"L'Entraide, un facteur de l'\u00E9volution (Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution) est un essai de Pierre Kropotkine, paru durant son exil \u00E0 Londres en 1902. La premi\u00E8re version fran\u00E7aise parut chez Hachette quatre ans plus tard (1906, traduit de l'anglais par Louise Guieysse-Br\u00E9al), le mot entraide a \u00E9t\u00E9 inspir\u00E9 par Elis\u00E9e Reclus. L'entraide est \u00E9galement un terme d'\u00E9conomie politique qui d\u00E9signe le concept \u00E9conomique de l'\u00E9change r\u00E9ciproque et volontaire de ressources et de services au profit de tous."@fr . . . . . . "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution"@en . . . "\u300E\u76F8\u4E92\u6276\u52A9\u8AD6\u300F\uFF08\u76F8\u4E92\u6276\u52A9\u3000\u9032\u5316\u306E\u539F\u56E0\uFF09 Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution \u306F\u3001\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u306E\u5730\u7406\u5B66\u8005\u3001\u30A2\u30CA\u30FC\u30AD\u30B9\u30C8\u3067\u3042\u308B\u30D4\u30E7\u30FC\u30C8\u30EB\u30FB\u30AF\u30ED\u30DD\u30C8\u30AD\u30F3\u306E\u30011902\u5E74\u306E\u5C0F\u8AD6\u6587\u3092\u307E\u3068\u3081\u3066\u51FA\u7248\u3055\u308C\u305F\u66F8\u7C4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u8AF8\u8AD6\u6587\u306F\u3082\u3068\u3082\u30681890\u5E74\u304B\u30891896\u5E74\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u96D1\u8A8C\u300E19\u4E16\u7D00\u300F\u306B\u82F1\u8A9E\u3067\u6295\u7A3F\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3001\u76F8\u4E92\u306B\u6069\u6075\u306E\u3042\u308B\u5354\u529B\u95A2\u4FC2\u3001\u4E92\u6075\u6027\uFF08\u76F8\u4E92\u6276\u52A9\uFF09\u304C\u751F\u7269\u74B0\u5883\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3082\u4EBA\u9593\u793E\u4F1A\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3082\u679C\u305F\u3059\u5F79\u5272\u3092\u3001\u904E\u53BB\u304B\u3089\u73FE\u5728\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u660E\u3089\u304B\u306B\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76EE\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3002\u30AF\u30ED\u30DD\u30C8\u30AD\u30F3\u306F\u3053\u306E\u4E2D\u3067\u793E\u4F1A\u30C0\u30FC\u30A6\u30A3\u30CB\u30BA\u30E0\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u3001\u305D\u308C\u3089\u304C\u5F37\u8ABF\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F\u751F\u5B58\u5171\u5B58\u3068\u9069\u8005\u751F\u5B58\u306E\u4E3B\u5F35\u306B\u53CD\u8AD6\u3057\u3001\u4ED6\u65B9\u3067\u30B8\u30E3\u30F3\uFF1D\u30B8\u30E3\u30C3\u30AF\u30FB\u30EB\u30BD\u30FC\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u535A\u611B\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u793E\u4F1A\u306B\u8ABF\u548C\u304C\u3082\u305F\u3089\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7406\u60F3\u7684\u63CF\u5199\u3082\u6279\u5224\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u4EE3\u308F\u308A\u306B\u30AF\u30ED\u30DD\u30C8\u30AD\u30F3\u304C\u4E3B\u5F35\u3057\u305F\u306E\u306F\u3001\u76F8\u4E92\u6276\u52A9\u306F\u4EBA\u9593\u96C6\u56E3\u3084\u52D5\u7269\u96C6\u56E3\u304C\u751F\u304D\u6B8B\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306E\u73FE\u5B9F\u7684\u306A\u5229\u70B9\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306B\u305D\u308C\u306F\u81EA\u7136\u9078\u629E\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u652F\u6301\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70B9\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002"@ja . . "Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt"@de . . . . . "Interhelpo estas verko de Petro Kropotkin, originale verkita en la angla kaj eldonita en 1902, esperantlingve eldonita de SAT kaj Impeto en 1996, en kiu li respondas al la tezoj de la sociaj darvinistoj, emfazante la gravecon de la interhelpa me\u0125anismo, apud la natura selektado, kadre de la teorio pri evoluismo."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El suport mutu: un factor d'evoluci\u00F3 \u00E9s un llibre de Piotr Kropotkin (1842-1921) publicat per l'editorial londinenca Heinemann l'any 1902. El llibre \u00E9s un recull d'articles que el naturista i anarquista rus va publicar a l'eminent revista cient\u00EDfica The Nineteenth Centtury entre 1890 i 1896. Va ser publicat en catal\u00E0 l'any 2021 per Virus Editorial, amb traducci\u00F3 d'Alba Padr\u00F3s. Des de la seva primera publicaci\u00F3, el llibre ha estat reeditat i publicat en molts idiomes (en catal\u00E0 entre d'altres)."@ca . . "Il mutuo appoggio: un fattore dell'evoluzione \u00E8 una raccolta di saggi del naturalista e filosofo anarchico russo Peter Kropotkin. I saggi, inizialmente pubblicati sul periodico inglese tra il 1890 e il 1896, poi pubblicati come raccolta nel 1902, esaminano il ruolo del mutualismo e della cooperazione nel regno animale e nelle societ\u00E0 umane. Molti biologi ritengono che il testo sia stato fondamentale per dare il via allo studio scientifico della cooperazione."@it . . . . "El apoyo mutuo: un factor en la evoluci\u00F3n es un libro que trata el tema del apoyo mutuo y la cooperaci\u00F3n dentro del proceso evolutivo, escrito por el anarcocomunista ruso Piotr Kropotkin durante su exilio en Inglaterra. Fue publicado por primera vez por William Heinemann en Londres en octubre de 1902. Los distintos cap\u00EDtulos hab\u00EDan sido publicados originalmente entre 1890 y 1896 como una serie de ensayos en la revista literaria mensual brit\u00E1nica The Nineteenth Century."@es . . "Pomoc wzajemna jako czynnik rozwoju (ang. Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution) \u2013 zbi\u00F3r esej\u00F3w rosyjskiego naturalisty i my\u015Bliciela anarchistycznego Piotra Kropotkina, wydany po raz pierwszy w 1902. Eseje, pocz\u0105tkowo publikowane w angielskim czasopi\u015Bmie w latach 1890\u20131896, zg\u0142\u0119biaj\u0105 rol\u0119 obop\u00F3lnej wsp\u00F3\u0142pracy i wzajemno\u015Bci (lub te\u017C \u201Epomocy wzajemnej\u201D) w dawnym i wsp\u00F3\u0142czesnym kr\u00F3lestwie zwierz\u0105t i spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwach ludzkich. Jest to argument przeciwko teoriom darwinizmu spo\u0142ecznego, kt\u00F3re podkre\u015Blaj\u0105 konkurencj\u0119 i przetrwanie najsilniejszych, oraz przeciwko romantycznym wyobra\u017Ceniom pisarzy takich jak Jean-Jacques Rousseau, kt\u00F3rzy uwa\u017Cali, \u017Ce wsp\u00F3\u0142praca by\u0142a motywowana uniwersaln\u0105 mi\u0142o\u015Bci\u0105. Zamiast tego Kropotkin argumentuje, \u017Ce pomoc wzajemna ma pragmatyczne zalety dla przetrwania spo\u0142eczno\u015Bci ludzkich i zwierz\u0119cych i, wraz z sumieniem, jest wytwarzana poprzez selekcj\u0119 naturaln\u0105. Wielu biolog\u00F3w uwa\u017Ca t\u0119 prac\u0119 za wa\u017Cny katalizator w naukowych badaniach nad wsp\u00F3\u0142prac\u0105."