. . . . . . "1124953076"^^ . . "La nutrition (du latin nutrire : nourrir) est l'ensemble des actions et processus par lesquels un \u00EAtre vivant r\u00E9cup\u00E8re et transforme des substances (atomes, ions, mol\u00E9cules, contenues ou non dans des aliments) pour assurer son fonctionnement. La nutrition est \u00E9galement une science pluridisciplinaire, comportant deux grands axes. D'une part, la physiologie de la nutrition traite de la fa\u00E7on dont l'organisme op\u00E8re la transformation des aliments, c'est-\u00E0-dire des processus m\u00E9taboliques. Ceci comporte l'\u00E9tude du r\u00F4le des macronutriments et des micronutriments au niveau des m\u00E9canismes biochimiques cellulaires, et les cons\u00E9quences sur les tissus d'un d\u00E9s\u00E9quilibre entre l'\u00E9nergie absorb\u00E9e et l\u2019\u00E9nergie d\u00E9pens\u00E9e par l'organisme. D'autre part, la psychologie de la nutrition analyse le comportement a"@fr . "V\u00FD\u017Eiva"@cs . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u063A\u0630\u064A\u0629"@ar . "21525"^^ . "Nutrisi atau gizi adalah substansi organik yang dibutuhkan organisme untuk fungsi normal dari sistem tubuh, pertumbuhan, dan pemeliharaan kesehatan. Penelitian di bidang nutrisi mempelajari hubungan antara makanan dan minuman terhadap kesehatan dan penyakit, khususnya dalam menentukan diet yang optimal. Dahulu, penelitian mengenai nutrisi hanya terbatas pada pencegahan penyakit kurang gizi dan menentukan kebutuhan dasar (standar) nutrisi pada makhluk hidup. Angka kebutuhan nutrisi (zat gizi) dasar ini dikenal di dunia internasional dengan istilah Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). Seiring dengan perkembangan ilmiah di bidang medis dan biologi molekular, bukti-bukti medis menunjukkan bahwa RDA belum mencukupi untuk menjaga fungsi optimal tubuh dan mencegah atau membantu penanganan penyakit kronis. Bukti-bukti medis menunjukkan bahwa akar dari banyak penyakit kronis adalah stres oksidatif yang disebabkan oleh berlebihnya radikal bebas di dalam tubuh. Penggunaan nutrisi dalam level yang optimal, dikenal dengan Optimal Daily Allowance (ODA), terbukti dapat mencegah dan menangani stres oksidatif sehingga membantu pencegahan penyakit kronis. Level optimal ini dapat dicapai bila jumlah dan komposisi nutrisi yang digunakan tepat. Dalam penanganan penyakit, penggunaan nutrisi sebagai pengobatan komplementer dapat membantu efektivitas dari pengobatan dan pada saat yang bersamaan mengatasi efek samping dari pengobatan. Karena itu, nutrisi / gizi sangat erat kaitannya dengan kesehatan yang optimal dan peningkatan kualitas hidup. Hasil ukur bisa dilakukan dengan metode antropometri. Sedangkan ilmu gizi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang hubungan makanan dan minuman terhadap kesehatan tubuh manusia agar tidak mengalami penyakit gangguan gizi, di mana gangguan gizi sendiri adalah sebuah penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh kurangnya zat-zat vitamin tertentu sehingga mengakibatkan tubuh kita mengalami gangguan gizi. Penyakit gangguan gizi yang pertama kali ditemukan adalah scorbut pada tahun 1497 atau lebih populer kita kenal dengan penyakit seriawan. Pada waktu itu Vasco da Gama dalam pelayarannya menuju Indonesia telah kehilangan lebih dari separuh anak buahnya yang meninggal akibat penyakit ini. Baru pada permulaan abad XX para ahli kedokteran dapat memastikan bahawa penyakit ini diakibatkan karena kekurangan vitamin C. Pada saat ini kebanyakan penduduk Indonesia mengalami kelebihan nutrisi dan bukannya kekurangan nutrisi. Pada tahun 2007 angka kematian akibat penyakit non-infeksi mencapai 59,5 persen atau jelas sudah melebihi angka kematian akibat penyakit infeksi. Pada tahun 2015, Kementerian Kesehatan meluncurkan program \"G4 G1 L5\" atau maksimum 4 sendok makan gula (50 gram), 1 sendok teh garam (5 gram) dan 5 sendok makan minyak (67 gram)."