. . "\u81EA\u7136\u72EC\u5360\uFF08\u3057\u305C\u3093\u3069\u304F\u305B\u3093\u3001natural monopoly\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5236\u5EA6\u306A\u3069\u306E\u4EBA\u70BA\u7684\u306A\u8981\u56E0\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u7D4C\u6E08\u7684\u306A\u8981\u56E0\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u898F\u6A21\u306E\u7D4C\u6E08\u304C\u50CD\u304F\u3068\u304D\u81EA\u7136\u306B\u767A\u751F\u3059\u308B\u72EC\u5360\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002 \u521D\u671F\u6295\u8CC7\u306A\u3069\u306E\u56FA\u5B9A\u8CBB\u7528\u304C\u5927\u304D\u304F\u3001\u751F\u7523\u304C\u898F\u6A21\u306E\u7D4C\u6E08\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3068\u304D\u3001\u304C\u53F3\u4E0B\u304C\u308A\u306B\u306A\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7523\u696D\u3067\u306F\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306E\u4F01\u696D\u3067\u9700\u8981\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3057\u305F\u5834\u5408\u306B\u306F\u56FA\u5B9A\u8CBB\u7528\u304C\u305D\u308C\u305E\u308C\u306E\u4F01\u696D\u3067\u5FC5\u8981\u3068\u306A\u308B\u305F\u3081\u975E\u52B9\u7387\u7684\u3068\u306A\u308A\u30011\u3064\u306E\u4F01\u696D\u304C\u9700\u8981\u3092\u72EC\u5360\u3057\u305F\u65B9\u304C\u7DCF\u8CBB\u7528\u304C\u5C0F\u3055\u304F\u52B9\u7387\u7684\u306A\u751F\u7523\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002\u5E73\u5747\u8CBB\u7528\u66F2\u7DDA\u304C\u53F3\u4E0B\u304C\u308A\u306E\u3068\u3053\u308D\u3067\u9700\u7D66\u5747\u8861\u304C\u5B9F\u73FE\u3059\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7523\u696D\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5E73\u5747\u8CBB\u7528\u304C\u5E38\u306B\u9650\u754C\u8CBB\u7528\u3092\u4E0A\u56DE\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u305F\u3081\u3001\u5E02\u5834\u7AF6\u4E89\u306B\u57FA\u3065\u3044\u3066\u9650\u754C\u8CBB\u7528\u3068\u4E00\u81F4\u3059\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u4FA1\u683C\u304C\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3059\u308B\u3068\u53C2\u5165\u4F01\u696D\u306F\u8D64\u5B57\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u3001\u53C2\u5165\u306F\u6291\u5236\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u306A\u308A\u3001\u7D50\u679C\u3068\u3057\u3066\u81EA\u7136\u306B\u72EC\u5360\u304C\u767A\u751F\u3059\u308B\u3002\u4E0A\u8FF0\u306E\u8D64\u5B57\u4EE5\u4E0A\u306B\u3001\u305D\u306E\u7523\u696D\u304C\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3088\u308B\u793E\u4F1A\u5168\u4F53\u306E\u5229\u76CA\u304C\u5927\u304D\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306B\u306F\u30011\u793E\u306B\u3088\u308B\u72EC\u5360\u3092\u8A31\u53EF\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u653F\u5E9C\u304C\u4FA1\u683C\u898F\u5236\u3092\u884C\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304C\u6700\u9069\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002\u521D\u671F\u6295\u8CC7\u304C\u83AB\u5927\u306A\u9244\u9053\u4F1A\u793E\uFF08\u7279\u306B\u8D64\u5B57\u8DEF\u7DDA\u306E\u591A\u3044JR\u5317\u6D77\u9053\uFF09\u3084\u96FB\u529B\u4F1A\u793E\u3001\u90F5\u4FBF(\u65E5\u672C\u90F5\u4FBF)\u304C\u81EA\u7136\u72EC\u5360\u306E\u4EE3\u8868\u7684\u306A\u4F8B\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u3053\u306E\u307B\u304B\u3001\u6C34\u9053\u4E8B\u696D\u3084\u90F5\u4FBF\u4E8B\u696D\u7B49\u3001\u52B9\u7528\u304C\u9AD8\u304F\u4EE3\u66FF\u306E\u9650\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3082\u306E\u306F\u9700\u8981\u5BB6\u3082\u3042\u308B\u7A0B\u5EA6\u8D64\u5B57\u306E\u8EE2\u5AC1\u3092\u8A31\u5BB9\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "Monopoli natural"@ca . "A natural monopoly is a monopoly in an industry in which high infrastructural costs and other barriers to entry relative to the size of the market give the largest supplier in an industry, often the first supplier in a market, an overwhelming advantage over potential competitors. Specifically, an industry is a natural monopoly if the total cost of one firm, producing the total output, is lower than the total cost of two or more firms producing the entire production. In that case, it is very probable that a company (monopoly) or minimal number of companies (oligopoly) will form, providing all or most relevant products and/or services. This frequently occurs in industries where capital costs predominate, creating large economies of scale about the size of the market; examples include public utilities such as water services, electricity, telecommunications, mail, etc. Natural monopolies were recognized as potential sources of market failure as early as the 19th century; John Stuart Mill advocated government regulation to make them serve the public good."@en . . . "\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A"@ar . . . . "Monopole naturel"@fr . . . "Ekonomian, monopolio naturala edo berezko monopolioa enpresa batek beste guztiek baino kostu txikiagoz ekoizteagatik sortzen den monopolioa da. Kostuan duen abantaila jarduera burutzeko enpresak duen nagusitasun teknologikoak sorrarazten du, sektorean sartu eta maila teknologiko horretarako behar diren azpiegitura eta inbertsio handiak direla eta beste enpresak kanporatuz."@eu . . . . "Wirtschaftsbereiche, in denen die am Markt teilnehmenden Unternehmen automatisch zur Organisationsform eines Monopols tendieren, also im Wettbewerb der Unternehmen auf Dauer nur ein Unternehmen \u00FCberleben w\u00FCrde, werden als nat\u00FCrliche Monopole bezeichnet. Dies betrifft vor allem Unternehmen, die mit Leitungen zu tun haben, zum Beispiel in den Bereichen Strom, Gas, Wasser, Telekommunikation und Eisenbahn, weil beispielsweise ein einzelnes Unternehmen, welches zwei Stromleitungen anbietet, effizienter und kosteng\u00FCnstiger w\u00E4re als zwei Unternehmen, die je eine Leitung anbieten. Weil es die Automatik zur Monopolbildung gibt, werden diese Wirtschaftsbereiche reguliert. In Staaten findet oft ein Wechsel von einem staatlichen Monopol zu einer liberalisierten, aber zugleich regulierten Marktsituation in den entsprechenden Wirtschaftsbereichen statt. Die Liberalisierung findet durch eine Gestaltung der Wettbewerbs- und Regulierungspolitik statt."