@pl . . "\u300A\u4E92\u52A9\u8BBA\uFF1A\u8FDB\u5316\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u8981\u7D20\u300B\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution\uFF09\u662F\u4FC4\u570B\u81EA\u7136\u4E3B\u4E49\u3001\u65E0\u653F\u5E9C\u4E3B\u4E49\u54F2\u5B66\u5BB6\u5F7C\u5F97\u00B7\u963F\u5217\u514B\u8C22\u8036\u7EF4\u5947\u00B7\u514B\u9C81\u6CE1\u7279\u91D1\u65BC1902\u5E74\u63A8\u51FA\u7684\u4EBA\u7C7B\u5B66\u8BBA\u6587\u96C6\u3002\u8A72\u4E9B\u8BBA\u6587\u6700\u521D\u57281890\u5E74\u81F31896\u5E74\u671F\u9593\u65BC\u82F1\u56FD\u5B66\u672F\u671F\u520A\u300A\u300B\u4E0A\u767C\u8868\uFF0C\u7576\u4E2D\u63A2\u8BA8\u4E86\u4E92\u5229\u5408\u4F5C\u548C\u4E92\u60E0\uFF08\u6216\u4E92\u52A9\uFF09\u5C0D\u52A8\u7269\u754C\u548C\u4EBA\u7C7B\u793E\u4F1A\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\u3002\u5B83\u65E2\u53CD\u5BF9\u5F3A\u8C03\u7ADE\u4E89\u548C\u9069\u8005\u751F\u5B58\u7684\u793E\u4F1A\u8FBE\u5C14\u6587\u4E3B\u4E49\u7406\u8BBA\uFF0C\u53C8\u53CD\u5BF9\u8BA9-\u96C5\u514B\u00B7\u5362\u68AD\u7B49\u4EBA\u8BA4\u4E3A\u5354\u4F5C\u662F\u53D7\u535A\u7231\u9A45\u4F7F\u7684\u89C0\u9EDE\u3002\u514B\u9C81\u6CE1\u7279\u91D1\u8BA4\u4E3A\uFF0C\u4E92\u52A9\u6709\u52A9\u65BC\u4EBA\u7C7B\u548C\u52A8\u7269\u7FA4\u4F53\u7684\u751F\u5B58\uFF0C\u5E76\u8DDF\u826F\u77E5\u4E00\u8D77\u5728\u81EA\u7136\u9009\u62E9\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\u5F97\u4EE5\u4FDD\u5B58\u3002 \u300A\u4E92\u52A9\u8BBA\u300B\u70BA\u7121\u653F\u5E9C\u5171\u7522\u4E3B\u7FA9\u7684\u57FA\u77F3\u3002\u5B83\u4E3A\u5171\u4EA7\u4E3B\u4E49\u63D0\u4F9B\u4E86\u5386\u53F2\u552F\u7269\u8BBA\u4EE5\u5916\u7684\u79D1\u5B66\u4F9D\u636E\u3002\u514B\u9C81\u6CE1\u7279\u91D1\u8BA4\u4E3A\uFF0C\u5728\u52A8\u7269\u754C\uFF0C\u571F\u8457\u793E\u4F1A\uFF0C\u6B27\u6D32\u65E9\u671F\u793E\u4F1A\uFF0C\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u7684\u5E1D\u56FD\u81EA\u7531\u57CE\u5E02\uFF08\u7279\u522B\u662F\u5728\u884C\u6703\u4E2D\uFF09\uFF0C19\u4E16\u7EAA\u672B\u7684\u4E61\u6751\u3001\u52B3\u5DE5\u8FD0\u52A8\u548C\u8D2B\u6C11\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4E92\u52A9\u884C\u70BA\u7686\u6709\u300C\u4FC3\u9032\u793E\u4F1A\u7E41\u8363\uFF0C\u589E\u52A0\u5B58\u6D3B\u6A5F\u6703\u300D\u7684\u4F5C\u7528\u3002\u514B\u9C81\u6CE1\u7279\u91D1\u6279\u8BC4\u56FD\u5BB6\u901A\u8FC7\u5F3A\u52A0\u79C1\u6709\u8D22\u4EA7\u7B49\u65B9\u6CD5\u7834\u574F\u5386\u53F2\u4E0A\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u4E92\u52A9\u673A\u5236\u3002 \u8BB8\u591A\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u5BB6\u8BA4\u4E3A\u300A\u4E92\u52A9\u8BBA\u300B\u63A8\u52A8\u4E86\u5BF9\u5408\u4F5C\u8FD9\u4E00\u884C\u4E3A\u7684\u79D1\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "7995"^^ . . . . . . . "Peter Kropotkin"@en . "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or \"mutual aid\") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories of social Darwinism that emphasize competition and survival of the fittest, and against the romantic