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Pastoral-barn.jpg"@en . . . . . . "Voedsel"@nl . . . . . . . "La nutrici\u00F3n consiste en la reincorporaci\u00F3n y transformaci\u00F3n de materia y energ\u00EDa de los organismos (tanto heter\u00F3trofos como aut\u00F3trofos) para que puedan llevar a cabo tres procesos fundamentales: mantenimiento de las condiciones internas, desarrollo y movimiento,\u200B manteniendo el equilibrio homeost\u00E1tico del organismo a nivel molecular y microsc\u00F3pico. La nutrici\u00F3n es el proceso biol\u00F3gico en el que los organismos asimilan los alimentos s\u00F3lidos y l\u00EDquidos necesarios para el funcionamiento, el crecimiento y el mantenimiento de sus funciones vitales. La nutrici\u00F3n tambi\u00E9n es el estudio de la relaci\u00F3n que existe entre los alimentos, la salud y especialmente en la determinaci\u00F3n de una dieta equilibrada con bases a la pir\u00E1mide alimenticia. Los procesos microsc\u00F3picos est\u00E1n relacionados con la absorci\u00F3n, digesti\u00F3n, metabolismo y excreci\u00F3n. Los procesos moleculares o microsc\u00F3picos est\u00E1n relacionados con el equilibrio de elementos como enzimas, vitaminas, minerales, amino\u00E1cidos, glucosa, transportadores qu\u00EDmicos, mediadores bioqu\u00EDmicos, hormonas, etc. Como ciencia, la nutrici\u00F3n estudia todos los procesos bioqu\u00EDmicos y fisiol\u00F3gicos\u200B que suceden en el organismo. La buena nutrici\u00F3n consiste en comer una variedad de alimentos, limitar el consumo de ciertos alimentos, bebidas y controlar la cantidad de alimentos y calor\u00EDas que se ingieren. Una alimentaci\u00F3n equilibrada ayuda a reducir el riesgo cardiovascular porque reduce tanto el colesterol y la presi\u00F3n arterial como el peso."@es . . . . . . . . . . "Nutri\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 um processo biol\u00F3gico em que os organismos (animais, fungos, vegetais e micro-organismos), utilizando-se de alimentos, assimilam nutrientes para a realiza\u00E7\u00E3o de suas fun\u00E7\u00F5es vitais. Devido sua import\u00E2ncia \u00E0 sobreviv\u00EAncia de qualquer ser vivo, a nutri\u00E7\u00E3o faz parte do aprendizado durante grande parte do per\u00EDodo de estudo b\u00E1sico e em n\u00EDvel secund\u00E1rio, assim como em muitos cursos de n\u00EDvel de gradua\u00E7\u00E3o e p\u00F3s-gradua\u00E7\u00E3o, em \u00E1reas como medicina, enfermagem, biomedicina, farm\u00E1cia, biologia, agronomia, zootecnia e nutri\u00E7\u00E3o entre outras. No campo da sa\u00FAde, a nutri\u00E7\u00E3o estuda as propriedades dos alimentos e tem o objetivo de promover o bem estar e sa\u00FAde atrav\u00E9s da alimenta\u00E7\u00E3o. A nutri\u00E7\u00E3o pode ser feita oralmente, ou seja, pela maneira natural do processo de alimenta\u00E7\u00E3o, ou por um modo especial. No modo especial temos a nutri\u00E7\u00E3o enteral e a nutri\u00E7\u00E3o parenteral. A primeira ocorre quando o alimento \u00E9 colocado diretamente em uma \u00E1rea do tubo digestivo (geralmente o est\u00F4mago ou o jejuno) atrav\u00E9s de sondas que podem entrar