@de . "P\u0159irozen\u00FD monopol"@cs . "Monopol naturalny (inaczej: monopol rynkowy; ang. natural monopoly) \u2013 jeden z modeli monopolu, w kt\u00F3rym jeden podmiot uzyskuje dominuj\u0105c\u0105 pozycj\u0119 na rynku ze wzgl\u0119du na wy\u0142\u0105czny dost\u0119p do surowc\u00F3w, wiedzy b\u0105d\u017A infrastruktury, a nie dzi\u0119ki wyeliminowaniu konkurencji i (tzw. ). W modelu tym przedsi\u0119biorstwa najcz\u0119\u015Bciej uzyskuj\u0105 pozycj\u0119 monopolistyczn\u0105 w sferze us\u0142ug u\u017Cyteczno\u015Bci publicznej, jak obs\u0142uga wodoci\u0105g\u00F3w, zarz\u0105dzanie sieci\u0105 kolejow\u0105 czy prowadzenie dostaw energii elektrycznej, gdzie ze wzgl\u0119d\u00F3w praktycznych tylko jeden podmiot uzyskuje koncesj\u0119 na obs\u0142ug\u0119 danej sfery gospodarki. Monopolist\u0105 mo\u017Ce by\u0107 tak\u017Ce samo pa\u0144stwo lub nale\u017C\u0105ce do niego przedsi\u0119biorstwo lub agencja."@pl . . . "Um monop\u00F3lio natural \u00E9 um monop\u00F3lio em uma ind\u00FAstria na qual altos custos de infraestrutura e outras barreiras \u00E0 entrada em rela\u00E7\u00E3o ao tamanho do mercado d\u00E3o ao maior fornecedor em uma ind\u00FAstria, frequentemente o primeiro fornecedor em um mercado, uma vantagem esmagadora sobre concorrentes potenciais. Isso ocorre frequentemente em ind\u00FAstrias em que predominam os , criando economias de escala grandes em rela\u00E7\u00E3o ao tamanho do mercado; exemplos incluem como e eletricidade. Monop\u00F3lios naturais foram reconhecidos como fontes potenciais de falha de mercado j\u00E1 no s\u00E9culo XIX; John Stuart Mill defendeu a regulamenta\u00E7\u00E3o do governo para faz\u00EA-los servir ao bem p\u00FAblico."@pt . . . . . . . "A natural monopoly is a monopoly in an industry in which high infrastructural costs and other barriers to entry relative to the size of the market give the largest supplier in an industry, often the first supplier in a market, an overwhelming advantage over potential competitors. Specifically, an industry is a natural monopoly if the total cost of one firm, producing the total output, is lower than the total cost of two or more firms producing the entire production. In that case, it is very probable that a company (monopoly) or minimal number of companies (oligopoly) will form, providing all or most relevant products and/or services. This frequently occurs in industries where capital costs predominate, creating large economies of scale about the size of the market; examples include public "@en . "Monop\u00F3lio natural"@pt . "21143"^^ . "\u81EA\u7136\u7368\u5360"@zh . . . "Berezko monopolio"@eu . "\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\uFF08Natural Monopoly\uFF09\u6307\u56E0\u4EA7\u4E1A\u53D1\u5C55\u7684\u81EA\u7136\u9700\u8981\u800C\u5F62\u6210\u7684\u5784\u65AD\u72B6\u6001\u3002\u7531\u4E8E\u4E00\u4E2A\u4F01\u4E1A\u80FD\u4EE5\u4F4E\u4E8E\u4E24\u4E2A\u6216\u66F4\u591A\u4F01\u4E1A\u7684\u6210\u672C\u5411\u6574\u4E2A\u5E02\u573A\u4F9B\u7ED9\u4E00\u79CD\u8CA1\u8CA8\u6216\u670D\u52A1\u800C\u4EA7\u751F\u7684\u5784\u65AD\uFF0C\u8FD9\u79CD\u5784\u65AD\u5C31\u79F0\u4E3A\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\u3002\u5982\u679C\u81EA\u7136\u58DF\u65B7\u5DF2\u5F62\u6210\uFF0C\u58DF\u65B7\u8005\u4FBF\u4EAB\u6709\u5DE8\u5927\u7684\u50F9\u683C\u7AF6\u722D\u529B\u548C\u512A\u52E2\u3002\u7531\u65BC\u9918\u91CF\u9700\u6C42\u5DF2\u88AB\u5B8C\u5168\u6EFF\u8DB3\u6216\u9032\u5165\u7522\u696D\u6240\u9700\u6295\u8CC7\u904E\u9245\uFF0C\u6C92\u6709\u5176\u4ED6\u4F01\u696D\u6703\u9858\u610F\u6216\u6709\u80FD\u529B\u9032\u5165\u9019\u500B\u7121\u5229\u53EF\u5716\u7684\u5E02\u5834\u3002 \u4E00\u822C\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u89C4\u6A21\u7ECF\u6D4E\u80FD\u591F\u5F62\u6210\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\uFF0C\u50CF\u6709\u4E9B\u516C\u7528\u5DE5\u7A0B\u5982\u4F9B\u61C9\u81EA\u4F86\u6C34\u3001\u96FB\u529B\u3001\u901A\u8A0A\u7684\u4F01\u696D\uFF0C\u6295\u8CC7\u5F88\u5927\uFF0C\u6D89\u53CA\u9762\u5F88\u5EE3\u800C\u5229\u6F64\u4E0D\u5B9C\u904E\u9AD8\uFF0C\u4E00\u500B\u5730\u5340\u8A2D\u591A\u5957\u81EA\u4F86\u6C34\u7BA1\u9053\u6216\u96FB\u529B\u96FB\u8A0A\u7DDA\u8DEF\u4E5F\u78BA\u986F\u6D6A\u8CBB\uFF0C\u9019\u7A2E\u60C5\u6CC1\u5373\u81EA\u7136\u58DF\u65B7\u3002\u53EA\u7531\u4E00\u9593\u96FB\u529B\u516C\u53F8\u63D0\u4F9B\u96FB\u529B\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u900F\u904E\u5927\u91CF\u751F\u7522\u964D\u4F4E\u767C\u96FB\u6210\u672C\uFF0C\u5F15\u5165\u7AF6\u722D\u53CD\u5C0E\u81F4\u50F9\u683C\u4E0A\u5347\u3002\u53C8\u5982\u4E00\u500B\u5C0F\u9109\u93AE\uFF0C\u53EA\u6709\u4E00\u5BB6\u79DF\u8ECA\u5E97\u6216\u4E00\u5BB6\u6D17\u8863\u5E97\u5C31\u8DB3\u4EE5\u8986\u84CB\u670D\u52D9\u9700\u8981\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5C6C\u81EA\u7136\u58DF\u65B7\uFF1B\u518D\u5982\u9AD8\u79D1\u6280\u7522\u54C1\uFF0C\u7531\u65BC\u6295\u5165\u8CC7\u6E90\u800C\u5F62\u6210\u7684\u6280\u8853\u7814\u767C\u80FD\u529B\uFF0C\u5728\u4E00\u5B9A\u6642\u671F\u53EA\u6709\u4E00\u5BB6\u6216\u5C11\u6578\u5EE0\u5BB6\u80FD\u5920\u751F\u7522\uFF0C\u800C\u5F62\u6210\u81EA\u7136\u7368\u5360\u3002 \u897F\u65B9\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\u7406\u8BBA\u4ECE\u4EA7\u751F\u5230\u53D1\u5C55\u5206\u522B\u4EE5\u89C4\u6A21\u7ECF\u6D4E\u3001\u548C\u6210\u672C\u52A3\u53EF\u52A0\u6027\u89E3\u91CA\u4E86\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\u51FA\u73B0\u548C\u5B58\u5728\u7684\u539F\u56E0\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . "Een natuurlijk monopolie is een monopolie dat zich voordoet als er bij de productie van een bepaald goed schaalvoordelen blijven optreden, welke omvang de productie ook heeft. Heeft