depictions by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with the conscience, h"@en . . "Interhelpo (verko)"@eo . "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or \"mutual aid\") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories of social Darwinism that emphasize competition and survival of the fittest, and against the romantic depictions by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with the conscience, has been promoted through natural selection. Mutual Aid is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism. It presents a scientific basis for communism as an alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Kropotkin considers the importance of mutual aid for prosperity and survival in the animal kingdom, in indigenous and early European societies, in the Medieval free cities (especially through the guilds), and in the late 19th century village, labor movement, and poor folk. He criticizes the State for destroying historically important mutual aid institutions, particularly through the imposition of private property. Many biologists (including Stephen J Gould, one of the most influential evolutionary biologists of his generation) also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation."@en . "\u300A\uC0C1\uD638\uBD80\uC870\uB860\u300B\uC740 \uBC15\uBB3C\uD559\uC790\uC774\uC790 \uC544\uB098\uD0A4\uC2A4\uD2B8 \uCCA0\uD559\uC790\uC778 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 \uD06C\uB85C\uD3FF\uD0A8 \uC774 1902\uB144\uC5D0 \uC4F4 \uC778\uB958\uD559\uC801 \uC218\uD544 \uBAA8\uC74C\uC9D1\uC774\uB2E4. 1890\uB144\uACFC 1896\uB144 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uC815\uAE30\uAC04\uD589\uBB3C The Nineteenth Century\uC5D0 \uCC98\uC74C \uCD9C\uD310\uB41C \uC5D0\uC138\uC774\uB294 \uACFC\uAC70\uC640 \uD604\uC7AC \uBAA8\uB450\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC655\uAD6D\uACFC \uC778\uAC04 \uC0AC\uD68C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC0C1\uD638 \uC720\uC775\uD55C \uD611\uB825\uACFC \uD638\uD61C\uC8FC\uC758 (\uB610\uB294 \" \uC0C1\uD638 \uC6D0\uC870\")\uC758 \uC5ED\uD560\uC744 \uD0D0\uAD6C\uD55C\uB2E4. \uACBD\uC7C1\uACFC \uC801\uC790\uC0DD\uC874\uC744 \uAC15\uC870\uD558\uB294 \uC0AC\uD68C\uC801 \uB2E4\uC708\uC8FC\uC758 \uC774\uB860\uACFC \uD611\uB825\uC774 \uBCF4\uD3B8\uC801\uC778 \uC0AC\uB791\uC5D0\uC11C \uBE44\uB86F\uB41C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC0DD\uAC01\uD55C \uC7A5 \uC790\uD06C \uB8E8\uC18C \uB4F1\uC758 \uC791\uAC00\uB4E4\uC758 \uB0AD\uB9CC\uC801 \uBB18\uC0AC\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC8FC\uC7A5\uC774\uB2E4. \uB300\uC2E0 \uD06C\uB85C\uD3FF\uD0A8\uC740 \uC0C1\uD638 \uC6D0\uC870\uAC00 \uC778\uAC04\uACFC \uB3D9\uBB3C \uACF5\uB3D9\uCCB4\uC758 \uC0DD\uC874\uC5D0 \uC2E4\uC6A9\uC801\uC778 \uC774\uC810\uC774 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70 \uC591\uC2EC\uACFC \uD568\uAED8 \uC790\uC5F0 \uC120\uD0DD\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uCD09\uC9C4\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB9CE\uC740 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC740 \uD611\uB825\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uCD09\uB9E4\uC81C\uB77C\uACE0 \uC0DD\uAC01\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . "Mutualismo: Um Fator de Evolu\u00E7\u00E3o"@pt . "Interhelpo estas verko de Petro Kropotkin, originale verkita en la angla kaj eldonita en 1902, esperantlingve eldonita de SAT kaj Impeto en 1996, en kiu li respondas al la tezoj de la sociaj darvinistoj, emfazante la gravecon de la interhelpa me\u0125anismo, apud la natura selektado, kadre de la teorio pri evoluismo."