pela narina, boca ou por um orif\u00EDcio feito por cirurgia diretamente no abd\u00F4men do paciente, juntamente com outro orif\u00EDcio gastro-intestinal usado no processo digestivo. A nutri\u00E7\u00E3o parenteral \u00E9 a 'que \u00E9 feita quando o paciente \u00E9 alimentado com preparados para administra\u00E7\u00E3o diretamente na veia, n\u00E3o passando pelo tubo digestivo (como o soro nas veias, quando se est\u00E1 impossibilitado de ingerir alimentos via oral). A boa nutri\u00E7\u00E3o depende de uma dieta regular e equilibrada - ou seja, \u00E9 preciso fornecer \u00E0s c\u00E9lulas do corpo n\u00E3o s\u00F3 a quantidade como tamb\u00E9m a variedade adequada de nutrientes importantes para seu bom funcionamento. Os guias alimentares mais conhecidos s\u00E3o as pir\u00E2mides alimentares. Todo ser vivo precisa se alimentar para sobreviver e se reproduzir. Mas, na esp\u00E9cie humana, a imensa capacidade de se adaptar a v\u00E1rios tipos de alimento - que faz do Homo sapiens a esp\u00E9cie de h\u00E1bitos alimentares mais diversificados do planeta - foi fundamental para a sua evolu\u00E7\u00E3o. Estudos indicam que um dos principais fatores que levaram nossos ancestrais a se distanciar da linhagem de seus parentes primatas foi a capacidade de se adaptar ao card\u00E1pio de diversos ambientes. Algumas teorias prop\u00F5em, ainda, que o excepcional crescimento do nosso c\u00E9rebro s\u00F3 se tornou poss\u00EDvel gra\u00E7as \u00E0 inclus\u00E3o na dieta humana de alimentos prot\u00E9icos e energ\u00E9ticos- particularmente, a carne. O uso do fogo tamb\u00E9m contribuiu para a evolu\u00E7\u00E3o da esp\u00E9cie. Cozidos, os alimentos ficam mais f\u00E1ceis de ser digeridos e, por consequ\u00EAncia, a absor\u00E7\u00E3o dos nutrientes \u00E9 maior. A agricultura e a pecu\u00E1ria, iniciadas h\u00E1 cerca de 10 mil anos, aumentaram o poder do homem sobre a pr\u00F3pria nutri\u00E7\u00E3o. Desde ent\u00E3o, a descoberta dos condimentos, a ado\u00E7\u00E3o de t\u00E9cnicas para aumentar a produtividade agropecu\u00E1ria e o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de industrializa\u00E7\u00E3o foram abrindo novas possibilidades de nutri\u00E7\u00E3o. Hoje, mesmo com a globaliza\u00E7\u00E3o e as facilidades de interc\u00E2mbio entre na\u00E7\u00F5es, cada povo guarda suas peculiaridades culin\u00E1rias, segundo a disponibilidade dos ingredientes encontrados na regi\u00E3o, mas tamb\u00E9m de acordo com seu modo de vida."@pt . . "Ern\u00E4hrung"@de . "Nutrizione"@it . . "Nutrici\u00F3n"@es . . . . . . . . "Nutri\u00E7\u00E3o"@pt . . . . . . "Nutrition"@fr . . . "Nutrizio"@eu . "\u8425\u517B\u4F5C\u7528\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ANutrition\uFF09\u662F\u751F\u7269\u4F53\u5229\u7528\u98DF\u7269\u6765\u7EF4\u6301\u5176\u751F\u547D\u7684\u751F\u5316\u548C\u751F\u7406\u8FC7\u7A0B\u3002\u5B83\u5305\u62EC\u3001\u5438\u6536\u3001\u540C\u5316\u3001\u751F\u7269\u5408\u6210\u3001\u5206\u89E3\u4EE3\u8C22\u548C\u6392\u6CC4\u3002\u7814\u7A76\u8425\u517B\u751F\u7406\u8FC7\u7A0B\u7684\u79D1\u5B66\u79F0\u4E3A\u8425\u517B\u79D1\u5B66\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Voedsel is in de biologie voornamelijk organisch materiaal: materiaal, afkomstig van andere organismen, waaruit heterotrofe organismen hun voedingsstoffen betrekken. Het gaat daarbij met name om cellulair materiaal (weefsel), in vaste (algen, plankton, hout, schors, bladeren, stengels, plantenwortels, gras, stuifmeel, zaden, vruchten, ongewervelden (insecten, slakken, regenwormen) en vlees), of vloeibare vorm (bloed). Bijen en vlinders voeden zich, naast stuifmeel, vooral met nectar, en ander vloeibaar niet-cellulair organisch materiaal. Pasgeboren zoogdieren worden gevoed met melk."