een bedrijf een natuurlijk monopolie, dan dalen de gemiddelde en marginale kosten als het bedrijf uitbreidt. In zo'n situatie is het effici\u00EBnter dat de markt in handen is van \u00E9\u00E9n producent dan van twee of meerdere. Deze ene producent kan echter wel, als monopolist, een prijs zetten die veel hoger is dan de gemiddelde of marginale kosten. Ter bescherming van de consument is zo'n natuurlijk monopolie (railvervoer, gas- en elektriciteitsvoorziening, telecommunicatie) in Europa vaak een overheidsbedrijf. De laatste jaren bestaat de tendens ook natuurlijke monopolies te privatiseren. Wel worden deze onderworpen aan regulering ter voorkoming van excessen. In de Verenigde Staten is van regulering al langer sprake, omdat men daar al vanaf het ontstaan van het monopolie begon met het instellen van regulering. Men deed dit door middel van een onafhankelijke regulator, die los van de overheid de prijzen en het aanbod van de monopolist in de gaten hield."@nl . . . . . "Dans la th\u00E9orie \u00E9conomique, une situation de monopole naturel existe lorsque la production d\u2019un bien donn\u00E9 par plusieurs entreprises est plus co\u00FBteuse que la production de ce bien par une seule entreprise. Une condition n\u00E9cessaire \u00E0 cette situation est l'existence d\u2019\u00E9conomies d\u2019\u00E9chelle. D'autres raisons peuvent expliquer la pr\u00E9sence de monopole sur le march\u00E9 comme l'existence de barri\u00E8re \u00E0 l'entr\u00E9e ou des restrictions l\u00E9gales \u00E0 l'entr\u00E9e."@fr . . . "1116688402"^^ . . . . "Monopol naturalny"@pl . . . "Ett naturligt monopol uppst\u00E5r i branscher med mycket stora initiala investerings- och kapitalkostnader f\u00F6r att komma in p\u00E5 marknaden. Ofta \u00E4r kundunderlaget f\u00F6r litet f\u00F6r att mer \u00E4n en akt\u00F6r kan verka p\u00E5 marknaden d\u00E5 det kr\u00E4vs en monopolists stordriftsf\u00F6rdelar f\u00F6r att f\u00E5 l\u00F6nsamhet. Nationalekonomerna beskriver det som en bransch d\u00E4r kostnaden f\u00F6r produkten sjunker f\u00F6r \u00F6kat antal kunder s\u00E5 det blir billigast f\u00F6r kunderna om endast en akt\u00F6r levererar produkten."@sv . . "Monopol naturalny (inaczej: monopol rynkowy; ang. natural monopoly) \u2013 jeden z modeli monopolu, w kt\u00F3rym jeden podmiot uzyskuje dominuj\u0105c\u0105 pozycj\u0119 na rynku ze wzgl\u0119du na wy\u0142\u0105czny dost\u0119p do surowc\u00F3w, wiedzy b\u0105d\u017A infrastruktury, a nie dzi\u0119ki wyeliminowaniu konkurencji i (tzw. ). W modelu tym przedsi\u0119biorstwa najcz\u0119\u015Bciej uzyskuj\u0105 pozycj\u0119 monopolistyczn\u0105 w sferze us\u0142ug u\u017Cyteczno\u015Bci publicznej, jak obs\u0142uga wodoci\u0105g\u00F3w, zarz\u0105dzanie sieci\u0105 kolejow\u0105 czy prowadzenie dostaw energii elektrycznej, gdzie ze wzgl\u0119d\u00F3w praktycznych tylko jeden podmiot uzyskuje koncesj\u0119 na obs\u0142ug\u0119 danej sfery gospodarki. Monopolist\u0105 mo\u017Ce by\u0107 tak\u017Ce samo pa\u0144stwo lub nale\u017C\u0105ce do niego przedsi\u0119biorstwo lub agencja. Powstawanie monopoli naturalnych wynika z ograniczonej ilo\u015Bci zasob\u00F3w naturalnych, takich jak ziemia, woda czy energia. Jednocze\u015Bnie ich niemal na ca\u0142ym \u015Bwiecie ograniczany jest przez poszczeg\u00F3lne pa\u0144stwa wprowadzaj\u0105ce regulacje i ograniczenia, zw\u0142aszcza w dziedzinie zaspokajania podstawowych potrzeb obywateli. W okre\u015Blonych sytuacjach monopol naturalny mo\u017Ce mie\u0107 form\u0119 przej\u015Bciow\u0105, na przyk\u0142ad gdy przez ograniczony okres jedno przedsi\u0119biorstwo posiada patent na produkcj\u0119 wyj\u0105tkowego produktu (na przyk\u0142ad szczepionki przeciw grypie) lub licencj\u0119 na wykonywanie konkretnej us\u0142ugi. Dzi\u0119ki osi\u0105gni\u0119ciu pozycji monopolistycznej przedsi\u0119biorstwo mo\u017Ce wytwarza\u0107 dane dobro taniej oraz efektywniej ni\u017C kilka konkurencyjnych przedsi\u0119biorstw. Najcz\u0119\u015Bciej wi\u0105\u017Ce si\u0119 to z korzy\u015Bciami skali, gdy\u017C wraz ze wzrostem produkcji spada koszt jednostkowy wytworzenia tego dobra. Monopol naturalny zale\u017Cy od kombinacji warunk\u00F3w technologicznych, kosztowych oraz popytowych."@pl . . . . "Si definisce monopolio naturale una configurazione industriale in cui il numero ottimale di imprese presenti sul mercato \u00E8 uno. Il monopolio naturale si manifesta quando nell'intervallo di produzione rilevante, ossia nell'intorno del volume di produzione domandato dal mercato, la funzione di costo \u00E8 subadditiva. Ci\u00F2 significa che i costi sostenuti da una sola impresa nel produrre l'intera quantit\u00E0 domandata sono inferiori a quelli che sosterrebbero due o pi\u00F9 imprese contemporaneamente presenti sul mercato. Sotto queste condizioni, la presenza di un unico operatore \u00E8 pi\u00F9 efficiente di una pluralit\u00E0 di imprese per motivi puramente tecnologici, fermi restando i costi sociali comunque generati da un monopolista."@it . . "Ekonomian, monopolio naturala edo berezko monopolioa enpresa batek beste guztiek baino kostu txikiagoz ekoizteagatik sortzen den monopolioa da. Kostuan duen abantaila jarduera burutzeko enpresak duen nagusitasun teknologikoak sorrarazten du, sektorean sartu eta maila teknologiko horretarako behar diren azpiegitura eta inbertsio handiak direla eta beste enpresak kanporatuz."