@eo . . . . . "252404"^^ . . . 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"Ajuda M\u00FAtua: Um Fator de Evolu\u00E7\u00E3o (em ingl\u00EAs: Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution; em russo: \u0412\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0449\u044C \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438), tamb\u00E9m conhecido em portugu\u00EAs como Apoio M\u00FAtuo (com o mesmo subt\u00EDtulo), \u00E9 um dos livros escrito por Piotr Kropotkin em seu ex\u00EDlio na Inglaterra. A primeira edi\u00E7\u00E3o foi publicada em outubro de 1902 pela editora William Heinemann em Londres. Originalmente, seus cap\u00EDtulos foram antes publicados entre 1890-96 como artigos na revista brit\u00E2nica The Nineteenth Century. Foi escrito em grande medida como resposta ao darwinismo social e, em particular, ao artigo de Thomas H. Huxley \"The Struggle for Existence\" (em tradu\u00E7\u00E3o livre: A Luta pela Exist\u00EAncia) na mesma revista The Nineteenth Century. Kropotkin descreve suas pr\u00F3prias experi\u00EAncias em expedi\u00E7\u00F5es cient\u00EDficas como ge\u00F3grafo ao norte da Manch\u00FAria e \u00E0 Sib\u00E9ria Oriental para mostrar que a competi\u00E7\u00E3o agressiva por meios de sobreviv\u00EAncia n\u00E3o \u00E9 o principal fator para a Evolu\u00E7\u00E3o como defendiam muitos darwinistas. Ele examina a coopera\u00E7\u00E3o em comunidades animais, passa pelas sociedades pr\u00E9-feudais e cidades medievais, chegando, por fim, aos tempos modernos. Ele procura demonstrar que, embora a competi\u00E7\u00E3o exista, a \u00E9 a principal for\u00E7a a garantir a sobreviv\u00EAncia e o progresso de um grupo como um todo."@pt . . . "Pomoc wzajemna jako czynnik rozwoju (ang. Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution) \u2013 zbi\u00F3r esej\u00F3w rosyjskiego naturalisty i my\u015Bliciela anarchistycznego Piotra Kropotkina, wydany po raz pierwszy w 1902. Eseje, pocz\u0105tkowo publikowane w angielskim czasopi\u015Bmie w latach 1890\u20131896, zg\u0142\u0119biaj\u0105 rol\u0119 obop\u00F3lnej wsp\u00F3\u0142pracy i wzajemno\u015Bci (lub te\u017C \u201Epomocy wzajemnej\u201D) w dawnym i wsp\u00F3\u0142czesnym kr\u00F3lestwie zwierz\u0105t i spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwach ludzkich. Jest to argument przeciwko teoriom darwinizmu spo\u0142ecznego, kt\u00F3re podkre\u015Blaj\u0105 konkurencj\u0119 i przetrwanie najsilniejszych, oraz przeciwko romantycznym wyobra\u017Ceniom pisarzy takich jak Jean-Jacques Rousseau, kt\u00F3rzy uwa\u017Cali, \u017Ce wsp\u00F3\u0142praca by\u0142a motywowana uniwersaln\u0105 mi\u0142o\u015Bci\u0105. Zamiast tego Kropotkin argumentuje, \u017Ce pomoc wzajemna ma pragmatyczne zalety dla przetrwania spo\u0142eczno\u015Bci "@pl . . "L'Entraide, un facteur de l'\u00E9volution (Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution) est