa „Antworten“; hebräisch She’elot uTeshuvot „Fragen und Antworten“) waren im Mittelalter und der Neuzeit Anfragen rechtlicher Art an eine jüdische halachische Autorität mit dem Ziel, eine normative Entscheidung (Psak din) auf die Anfrage zu erhalten. Einige Formeln sowie ihre Platzierung wurden nach Ignaz Goldziher der Tradition islamischer Fatwas entnommen. (de)
  • The history of responsa in Judaism (Hebrew: שאלות ותשובות; Sephardic: She'elot Utshuvot; Ashkenazic: Sheilos Utshuvos;, usually shortened to שו"ת Shu"t ), spans a period of 1,700 years. Rabbinic responsa constitute a special class of rabbinic literature, differing in form, but not necessarily in content, from Rabbinic commentaries devoted to the exegesis of the Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud, and halakha (the codes of Jewish religious law). The codes themselves contain the rules for ordinary incidents of life. The responsa literature covers all these topics and more. (en)
  • Les responsa (en hébreu : שאלות ותשובות, cheelot ou-techouvot, « questions et réponses », parfois abrégé שו"ת) sont les réponses des rabbins aux questions qui leur étaient posées. Ils servent de base à l'élaboration de codes halakhiques. (fr)
  • Responsy (łac. responsum: odpowiedź; hebr. שאלות ותשובות – szeelot u-tszuwot: „pytania i odpowiedzi”; jid. szajles-tszuwes) – jeden z głównych gatunków literatury rabinistycznej poświęcony sprawom liturgii judaistycznej i halachy, tworzony w formie pisemnych odpowiedzi uczonych o niekwestionowanym autorytecie, na pytania stawiane im przez grupy innych uczonych, kahał lub indywidualnych Żydów. (pl)
  • Респонсы, или респонса (лат. responsa, «ответы»; ивр. ‏שאלות ותשובות‏‎ шеэлот у-тшувот (шеелот у-тешубот); сокращённо: שו"ת, «шут»; в ашкеназском произношении: ша́лэс ве-чи́вэс), — в иудаизме «вопросы и ответы», один из жанров галахической литературы, состоящий из бытовых или законодательных вопросов и ответных мнений (рекомендаций) тех или иных галахических авторитетов. В респонсах отражается образ жизни евреев в месте их проживания в эпоху их составления. Респонсы впервые появились в VII веке в эпоху гаонов и публикуются по сей день. (ru)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Akiva_eger_responsa_BIU.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Maharam_lublin.jpg
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