@eu . . . "\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\uFF08Natural Monopoly\uFF09\u6307\u56E0\u4EA7\u4E1A\u53D1\u5C55\u7684\u81EA\u7136\u9700\u8981\u800C\u5F62\u6210\u7684\u5784\u65AD\u72B6\u6001\u3002\u7531\u4E8E\u4E00\u4E2A\u4F01\u4E1A\u80FD\u4EE5\u4F4E\u4E8E\u4E24\u4E2A\u6216\u66F4\u591A\u4F01\u4E1A\u7684\u6210\u672C\u5411\u6574\u4E2A\u5E02\u573A\u4F9B\u7ED9\u4E00\u79CD\u8CA1\u8CA8\u6216\u670D\u52A1\u800C\u4EA7\u751F\u7684\u5784\u65AD\uFF0C\u8FD9\u79CD\u5784\u65AD\u5C31\u79F0\u4E3A\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\u3002\u5982\u679C\u81EA\u7136\u58DF\u65B7\u5DF2\u5F62\u6210\uFF0C\u58DF\u65B7\u8005\u4FBF\u4EAB\u6709\u5DE8\u5927\u7684\u50F9\u683C\u7AF6\u722D\u529B\u548C\u512A\u52E2\u3002\u7531\u65BC\u9918\u91CF\u9700\u6C42\u5DF2\u88AB\u5B8C\u5168\u6EFF\u8DB3\u6216\u9032\u5165\u7522\u696D\u6240\u9700\u6295\u8CC7\u904E\u9245\uFF0C\u6C92\u6709\u5176\u4ED6\u4F01\u696D\u6703\u9858\u610F\u6216\u6709\u80FD\u529B\u9032\u5165\u9019\u500B\u7121\u5229\u53EF\u5716\u7684\u5E02\u5834\u3002 \u4E00\u822C\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u89C4\u6A21\u7ECF\u6D4E\u80FD\u591F\u5F62\u6210\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\uFF0C\u50CF\u6709\u4E9B\u516C\u7528\u5DE5\u7A0B\u5982\u4F9B\u61C9\u81EA\u4F86\u6C34\u3001\u96FB\u529B\u3001\u901A\u8A0A\u7684\u4F01\u696D\uFF0C\u6295\u8CC7\u5F88\u5927\uFF0C\u6D89\u53CA\u9762\u5F88\u5EE3\u800C\u5229\u6F64\u4E0D\u5B9C\u904E\u9AD8\uFF0C\u4E00\u500B\u5730\u5340\u8A2D\u591A\u5957\u81EA\u4F86\u6C34\u7BA1\u9053\u6216\u96FB\u529B\u96FB\u8A0A\u7DDA\u8DEF\u4E5F\u78BA\u986F\u6D6A\u8CBB\uFF0C\u9019\u7A2E\u60C5\u6CC1\u5373\u81EA\u7136\u58DF\u65B7\u3002\u53EA\u7531\u4E00\u9593\u96FB\u529B\u516C\u53F8\u63D0\u4F9B\u96FB\u529B\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u900F\u904E\u5927\u91CF\u751F\u7522\u964D\u4F4E\u767C\u96FB\u6210\u672C\uFF0C\u5F15\u5165\u7AF6\u722D\u53CD\u5C0E\u81F4\u50F9\u683C\u4E0A\u5347\u3002\u53C8\u5982\u4E00\u500B\u5C0F\u9109\u93AE\uFF0C\u53EA\u6709\u4E00\u5BB6\u79DF\u8ECA\u5E97\u6216\u4E00\u5BB6\u6D17\u8863\u5E97\u5C31\u8DB3\u4EE5\u8986\u84CB\u670D\u52D9\u9700\u8981\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5C6C\u81EA\u7136\u58DF\u65B7\uFF1B\u518D\u5982\u9AD8\u79D1\u6280\u7522\u54C1\uFF0C\u7531\u65BC\u6295\u5165\u8CC7\u6E90\u800C\u5F62\u6210\u7684\u6280\u8853\u7814\u767C\u80FD\u529B\uFF0C\u5728\u4E00\u5B9A\u6642\u671F\u53EA\u6709\u4E00\u5BB6\u6216\u5C11\u6578\u5EE0\u5BB6\u80FD\u5920\u751F\u7522\uFF0C\u800C\u5F62\u6210\u81EA\u7136\u7368\u5360\u3002 \u897F\u65B9\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\u7406\u8BBA\u4ECE\u4EA7\u751F\u5230\u53D1\u5C55\u5206\u522B\u4EE5\u89C4\u6A21\u7ECF\u6D4E\u3001\u548C\u6210\u672C\u52A3\u53EF\u52A0\u6027\u89E3\u91CA\u4E86\u81EA\u7136\u5784\u65AD\u51FA\u73B0\u548C\u5B58\u5728\u7684\u539F\u56E0\u3002"@zh . . . "Monopolio natural"@es . . . . "Si definisce monopolio naturale una configurazione industriale in cui il numero ottimale di imprese presenti sul mercato \u00E8 uno. Il monopolio naturale si manifesta quando nell'intervallo di produzione rilevante, ossia nell'intorno del volume di produzione domandato dal mercato, la funzione di costo \u00E8 subadditiva. Ci\u00F2 significa che i costi sostenuti da una sola impresa nel produrre l'intera quantit\u00E0 domandata sono inferiori a quelli che sosterrebbero due o pi\u00F9 imprese contemporaneamente presenti sul mercato. Sotto queste condizioni, la presenza di un unico operatore \u00E8 pi\u00F9 efficiente di una pluralit\u00E0 di imprese per motivi puramente tecnologici, fermi restando i costi sociali comunque generati da un monopolista. Due sono quindi le determinanti del monopolio naturale: \n* la quantit\u00E0 domandata, dato che la subadditivit\u00E0 della funzione di costo potrebbe manifestarsi solo entro un certo intervallo di produzione; \n* le caratteristiche tecnologiche del settore, riferibili essenzialmente alla rilevanza dei costi fissi, da cui scaturiscono costi marginali strettamente decrescenti (il costo di produzione dell'ultima unit\u00E0 prodotta \u00E8 inferiore a quello di tutte le precedenti) e di conseguenza costi medi strettamente decrescenti (il costo medio diminuisce all'aumentare del volume di produzione poich\u00E9 la curva del costo marginale \u00E8 sempre al di sotto di esso) Se in monopolio naturale si volesse replicare il comportamento d'impresa perfettamente concorrenziale, si perverrebbe ad una configurazione in cui il profitto d'impresa \u00E8 negativo: questo aspetto rappresenta un elemento problematico nella \"regolamentazione pubblica\" dei comportamenti di imprese private in mercati di monopolio naturale: atteso che su un mercato vi sia un'unica impresa monopolista - se il monopolio \u00E8 naturale - obbligare tale impresa a comportarsi come se fosse in perfetta concorrenza, le farebbe ottenere un profitto negativo. Per questo motivo, la regolamentazione del monopolio naturale non pu\u00F2 prevedere che l'impresa privata sottoposta a regolamentazione pubblica replichi la perfetta concorrenza. Il punto pi\u00F9 vicino alla perfetta concorrenza, compatibile con profitti d'impresa non negativi \u00E8 il punto di second best nel quale il prezzo eguaglia il costo medio di produzione: tale punto giace in una posizione intermedia tra il punto di ottimo per il monopolista e il punto di perfetta concorrenza."@it . . "Dans la th\u00E9orie \u00E9conomique, une situation de monopole naturel existe lorsque la production d\u2019un bien donn\u00E9 par plusieurs entreprises est plus co\u00FBteuse que la production de ce bien par une seule entreprise. Une condition n\u00E9cessaire \u00E0 cette situation est l'existence d\u2019\u00E9conomies d\u2019\u00E9chelle. Une telle situation peut se pr\u00E9senter notamment dans les industries de r\u00E9seaux (e.g., T\u00E9l\u00E9communication, \u00E9lectricit\u00E9, transports) et peut justifier des interventions des pouvoirs publics pour r\u00E9guler le pouvoir de march\u00E9 qui r\u00E9sulte de la monopolisation du march\u00E9, par le biais du service public, de r\u00E9gulation du secteur, de nationalisation d'entreprises suivi parfois par une lib\u00E9ralisation. D'autres raisons peuvent expliquer la pr\u00E9sence de monopole sur le march\u00E9 comme l'existence de barri\u00E8re \u00E0 l'entr\u00E9e ou des restrictions l\u00E9gales \u00E0 l'entr\u00E9e."@fr . . . . . 