un essai de Pierre Kropotkine, paru durant son exil \u00E0 Londres en 1902. La premi\u00E8re version fran\u00E7aise parut chez Hachette quatre ans plus tard (1906, traduit de l'anglais par Louise Guieysse-Br\u00E9al), le mot entraide a \u00E9t\u00E9 inspir\u00E9 par Elis\u00E9e Reclus. \u00C0 la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, le \u00AB social-darwinisme \u00BB tente d'appliquer le m\u00E9canisme darwinien de s\u00E9lection naturelle dans le domaine social. La comp\u00E9tition pour l'existence et la survie des plus aptes sont tenus pour les principes de l'\u00E9volution. Kropotkine combat ce discours, entrant sur le terrain m\u00EAme du darwinisme pour montrer que l'entraide est un facteur de l'\u00E9volution autant sinon plus important que la comp\u00E9tition. Le concept est tr\u00E8s important dans la th\u00E9orie anarchiste. L'entraide est \u00E9galement un terme d'\u00E9conomie politique qui d\u00E9signe le concept \u00E9conomique de l'\u00E9change r\u00E9ciproque et volontaire de ressources et de services au profit de tous."@fr . . "L'Entraide, un facteur de l'\u00E9volution"@fr . "4341"^^ . . . . . "El apoyo mutuo: un factor en la evoluci\u00F3n es un libro que trata el tema del apoyo mutuo y la cooperaci\u00F3n dentro del proceso evolutivo, escrito por el anarcocomunista ruso Piotr Kropotkin durante su exilio en Inglaterra. Fue publicado por primera vez por William Heinemann en Londres en octubre de 1902. Los distintos cap\u00EDtulos hab\u00EDan sido publicados originalmente entre 1890 y 1896 como una serie de ensayos en la revista literaria mensual brit\u00E1nica The Nineteenth Century."@es . "El suport mutu: un factor d'evoluci\u00F3 \u00E9s un llibre de Piotr Kropotkin (1842-1921) publicat per l'editorial londinenca Heinemann l'any 1902. El llibre \u00E9s un recull d'articles que el naturista i anarquista rus va publicar a l'eminent revista cient\u00EDfica The Nineteenth Centtury entre 1890 i 1896. Va ser publicat en catal\u00E0 l'any 2021 per Virus Editorial, amb traducci\u00F3 d'Alba Padr\u00F3s. El llibre recull la tesi principal que l'ajuda m\u00FAtua entre els individus d'una mateixa esp\u00E8cie ha estat i \u00E9s un factor principal en el proc\u00E9s evolutiu. En aquest sentit, l'obra \u00E9s considerada pionera i antecedent del concepte d'altruisme en etologia, de la gen\u00E8tica de poblacions i de la sociobiologia. Aix\u00ED mateix, el llibre \u00E9s una pe\u00E7a clau en la concepci\u00F3 de l'anarquisme de Kropotkin, que va ser un dels principals te\u00F2rics del pensament llibertari. Des de la seva primera publicaci\u00F3, el llibre ha estat reeditat i publicat en molts idiomes (en catal\u00E0 entre d'altres)."@ca . "El suport mutu: un factor d'evoluci\u00F3"@ca . . . "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution"@en . 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"Pomoc wzajemna jako czynnik rozwoju"@pl . . . "El apoyo mutuo"@es . . . . . "Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt (englischer Originaltitel Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution) ist ein 1902 erschienenes Buch von Peter Kropotkin. Die Thesen herk\u00F6mmlicher sozialdarwinistischer Auffassungen kritisierend, stellt er dem Kampf ums Dasein das Konzept der Gegenseitigen Hilfe gegen\u00FCber und sieht beide zusammen als Faktoren der Evolution."