@nl . "V\u00FD\u017Eiva je soubor biochemick\u00FDch proces\u016F, kter\u00FDmi organismy p\u0159ij\u00EDmaj\u00ED organick\u00E9 a anorganick\u00E9 l\u00E1tky nezbytn\u00E9 pro sv\u016Fj \u017Eivot z vn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDho prost\u0159ed\u00ED. V \u0161ir\u0161\u00EDm slova smyslu se jako v\u00FD\u017Eiva ozna\u010Duje nauka o n\u011Bkter\u00FDch str\u00E1nk\u00E1ch l\u00E1tkov\u00E9 v\u00FDm\u011Bny, zejm\u00E9na o p\u0159\u00EDjmu \u017Eivin, jejich \u00FA\u010Delu, p\u0159em\u011Bn\u00E1ch a vyu\u017Eit\u00ED. Podle zp\u016Fsobu z\u00EDsk\u00E1v\u00E1n\u00ED uhl\u00EDku pro tvorbu vlastn\u00EDch organick\u00FDch l\u00E1tek rozezn\u00E1v\u00E1me organismy autotrofn\u00ED, heterotrofn\u00ED a mixotrofn\u00ED a podle klasick\u00E9 biologick\u00E9 klasifikace organism\u016F rozezn\u00E1v\u00E1me \u017Eivo\u010Dichy (v\u010Detn\u011B \u010Dlov\u011Bka), rostliny, houby, prvoky a prokaryota. Heterotrofov\u00E9, tedy v\u011Bt\u0161ina \u017Eivo\u010Dich\u016F, z\u00EDsk\u00E1vaj\u00ED organick\u00E9 l\u00E1tky tr\u00E1ven\u00EDm stravy, zat\u00EDmco autotrofn\u00ED organismy, kam pat\u0159\u00ED v\u011Bt\u0161ina rostlin, \u0159asy a sinice, je z\u00EDsk\u00E1vaj\u00ED asimilac\u00ED anorganick\u00E9ho uhl\u00EDku a jeho fixac\u00ED fotosynt\u00E9zou. Prokaryota, prvoci, houby a n\u011Bkter\u00E9 druhy parazitick\u00FDch rostlin jsou metabolicky mnohem r\u016Fznorod\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED skupinou a jejich zp\u016Fsob v\u00FD\u017Eivy z\u00E1le\u017E\u00ED na tom, jak\u00FD zdroj energie a uhl\u00EDku z\u00EDsk\u00E1v\u00E1 organismus z vn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDho prost\u0159ed\u00ED. Pat\u0159\u00ED sem, zejm\u00E9na chemoheterotrofn\u00ED organismy. Po\u017Eadavky r\u016Fzn\u00FDch organism\u016F na v\u00FD\u017Eivu se zkoumaj\u00ED tak\u00E9 s ohledem na ekosyst\u00E9m, ve kter\u00E9m \u017Eij\u00ED a n\u00E1vaznosti metabolismu autotrofn\u00EDch a heterotrofn\u00EDch organism\u016F v potravn\u00EDch \u0159et\u011Bzc\u00EDch."@cs . . . . . . . "2"^^ . 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"Nutrition"@en . "\u041F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435"@ru . . . . "La nutrici\u00F3 \u00E9s la ci\u00E8ncia que estudia els nutrients i altres subst\u00E0ncies aliment\u00E0ries, i la forma en qu\u00E8 el cos les assimila. Nom\u00E9s \u00E9s possible tenir una idea aproximada dels complexos processos que els nutrients experimenten dins del cos: com s'influeixen, com es descomponen per a alliberar-se en forma d'energia i com s\u00F3n transportats i utilitzats per a reconstruir infinitat de teixits especialitzats i mantenir l'estat general de salut de l'individu."@ca . "V\u00FD\u017Eiva je soubor biochemick\u00FDch proces\u016F, kter\u00FDmi organismy p\u0159ij\u00EDmaj\u00ED organick\u00E9 a anorganick\u00E9 l\u00E1tky nezbytn\u00E9 pro sv\u016Fj \u017Eivot z vn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDho prost\u0159ed\u00ED. V \u0161ir\u0161\u00EDm slova smyslu se jako v\u00FD\u017Eiva ozna\u010Duje nauka o n\u011Bkter\u00FDch str\u00E1nk\u00E1ch l\u00E1tkov\u00E9 v\u00FDm\u011Bny, zejm\u00E9na o p\u0159\u00EDjmu \u017Eivin, jejich \u00FA\u010Delu, p\u0159em\u011Bn\u00E1ch a vyu\u017Eit\u00ED. Podle zp\u016Fsobu z\u00EDsk\u00E1v\u00E1n\u00ED uhl\u00EDku pro tvorbu vlastn\u00EDch organick\u00FDch l\u00E1tek rozezn\u00E1v\u00E1me organismy autotrofn\u00ED, heterotrofn\u00ED a mixotrofn\u00ED a podle klasick\u00E9 biologick\u00E9 klasifikace organism\u016F rozezn\u00E1v\u00E1me \u017Eivo\u010Dichy (v\u010Detn\u011B \u010Dlov\u011Bka), rostliny, houby, prvoky a prokaryota."