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"P\u0159irozen\u00FD monopol m\u016F\u017Ee vzniknout na nedokonal\u00E9m trhu distribu\u010Dn\u00EDch slu\u017Eeb. Na takov\u00E9m trhu je pot\u0159eba \u201Es\u00EDt\u011B\u201C pro distribuci vyr\u00E1b\u011Bn\u00E9ho statku. Nej\u010Dast\u011Bji se jedn\u00E1 o distribuci elekt\u0159iny, vody, tepla, kanalizace ale tak\u00E9 nap\u0159. d\u00E1lnice. Typick\u00FDm rysem p\u0159irozen\u00E9ho monopolu jsou rychle klesaj\u00EDc\u00ED pr\u016Fm\u011Brn\u00E9 fixn\u00ED n\u00E1klady, tedy tyto n\u00E1klady byly z po\u010D\u00E1tku velmi vysok\u00E9. Tyto vysok\u00E9 po\u010D\u00E1te\u010Dn\u00ED n\u00E1klady znamenaj\u00ED silnou bari\u00E9ru vstupu na trh. Pokud by p\u0159ece jen n\u011Bjak\u00E1 konkuren\u010Dn\u00ED firma na trh vstoupila, znamenalo by to zna\u010Dn\u00FD pokles zisk\u016F obou firem a ob\u011B by z trhu nejsp\u00ED\u0161 ode\u0161ly do jin\u00E9ho, ziskov\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDho odv\u011Btv\u00ED."@cs . "22355"^^ . . . . "Ett naturligt monopol uppst\u00E5r i branscher med mycket stora initiala investerings- och kapitalkostnader f\u00F6r att komma in p\u00E5 marknaden. Ofta \u00E4r kundunderlaget f\u00F6r litet f\u00F6r att mer \u00E4n en akt\u00F6r kan verka p\u00E5 marknaden d\u00E5 det kr\u00E4vs en monopolists stordriftsf\u00F6rdelar f\u00F6r att f\u00E5 l\u00F6nsamhet. Nationalekonomerna beskriver det som en bransch d\u00E4r kostnaden f\u00F6r produkten sjunker f\u00F6r \u00F6kat antal kunder s\u00E5 det blir billigast f\u00F6r kunderna om endast en akt\u00F6r levererar produkten. Det kan handla om allm\u00E4n infrastruktur som vattenverk och elledningar, eftersom det \u00E4r dyrt att bygga vatten-, gas-, el-, och telefonledningar, vilket medf\u00F6r att det \u00E4r resurssl\u00F6seri f\u00F6r en potentiell konkurrent att g\u00F6ra de investeringar som kr\u00E4vs f\u00F6r att ta sig in p\u00E5 monopolistens marknad. Tidigare har leverans av el via egna elledningar, telefoni via egna telekablar och kabel-tv via egna n\u00E4t setts som naturliga monopol, d\u00E4r staten haft eller har regleringar. I dessa fall har ocks\u00E5 ny teknik m\u00F6jliggjort nya l\u00F6sningar att leverera denna typ av tj\u00E4nster, vilket s\u00E4nkt intr\u00E4destr\u00F6sklarna. Detta g\u00E4ller emellertid inte vatten och avlopp. J\u00E4rnv\u00E4gslinjer \u00E4r en annan typ av infrastruktur, d\u00E4r det kan vara orimligt f\u00F6r en ny akt\u00F6r att etablera sig. \u00C4ven om det kan h\u00E4nda n\u00E4r betalningsviljan f\u00F6r en tj\u00E4nst \u00E4r nog stor, som det var i exempelvis Storbritannien p\u00E5 1800-talet och i Japan. De flesta l\u00E4nder har statligt \u00E4gande \u00F6ver j\u00E4rnv\u00E4gsn\u00E4tet. Dataprogram och n\u00E4tverkstj\u00E4nster har ofta naturliga monopol, i och med h\u00F6ga investeringskostnader, l\u00E5ga distributionskostnader, och dessutom ofta extra nytta f\u00F6r kund att ha samma leverant\u00F6r som andra (se \u00E4ven Metcalfes lag). Till exempel Microsoft (windows och office), Adobe (acrobat), Facebook och eBay har f\u00E5tt monopolliknande roller. Dessa \u00E4r v\u00E4rldsomsp\u00E4nnande, men relativt op\u00E5verkade av statlig reglering eftersom stater bara verkar i ett land, och USA d\u00E4r dessa f\u00F6retag vanligen \u00E4r baserade undviker reglering. Priserna begr\u00E4nsas av att kunderna avst\u00E5r vid f\u00F6r h\u00F6ga priser."@sv . "\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0630\u0627\u062A \u062A\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u062A\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0648\u0627\u062C\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u062F\u062E\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0639\u0637\u064A \u0645\u064A\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064A\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u062D\u064A\u062B \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u064A\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060C \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062E\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062C\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062D\u062C\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062B\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u062E\u062F\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634\u062A \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062F\u0631 \u0645\u062D\u062A\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062C\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062A\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062A \u0645\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u062F\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064A \u0644\u062C\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u062E\u062F\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645."@ar . "P\u0159irozen\u00FD monopol m\u016F\u017Ee vzniknout na nedokonal\u00E9m trhu distribu\u010Dn\u00EDch slu\u017Eeb. Na takov\u00E9m trhu je pot\u0159eba \u201Es\u00EDt\u011B\u201C pro distribuci vyr\u00E1b\u011Bn\u00E9ho statku. Nej\u010Dast\u011Bji se jedn\u00E1 o distribuci elekt\u0159iny, vody, tepla, kanalizace ale tak\u00E9 nap\u0159. d\u00E1lnice. Typick\u00FDm rysem p\u0159irozen\u00E9ho monopolu jsou rychle klesaj\u00EDc\u00ED pr\u016Fm\u011Brn\u00E9 fixn\u00ED n\u00E1klady, tedy tyto n\u00E1klady byly z po\u010D\u00E1tku velmi vysok\u00E9. Tyto vysok\u00E9 po\u010D\u00E1te\u010Dn\u00ED n\u00E1klady znamenaj\u00ED silnou bari\u00E9ru vstupu na trh. Pokud by p\u0159ece jen n\u011Bjak\u00E1 konkuren\u010Dn\u00ED firma na trh vstoupila, znamenalo by to zna\u010Dn\u00FD pokles zisk\u016F obou firem a ob\u011B by z trhu nejsp\u00ED\u0161 ode\u0161ly do jin\u00E9ho, ziskov\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDho odv\u011Btv\u00ED. Jako p\u0159\u00EDklad p\u0159irozen\u00E9ho monopolu je mo\u017Eno uv\u00E9st vodu z kohoutku. Je logick\u00E9 m\u00EDt jen jednu spole\u010Dnost poskytuj\u00EDc\u00ED s\u00ED\u0165 vodn\u00EDch potrub\u00ED a kan\u00E1l\u016F z d\u016Fvodu p\u0159irozen\u011B vysok\u00FDch kapit\u00E1lov\u00FDch n\u00E1klad\u016F plynouc\u00EDch ze zaveden\u00ED n\u00E1rodn\u00ED s\u00EDt\u011B vodn\u00EDch potrub\u00ED a kanalizace. Existence dvou rozli\u010Dn\u00FDch spole\u010Dnost\u00ED poskytuj\u00EDc\u00EDch vodu by ned\u00E1valo smysl, jeliko\u017E jejich pr\u016Fm\u011Brn\u00E9 n\u00E1klady by byly mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ED ve srovn\u00E1n\u00ED s p\u016Fsoben\u00EDm jenom jedn\u00E9 firmy. Tak\u00E9 by nebylo vhodn\u00E9, aby dv\u011B firmy rozkop\u00E1valy silnice kv\u016Fli um\u00EDst\u011Bn\u00ED stejn\u00FDch set\u016F potrub\u00ED."