@cs . "200"^^ . . . . . . . "Nutrici\u00F3"@ca . "Abr horta Antonio Cruz.jpg"@en . "La nutrici\u00F3n consiste en la reincorporaci\u00F3n y transformaci\u00F3n de materia y energ\u00EDa de los organismos (tanto heter\u00F3trofos como aut\u00F3trofos) para que puedan llevar a cabo tres procesos fundamentales: mantenimiento de las condiciones internas, desarrollo y movimiento,\u200B manteniendo el equilibrio homeost\u00E1tico del organismo a nivel molecular y microsc\u00F3pico. Como ciencia, la nutrici\u00F3n estudia todos los procesos bioqu\u00EDmicos y fisiol\u00F3gicos\u200B que suceden en el organismo."@es . . . . "Voedsel is in de biologie voornamelijk organisch materiaal: materiaal, afkomstig van andere organismen, waaruit heterotrofe organismen hun voedingsstoffen betrekken. Het gaat daarbij met name om cellulair materiaal (weefsel), in vaste (algen, plankton, hout, schors, bladeren, stengels, plantenwortels, gras, stuifmeel, zaden, vruchten, ongewervelden (insecten, slakken, regenwormen) en vlees), of vloeibare vorm (bloed). Bijen en vlinders voeden zich, naast stuifmeel, vooral met nectar, en ander vloeibaar niet-cellulair organisch materiaal. Pasgeboren zoogdieren worden gevoed met melk."@nl . "HomeComposting Roubaix Fr59.JPG"@en . . . "\u6804\u990A"@ja . . . . . . . . "\u8425\u517B\u4F5C\u7528\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ANutrition\uFF09\u662F\u751F\u7269\u4F53\u5229\u7528\u98DF\u7269\u6765\u7EF4\u6301\u5176\u751F\u547D\u7684\u751F\u5316\u548C\u751F\u7406\u8FC7\u7A0B\u3002\u5B83\u5305\u62EC\u3001\u5438\u6536\u3001\u540C\u5316\u3001\u751F\u7269\u5408\u6210\u3001\u5206\u89E3\u4EE3\u8C22\u548C\u6392\u6CC4\u3002\u7814\u7A76\u8425\u517B\u751F\u7406\u8FC7\u7A0B\u7684\u79D1\u5B66\u79F0\u4E3A\u8425\u517B\u79D1\u5B66\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Composting within agricultural systems capitalizes upon the natural services of nutrient recycling in ecosystems. Bacteria, fungi, insects, earthworms, bugs, and other creatures dig and digest the compost into fertile soil. The minerals and nutrients in the soil is recycled back into the production of crops."@en . . . . . . . "175"^^ . . . . . . . "Biologian, nutrizioa organismoek hartzen dituzten elikagaiak eta bestelako substantzia guztiak jaso, eraldatu, barneratu eta ondoren hondakinak kanporatzeko burutzen diren funtzioen multzoa da. Organismoak bere funtzionamendurako behar dituen elikagaien hartze, digeritze, garraiatze eta asimilatze prozesuen multzoa ere izan liteke nutrizioaren definizioa. Animalia zelulanitzetan nutrizioa batez ere egitura berezi batean burutzen da: digestio-aparatuan. Bertan, digestio edo liseriketaren ondorioz agertzen diren tamaina txikiko molekulak heste-mukosan xurgatzen dira. Hortik zirkulazio-aparatura heldu eta organismoaren ehun eta zelula guztietara iristen dira. Landareetan elikagaiak lurretik hartzen dira erroen bidez eta barneko egitura berezietatik zirkulatzen dira (xilema), hostoetara helduz. Izerdi landugabe deritze. Bertan fotosintesian sortutako produktuekin (izerdi landua) nahasten dira eta floemaren bidez landarearen toki guztietara heltzen dira."@eu . "Nutrisi atau gizi adalah substansi organik yang dibutuhkan organisme untuk fungsi normal dari sistem tubuh, pertumbuhan, dan pemeliharaan kesehatan. Penelitian di bidang nutrisi mempelajari hubungan antara makanan dan minuman terhadap kesehatan dan penyakit, khususnya dalam menentukan diet yang optimal. Dahulu, penelitian mengenai nutrisi hanya terbatas pada pencegahan penyakit kurang gizi dan menentukan kebutuhan dasar (standar) nutrisi pada makhluk hidup. Angka kebutuhan nutrisi (zat gizi) dasar ini dikenal di dunia internasional dengan istilah Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u8425\u517B\u4F5C\u7528"@zh . "La nutrizione \u00E8 l'insieme dei processi biologici che consentono, o che condizionano, la sopravvivenza, la crescita, lo sviluppo e l'integrit\u00E0 di un organismo vivente, di tutti i regni (vegetali, animali, funghi, batteri, archeobatteri, protisti), sulla base della disponibilit\u00E0 di energia e di nutrienti. Essa \u00E8 quindi distinguibile dall'alimentazione, che in fisiologia \u00E8 considerata come il momento della nutrizione corrispondente all'azione di procurare i nutrienti all'organismo, e alle trasformazioni che il cibo subisce nel tratto digerente. In biologia, gastroenterologia, medicina interna, i termini \"nutrizione\" e \"alimentazione\" riflettono aspetti differenti, con implicazioni cliniche, terapeutiche, biochimiche distanti. In scienza della nutrizione \u00E8 invece consuetudine usare i due termini come sinonimi."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Nutrisi"@in . . "Biologian, nutrizioa organismoek hartzen dituzten elikagaiak eta bestelako substantzia guztiak jaso, eraldatu, barneratu eta ondoren hondakinak kanporatzeko burutzen diren funtzioen multzoa da. Organismoak bere funtzionamendurako behar dituen elikagaien hartze, digeritze, garraiatze eta asimilatze prozesuen multzoa ere izan liteke nutrizioaren definizioa."@eu . . "Ern\u00E4hrung (von mittelhochdeutsch ernern, von althochdeutsch neren/nerian \u201Egenesen machen, heilen, retten, am Leben erhalten\u201C) oder Nutrition (sp\u00E4tlateinisch nutritio \u201AErn\u00E4hrung\u2018, von lateinisch nutrire \u201An\u00E4hren\u2018) ist die Aufnahme von organischen und anorganischen Stoffen, die in der Nahrung in fester, fl\u00FCssiger, gasf\u00F6rmiger oder gel\u00F6ster Form vorliegen. Mit Hilfe dieser Stoffe wird die K\u00F6rpersubstanz aufgebaut oder erneuert und der f\u00FCr alle Lebensvorg\u00E4nge notwendige Energiebedarf gedeckt. Verschiedene Zweige der Biologie setzen sich mit weiteren Aspekten der Ern\u00E4hrung auseinander:"@de . . "La nutrition (du latin nutrire : nourrir) est l'ensemble des actions et processus par lesquels un \u00EAtre vivant r\u00E9cup\u00E8re et transforme des substances (atomes, ions, mol\u00E9cules, contenues ou non dans des aliments) pour assurer son fonctionnement. La nutrition est \u00E9galement une science pluridisciplinaire, comportant deux grands axes. D'une part, la physiologie de la nutrition traite de la fa\u00E7on dont l'organisme op\u00E8re la transformation des aliments, c'est-\u00E0-dire des processus m\u00E9taboliques. Ceci comporte l'\u00E9tude du r\u00F4le des macronutriments et des micronutriments au niveau des m\u00E9canismes biochimiques cellulaires, et les cons\u00E9quences sur les tissus d'un d\u00E9s\u00E9quilibre entre l'\u00E9nergie absorb\u00E9e et l\u2019\u00E9nergie d\u00E9pens\u00E9e par l'organisme. D'autre part, la psychologie de la nutrition analyse le comportement alimentaire de l'individu ou du groupe. Elle met l'accent sur des questions telles que \u00AB pourquoi mangeons-nous ? \u00BB ou \u00AB comment choisissons-nous nos aliments ? \u00BB. Chez l'\u00EAtre humain, ces questions sont en rapport avec des facteurs sociaux et environnementaux tels que l'environnement construit, les m\u00E9dias et politiques de sant\u00E9, ainsi qu'avec ses particularit\u00E9s tels que ses revenus ou sa culture."