@cs . "\u041D\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u044F"@uk . "\uC790\uC5F0\uB3C5\uC810(\u81EA\u7136\u7368\u5360, natural monopoly)\uC740 \uB2E8\uC77C \uACF5\uAE09\uC790\uB97C \uD1B5\uD55C \uC7AC\uD654\uC758 \uC0DD\uC0B0 \uBC0F \uACF5\uAE09\uC774 \uCD5C\uB300 \uD6A8\uC728\uC744 \uB098\uD0C0\uB0B4\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uB294 \uACBD\uC81C \uD604\uC0C1\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uD604\uC0C1\uC740 \uADDC\uBAA8\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C( economies of scale )\uB77C\uB294 \uAE30\uC220\uC801 \uC694\uC778\uC774 \uD2B9\uC815 \uC0B0\uC5C5\uC5D0 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uC8FC\uACE0, \uC774\uAC83\uC774 \uB3C5\uC810\uD654 \uACBD\uD5A5\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uC5B4\uC9C8 \uB54C \uB098\uD0C0\uB09C\uB2E4. \uC790\uC5F0\uB3C5\uC810\uC740 \uADDC\uBAA8\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C\uB85C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uB294 \uC2DC\uC7A5 \uC9C4\uC785\uC7A5\uBCBD( barriers to entry )\uC774 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uB192\uC744 \uB54C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC804\uAE30, \uC804\uD654, \uC218\uB3C4\uC0AC\uC5C5\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uACF5\uACF5 \uC11C\uBE44\uC2A4 \uC0B0\uC5C5\uC740 \uADF8 \uC0DD\uC0B0 \uBC0F \uC804\uB2EC \uCCB4\uACC4\uB97C \uAD6C\uCD95\uD558\uB294 \uB370 \uB9C9\uB300\uD55C \uCD08\uAE30 \uD22C\uC790\uBE44\uC6A9\uC744 \uD544\uC694\uB85C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uD22C\uC790\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uAE30\uC5C5\uC758 \uC0B0\uCD9C\uB7C9\uC740 \uD06C\uAC8C \uB298\uC5B4\uB098\uACE0 \uADF8\uB9CC\uD07C \uC0DD\uC0B0\uB2E8\uAC00\uB294 \uB0AE\uC544\uC9C0\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uADDC\uBAA8\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C \uD6A8\uACFC\uB294 \uC0B0\uCD9C\uB7C9\uC774 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD788 \uB192\uC740 \uC218\uC900\uC5D0 \uC774\uB97C \uB54C\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC9C0\uC18D\uB418\uBA70, \uC774 \uC810\uC774 \uC2E0\uADDC \uC0AC\uC5C5\uC790\uC5D0\uAC8C\uB294 \uC9C4\uC785\uC7A5\uBCBD\uC73C\uB85C \uC791\uC6A9\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC758 \uB3C5\uC810\uC801 \uC0AC\uC5C5\uC790\uAC00 \uC544\uB2CC \uC774\uC0C1, \uC2E0\uADDC \uAE30\uC5C5\uC740 \uAE30\uC874 \uB3C5\uC810\uAE30\uC5C5 \uC774\uC0C1\uC758 \uCD08\uAE30 \uD22C\uC790\uBE44\uC6A9\uC744 \uD22C\uC785\uD558\uB354\uB77C\uB3C4 \uADDC\uBAA8\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C \uD6A8\uACFC\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC774\uC724\uC744 \uCC3D\uCD9C\uD558\uB9AC\uB77C\uB294 \uBCF4\uC7A5\uC774 \uC5C6\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uD604\uC0C1\uC740 \uACF5\uACF5 \uC11C\uBE44\uC2A4 \uC0B0\uC5C5 \uC774\uC678\uC5D0\uB3C4, \uD2B9\uC815 \uC790\uC5F0\uC790\uC6D0\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uD1B5\uC81C\uB85C \uC778\uD574 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . "Un monopoli natural \u00E9s un cas particular dels monopolis en el qual una empresa pot produir tota la producci\u00F3 del mercat amb un cost menor que si hagu\u00E9s diverses empreses competint. Aix\u00F2 normalment passa en mercats on les firmes han de realitzar una alt\u00EDssima inversi\u00F3 inicial per ingressar (economies d'escala). Els incentius per tal que altres firmes ingressin s\u00F3n nuls i, per altra banda, tamb\u00E9 seria ineficient, \u00E9s a dir, resulta m\u00E9s eficient que nom\u00E9s hi hagi una empresa en el sector, ja que els costos mitjans tendeixen a 0 segons augmentem la quantitat, fent el negoci m\u00E9s rendible i ajudant al monopolista a baixar el preu."@ca . . . . "Natural monopoly"@en . "Um monop\u00F3lio natural \u00E9 um monop\u00F3lio em uma ind\u00FAstria na qual altos custos de infraestrutura e outras barreiras \u00E0 entrada em rela\u00E7\u00E3o ao tamanho do mercado d\u00E3o ao maior fornecedor em uma ind\u00FAstria, frequentemente o primeiro fornecedor em um mercado, uma vantagem esmagadora sobre concorrentes potenciais. Isso ocorre frequentemente em ind\u00FAstrias em que predominam os , criando economias de escala grandes em rela\u00E7\u00E3o ao tamanho do mercado; exemplos incluem como e eletricidade. Monop\u00F3lios naturais foram reconhecidos como fontes potenciais de falha de mercado j\u00E1 no s\u00E9culo XIX; John Stuart Mill defendeu a regulamenta\u00E7\u00E3o do governo para faz\u00EA-los servir ao bem p\u00FAblico."@pt . . . . . . . . "Wirtschaftsbereiche, in denen die am Markt teilnehmenden Unternehmen automatisch zur Organisationsform eines Monopols tendieren, also im Wettbewerb der Unternehmen auf Dauer nur ein Unternehmen \u00FCberleben w\u00FCrde, werden als nat\u00FCrliche Monopole bezeichnet. Dies betrifft vor allem Unternehmen, die mit Leitungen zu tun haben, zum Beispiel in den Bereichen Strom, Gas, Wasser, Telekommunikation und Eisenbahn, weil beispielsweise ein einzelnes Unternehmen, welches zwei Stromleitungen anbietet, effizienter und kosteng\u00FCnstiger w\u00E4re als zwei Unternehmen, die je eine Leitung anbieten. Weil es die Automatik zur Monopolbildung gibt, werden diese Wirtschaftsbereiche reguliert. In Staaten findet oft ein Wechsel von einem staatlichen Monopol zu einer liberalisierten, aber zugleich regulierten Marktsituatio"@de . "\u81EA\u7136\u72EC\u5360"@ja . . . "Monopolio naturale"@it . "Un monopolio natural es un caso particular de los monopolios en el cual una empresa p\u00FAblica o una empresa privada puede generar toda la producci\u00F3n del mercado con un coste menor que si fuera ofrecido por varias entidades p\u00FAblicas y/o empresas privadas compitiendo.