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u6804\u990A\uFF08\u3048\u3044\u3088\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u751F\u7269\u304C\u4F53\u5916\uFF08\u5916\u754C\uFF09\u304B\u3089\u7269\u8CEA\u3092\u6442\u53D6\u3057\u3001\u305D\u308C\u3092\u4F53\u3092\u69CB\u6210\u3057\u305F\u308A\uFF08\u7DAD\u6301\u3057\u305F\u308A\uFF09\u751F\u6D3B\u6D3B\u52D5\u3092\u884C\u3063\u305F\u308A\u3059\u308B\u306E\u306B\u5F79\u7ACB\u305F\u305B\u308B\u73FE\u8C61\u3002\u5927\u6B63\u4EE5\u524D\u306F\u300C\u55B6\u990A\u300D\u3068\u8868\u8A18\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u591A\u304B\u3063\u305F\u3002 \u306A\u304A\u3001\u300C\u6804\u990A\u300D\u306F\u4F53\u5916\u304B\u3089\u53D6\u308A\u5165\u308C\u3089\u308C\u308B\u7269\u8CEA\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3082\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u304C\u3001\u53D6\u308A\u5165\u308C\u3089\u308C\u308B\u7269\u8CEA\u306F\u3001\u3088\u308A\u53B3\u5BC6\u306B\u306F\u300C\u6804\u990A\u7D20\u300D\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . "\u0398\u03C1\u03AD\u03C8\u03B7"@el . . . . . . . . . . . . "Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life. It provides organisms with nutrients, which can be metabolized to create energy and chemical structures. Failure to obtain sufficient nutrients causes malnutrition. Nutritional science is the study of nutrition, though it typically emphasizes human nutrition. The type of organism determines what nutrients it needs and how it obtains them. Organisms obtain nutrients by consuming organic matter, consuming inorganic matter, absorbing light, or some combination of these. Some can produce nutrients internally by consuming basic elements, while some must consume other organisms to obtain preexisting nutrients. All forms of life require carbon, energy, and water as well as various other molecules. Animals require complex nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, obtaining them by consuming other organisms. Humans have developed agriculture and cooking to replace foraging and advance human nutrition. Plants acquire nutrients through soil and the atmosphere. Fungi absorb nutrients around them by breaking them down and absorbing them through the mycelium."@en . . "Ern\u00E4hrung (von mittelhochdeutsch ernern, von althochdeutsch neren/nerian \u201Egenesen machen, heilen, retten, am Leben erhalten\u201C) oder Nutrition (sp\u00E4tlateinisch nutritio \u201AErn\u00E4hrung\u2018, von lateinisch nutrire \u201An\u00E4hren\u2018) ist die Aufnahme von organischen und anorganischen Stoffen, die in der Nahrung in fester, fl\u00FCssiger, gasf\u00F6rmiger oder gel\u00F6ster Form vorliegen. Mit Hilfe dieser Stoffe wird die K\u00F6rpersubstanz aufgebaut oder erneuert und der f\u00FCr alle Lebensvorg\u00E4nge notwendige Energiebedarf gedeckt. In der \u00D6kologie wird untersucht, welche Anspr\u00FCche ein Lebewesen bez\u00FCglich der Ern\u00E4hrung an seine Umwelt stellt (Aut\u00F6kologie), in welchen Wechselwirkungen es bei der Ern\u00E4hrung zu anderen Lebewesen steht (Syn\u00F6kologie) und welche Auswirkungen diese Beziehungen auf die Entwicklung einer Population haben (Populations\u00F6kologie). Dar\u00FCber hinaus wird in der \u00D6kologie das Gesamtn\u00E4hrstoffangebot (Trophie) eines \u00D6kosystems untersucht. Verschiedene Zweige der Biologie setzen sich mit weiteren Aspekten der Ern\u00E4hrung auseinander: \n* Anatomie und Morphologie: Bau der Mundwerkzeuge und des Verdauungstraktes bei Tieren beziehungsweise der Transportsysteme bei Pflanzen. \n* Ern\u00E4hrungsphysiologie: Aufnahme, Verdauung, Resorption, Ausscheidung und Verwertung (Stoffwechsel) der N\u00E4hrstoffe. \n* Ethologie: angeborene oder erlernte Verhaltensweisen der Tiere beim und bei der Brutpflege. \n* Evolutionsbiologie: Entwicklung und Anpassung der Ern\u00E4hrungssysteme in der Evolution."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La nutrizione \u00E8 l'insieme dei processi biologici che consentono, o che condizionano, la sopravvivenza, la crescita, lo sviluppo e l'integrit\u00E0 di un organismo vivente, di tutti i regni (vegetali, animali, funghi, batteri, archeobatteri, protisti), sulla base della disponibilit\u00E0 di energia e di nutrienti."@it . . . . "Nutri\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 um processo biol\u00F3gico em que os organismos (animais, fungos, vegetais e micro-organismos), utilizando-se de alimentos, assimilam nutrientes para a realiza\u00E7\u00E3o de suas fun\u00E7\u00F5es vitais. Devido sua import\u00E2ncia \u00E0 sobreviv\u00EAncia de qualquer ser vivo, a nutri\u00E7\u00E3o faz parte do aprendizado durante grande parte do per\u00EDodo de estudo b\u00E1sico e em n\u00EDvel secund\u00E1rio, assim como em muitos cursos de n\u00EDvel de gradua\u00E7\u00E3o e p\u00F3s-gradua\u00E7\u00E3o, em \u00E1reas como medicina, enfermagem, biomedicina, farm\u00E1cia, biologia, agronomia, zootecnia e nutri\u00E7\u00E3o entre outras."@pt . "34083"^^ . . . . . . "La nutrici\u00F3 \u00E9s la ci\u00E8ncia que estudia els nutrients i altres subst\u00E0ncies aliment\u00E0ries, i la forma en qu\u00E8 el cos les assimila. Nom\u00E9s \u00E9s possible tenir una idea aproximada dels complexos processos que els nutrients experimenten dins del cos: com s'influeixen, com es descomponen per a alliberar-se en forma d'energia i com s\u00F3n transportats i utilitzats per a reconstruir infinitat de teixits especialitzats i mantenir l'estat general de salut de l'individu. No hi ha un consens sobre quina \u00E9s la millor dieta i tamb\u00E9 els m\u00E8tode utilitzat (els q\u00FCestionaris de freq\u00FC\u00E8ncies de menjar) presenta molts l\u00EDmits a la seua fiabilitat. No obstant aix\u00F2, \u00E9s necessari prendre decisions importants respecte a la nutrici\u00F3 que incidisquen en la salut de grups com ara xiquets i ancians, i de poblacions senceres que pateixen de malnutrici\u00F3. L'Organitzaci\u00F3 Mundial de la Salut (OMS) i alguns pa\u00EFsos estan donant indicacions precises quant als nutrients que serveixen de guia per a aconseguir una dieta equilibrada."@ca . . "Compost-dirt.jpg"@en . . . "Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life. It provides organisms with nutrients, which can be metabolized to create energy and chemical structures. Failure to obtain sufficient nutrients causes malnutrition. Nutritional science is the study of nutrition, though it typically emphasizes human nutrition."@en . . . . . . . . .