\u200B\u200B Los monopolios naturales se dan en los servicios p\u00FAblicos b\u00E1sicos (agua, alcantarillado) y las denominadas industrias de redes, energ\u00EDa, telecomunicaciones y transporte. Es decir el abastecimiento de agua, alcantarillado, suministros de gas, electricidad y en algunos casos la telefon\u00EDa. Tambi\u00E9n ocurre en el caso de infraestructuras, carreteras, ferrocarriles, aeropuertos, presas hidr\u00E1ulicas, puentes, etc.\u200B"@es . . . . . "Nat\u00FCrliches Monopol"@de . . . . . . . "\u81EA\u7136\u72EC\u5360\uFF08\u3057\u305C\u3093\u3069\u304F\u305B\u3093\u3001natural monopoly\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5236\u5EA6\u306A\u3069\u306E\u4EBA\u70BA\u7684\u306A\u8981\u56E0\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u7D4C\u6E08\u7684\u306A\u8981\u56E0\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u898F\u6A21\u306E\u7D4C\u6E08\u304C\u50CD\u304F\u3068\u304D\u81EA\u7136\u306B\u767A\u751F\u3059\u308B\u72EC\u5360\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002 \u521D\u671F\u6295\u8CC7\u306A\u3069\u306E\u56FA\u5B9A\u8CBB\u7528\u304C\u5927\u304D\u304F\u3001\u751F\u7523\u304C\u898F\u6A21\u306E\u7D4C\u6E08\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3068\u304D\u3001\u304C\u53F3\u4E0B\u304C\u308A\u306B\u306A\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7523\u696D\u3067\u306F\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306E\u4F01\u696D\u3067\u9700\u8981\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3057\u305F\u5834\u5408\u306B\u306F\u56FA\u5B9A\u8CBB\u7528\u304C\u305D\u308C\u305E\u308C\u306E\u4F01\u696D\u3067\u5FC5\u8981\u3068\u306A\u308B\u305F\u3081\u975E\u52B9\u7387\u7684\u3068\u306A\u308A\u30011\u3064\u306E\u4F01\u696D\u304C\u9700\u8981\u3092\u72EC\u5360\u3057\u305F\u65B9\u304C\u7DCF\u8CBB\u7528\u304C\u5C0F\u3055\u304F\u52B9\u7387\u7684\u306A\u751F\u7523\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002\u5E73\u5747\u8CBB\u7528\u66F2\u7DDA\u304C\u53F3\u4E0B\u304C\u308A\u306E\u3068\u3053\u308D\u3067\u9700\u7D66\u5747\u8861\u304C\u5B9F\u73FE\u3059\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7523\u696D\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5E73\u5747\u8CBB\u7528\u304C\u5E38\u306B\u9650\u754C\u8CBB\u7528\u3092\u4E0A\u56DE\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u305F\u3081\u3001\u5E02\u5834\u7AF6\u4E89\u306B\u57FA\u3065\u3044\u3066\u9650\u754C\u8CBB\u7528\u3068\u4E00\u81F4\u3059\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u4FA1\u683C\u304C\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3059\u308B\u3068\u53C2\u5165\u4F01\u696D\u306F\u8D64\u5B57\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u3001\u53C2\u5165\u306F\u6291\u5236\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u306A\u308A\u3001\u7D50\u679C\u3068\u3057\u3066\u81EA\u7136\u306B\u72EC\u5360\u304C\u767A\u751F\u3059\u308B\u3002\u4E0A\u8FF0\u306E\u8D64\u5B57\u4EE5\u4E0A\u306B\u3001\u305D\u306E\u7523\u696D\u304C\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3088\u308B\u793E\u4F1A\u5168\u4F53\u306E\u5229\u76CA\u304C\u5927\u304D\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306B\u306F\u30011\u793E\u306B\u3088\u308B\u72EC\u5360\u3092\u8A31\u53EF\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u653F\u5E9C\u304C\u4FA1\u683C\u898F\u5236\u3092\u884C\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304C\u6700\u9069\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002\u521D\u671F\u6295\u8CC7\u304C\u83AB\u5927\u306A\u9244\u9053\u4F1A\u793E\uFF08\u7279\u306B\u8D64\u5B57\u8DEF\u7DDA\u306E\u591A\u3044JR\u5317\u6D77\u9053\uFF09\u3084\u96FB\u529B\u4F1A\u793E\u3001\u90F5\u4FBF(\u65E5\u672C\u90F5\u4FBF)\u304C\u81EA\u7136\u72EC\u5360\u306E\u4EE3\u8868\u7684\u306A\u4F8B\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u81EA\u7136\u72EC\u5360\u306F\u4E0D\u7279\u5B9A\u306E1\u793E\u306B\u72EC\u5360\u3055\u305B\u308B\u6839\u62E0\u3068\u306A\u308B\u304C\u3001\u7279\u5B9A\u306E\u4E8B\u696D\u8005\u3092\u8A8D\u53EF\u3059\u308B\u6839\u62E0\u3068\u306F\u306A\u3089\u306A\u3044\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u4E8B\u696D\u672C\u6765\u306E\u63A1\u7B97\u6027\u3092\u88CF\u3065\u3051\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u96E3\u3057\u3044\u3002\u4F8B\u3048\u3070\u539F\u5B50\u529B\u767A\u96FB\u4E8B\u696D\u306E\u5834\u5408\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u529B\u306E\u5B89\u5B9A\u4F9B\u7D66\u3084\u30A8\u30CD\u30EB\u30AE\u30FC\u5B89\u5168\u4FDD\u969C\u306B\u95A2\u308F\u308B\u305F\u3081\u3001\u65E5\u82F1\u3067\u81EA\u7136\u72EC\u5360\u306E\u69D8\u76F8\u3092\u5448\u3057\u306A\u304C\u3089(\u5BE1\u5360\u306B\u8FD1\u3044)\u3001\u5DEE\u984D\u6C7A\u6E08\u5951\u7D04\u3084\u7DCF\u62EC\u539F\u4FA1\u65B9\u5F0F\u306B\u3088\u308A\u304B\u304B\u308B\u8CBB\u7528\u304C\u5168\u9700\u8981\u5BB6\u3078\u96FB\u6C17\u6599\u91D1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8EE2\u5AC1\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304D\u305F\u3002(\u203B\u306A\u304A\u3001\u3053\u306E\u3053\u3068\u306F\u539F\u5B50\u529B\u767A\u96FB\u304C\u7D4C\u6E08\u6027\u3092\u6B20\u304F\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610F\u5473\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u306E\u3067\u6CE8\u610F\u3092\u8981\u3059\u308B\u3002) \u3053\u306E\u307B\u304B\u3001\u6C34\u9053\u4E8B\u696D\u3084\u90F5\u4FBF\u4E8B\u696D\u7B49\u3001\u52B9\u7528\u304C\u9AD8\u304F\u4EE3\u66FF\u306E\u9650\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3082\u306E\u306F\u9700\u8981\u5BB6\u3082\u3042\u308B\u7A0B\u5EA6\u8D64\u5B57\u306E\u8EE2\u5AC1\u3092\u8A31\u5BB9\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "Een natuurlijk monopolie is een monopolie dat zich voordoet als er bij de productie van een bepaald goed schaalvoordelen blijven optreden, welke omvang de productie ook heeft. Heeft een bedrijf een natuurlijk monopolie, dan dalen de gemiddelde en marginale kosten als het bedrijf uitbreidt. In zo'n situatie is het effici\u00EBnter dat de markt in handen is van \u00E9\u00E9n producent dan van twee of meerdere. Deze ene producent kan echter wel, als monopolist, een prijs zetten die veel hoger is dan de gemiddelde of marginale kosten."@nl . . "Natuurlijk monopolie"@nl . . . . . "Un monopolio natural es un caso particular de los monopolios en el cual una empresa p\u00FAblica o una empresa privada puede generar toda la producci\u00F3n del mercado con un coste menor que si fuera ofrecido por varias entidades p\u00FAblicas y/o empresas privadas compitiendo.\u200B\u200B"@es . "Un monopoli natural \u00E9s un cas particular dels monopolis en el qual una empresa pot produir tota la producci\u00F3 del mercat amb un cost menor que si hagu\u00E9s diverses empreses competint. Aix\u00F2 normalment passa en mercats on les firmes han de realitzar una alt\u00EDssima inversi\u00F3 inicial per ingressar (economies d'escala). Els incentius per tal que altres firmes ingressin s\u00F3n nuls i, per altra banda, tamb\u00E9 seria ineficient, \u00E9s a dir, resulta m\u00E9s eficient que nom\u00E9s hi hagi una empresa en el sector, ja que els costos mitjans tendeixen a 0 segons augmentem la quantitat, fent el negoci m\u00E9s rendible i ajudant al monopolista a baixar el preu. Si b\u00E9 tenen tamb\u00E9 captius als seus consumidors tenir un monopoli natural, a difer\u00E8ncia d'un cl\u00E0ssic, \u00E9s socialment eficient. Un exemple d'aix\u00F2 \u00E9s la distribuci\u00F3 d'aigua potable a les ciutats. Durant anys el concepte de monopoli natural ha vingut en des\u00FAs, ja que fa quasi un segle es considerava com a tals al servei de distribuci\u00F3 d'energia el\u00E8ctrica com a la telefonia fixa, sectors que avui en dia es troben sota un esquema de mercat. Tamb\u00E9 la distribuci\u00F3 d'aigua potable avui en dia tamb\u00E9 es dona sota un esquema de compet\u00E8ncia com en el cas de Regne Unit on les empreses que brinden aquest servei atorguen altres serveis als usuaris. Tanmateix, el monopoli natural es mant\u00E9 en les parts d'aquest tipus de subministraments que no \u00E9s convenient econ\u00F2micament multiplicar. Per exemple, en el cas de l'energia el\u00E8ctrica o telefonia fixa existeixen diverses empreses que presten els serveis a diferents preus, per\u00F2 una sola empresa que mant\u00E9 la xarxa de transport o comunicaci\u00F3 i cobra un preu per al seu \u00FAs a les empreses distribu\u00EFdores."@ca . . . . "Naturligt monopol"@sv . . . . "\uC790\uC5F0\uB3C5\uC810(\u81EA\u7136\u7368\u5360, natural monopoly)\uC740 \uB2E8\uC77C \uACF5\uAE09\uC790\uB97C \uD1B5\uD55C \uC7AC\uD654\uC758 \uC0DD\uC0B0 \uBC0F \uACF5\uAE09\uC774 \uCD5C\uB300 \uD6A8\uC728\uC744 \uB098\uD0C0\uB0B4\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uB294 \uACBD\uC81C \uD604\uC0C1\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uD604\uC0C1\uC740 \uADDC\uBAA8\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C( economies of scale )\uB77C\uB294 \uAE30\uC220\uC801 \uC694\uC778\uC774 \uD2B9\uC815 \uC0B0\uC5C5\uC5D0 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uC8FC\uACE0, \uC774\uAC83\uC774 \uB3C5\uC810\uD654 \uACBD\uD5A5\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uC5B4\uC9C8 \uB54C \uB098\uD0C0\uB09C\uB2E4. \uC790\uC5F0\uB3C5\uC810\uC740 \uADDC\uBAA8\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C\uB85C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uB294 \uC2DC\uC7A5 \uC9C4\uC785\uC7A5\uBCBD( barriers to entry )\uC774 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uB192\uC744 \uB54C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC804\uAE30, \uC804\uD654, \uC218\uB3C4\uC0AC\uC5C5\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uACF5\uACF5 \uC11C\uBE44\uC2A4 \uC0B0\uC5C5\uC740 \uADF8 \uC0DD\uC0B0 \uBC0F \uC804\uB2EC \uCCB4\uACC4\uB97C \uAD6C\uCD95\uD558\uB294 \uB370 \uB9C9\uB300\uD55C \uCD08\uAE30 \uD22C\uC790\uBE44\uC6A9\uC744 \uD544\uC694\uB85C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uD22C\uC790\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uAE30\uC5C5\uC758 \uC0B0\uCD9C\uB7C9\uC740 \uD06C\uAC8C \uB298\uC5B4\uB098\uACE0 \uADF8\uB9CC\uD07C \uC0DD\uC0B0\uB2E8\uAC00\uB294 \uB0AE\uC544\uC9C0\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uADDC\uBAA8\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C \uD6A8\uACFC\uB294 \uC0B0\uCD9C\uB7C9\uC774 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD788 \uB192\uC740 \uC218\uC900\uC5D0 \uC774\uB97C \uB54C\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC9C0\uC18D\uB418\uBA70, \uC774 \uC810\uC774 \uC2E0\uADDC \uC0AC\uC5C5\uC790\uC5D0\uAC8C\uB294 \uC9C4\uC785\uC7A5\uBCBD\uC73C\uB85C \uC791\uC6A9\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC758 \uB3C5\uC810\uC801 \uC0AC\uC5C5\uC790\uAC00 \uC544\uB2CC \uC774\uC0C1, \uC2E0\uADDC \uAE30\uC5C5\uC740 \uAE30\uC874 \uB3C5\uC810\uAE30\uC5C5 \uC774\uC0C1\uC758 \uCD08\uAE30 \uD22C\uC790\uBE44\uC6A9\uC744 \uD22C\uC785\uD558\uB354\uB77C\uB3C4 \uADDC\uBAA8\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C \uD6A8\uACFC\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC774\uC724\uC744 \uCC3D\uCD9C\uD558\uB9AC\uB77C\uB294 \uBCF4\uC7A5\uC774 \uC5C6\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uD604\uC0C1\uC740 \uACF5\uACF5 \uC11C\uBE44\uC2A4 \uC0B0\uC5C5 \uC774\uC678\uC5D0\uB3C4, \uD2B9\uC815 \uC790\uC5F0\uC790\uC6D0\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uD1B5\uC81C\uB85C \uC778\uD574 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . "\uC790\uC5F0\uB3C5\uC810"@ko . . . .