@de . . . . . . "Il mutuo appoggio: un fattore dell'evoluzione \u00E8 una raccolta di saggi del naturalista e filosofo anarchico russo Peter Kropotkin. I saggi, inizialmente pubblicati sul periodico inglese tra il 1890 e il 1896, poi pubblicati come raccolta nel 1902, esaminano il ruolo del mutualismo e della cooperazione nel regno animale e nelle societ\u00E0 umane. Le tesi di Kropotkin costituiscono un'alternativa sia alle teorie del darwinismo sociale, le quali pongono l'enfasi sulla competizione e sull'egoismo, sia alle rappresentazioni romantiche di scrittori come Jean-Jacques Rousseau, il quale pensava che la cooperazione fosse motivata da una forma di amore universale. Kropotkin sostiene infatti che il mutuo appoggio fornisca vantaggi pratici per la sopravvivenza delle comunit\u00E0, sia umane che di altre specie, e che, tanto quanto la coscienza morale, sia stata premiata dalla selezione naturale. La raccolta \u00E8 considerata un testo fondamentale dell'anarco-comunismo, fornendo una base scientifica a favore del comunismo diversa da quella marxista del materialismo storico. Kropotkin analizza l'importanza che il mutuo appoggio ha avuto nel far sopravvivere e prosperare le specie animali, le societ\u00E0 umane (sia quelle europee che di altri popoli indigeni), le citt\u00E0 libere dell'Impero nel Medioevo (specialmente tramite le gilde) e, alla fine del XIX secolo, i villaggi e le comunit\u00E0 popolari. Egli critica gli Stati per aver distrutto importanti istituzioni di mutuo appoggio, in particolare attraverso l'imposizione della propriet\u00E0 privata. Molti biologi ritengono che il testo sia stato fondamentale per dare il via allo studio scientifico della cooperazione."@it . . . . . . "\u300A\uC0C1\uD638\uBD80\uC870\uB860\u300B\uC740 \uBC15\uBB3C\uD559\uC790\uC774\uC790 \uC544\uB098\uD0A4\uC2A4\uD2B8 \uCCA0\uD559\uC790\uC778 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 \uD06C\uB85C\uD3FF\uD0A8 \uC774 1902\uB144\uC5D0 \uC4F4 \uC778\uB958\uD559\uC801 \uC218\uD544 \uBAA8\uC74C\uC9D1\uC774\uB2E4. 1890\uB144\uACFC 1896\uB144 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uC815\uAE30\uAC04\uD589\uBB3C The Nineteenth Century\uC5D0 \uCC98\uC74C \uCD9C\uD310\uB41C \uC5D0\uC138\uC774\uB294 \uACFC\uAC70\uC640 \uD604\uC7AC \uBAA8\uB450\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC655\uAD6D\uACFC \uC778\uAC04 \uC0AC\uD68C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC0C1\uD638 \uC720\uC775\uD55C \uD611\uB825\uACFC \uD638\uD61C\uC8FC\uC758 (\uB610\uB294 \" \uC0C1\uD638 \uC6D0\uC870\")\uC758 \uC5ED\uD560\uC744 \uD0D0\uAD6C\uD55C\uB2E4. \uACBD\uC7C1\uACFC \uC801\uC790\uC0DD\uC874\uC744 \uAC15\uC870\uD558\uB294 \uC0AC\uD68C\uC801 \uB2E4\uC708\uC8FC\uC758 \uC774\uB860\uACFC \uD611\uB825\uC774 \uBCF4\uD3B8\uC801\uC778 \uC0AC\uB791\uC5D0\uC11C \uBE44\uB86F\uB41C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC0DD\uAC01\uD55C \uC7A5 \uC790\uD06C \uB8E8\uC18C \uB4F1\uC758 \uC791\uAC00\uB4E4\uC758 \uB0AD\uB9CC\uC801 \uBB18\uC0AC\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC8FC\uC7A5\uC774\uB2E4. \uB300\uC2E0 \uD06C\uB85C\uD3FF\uD0A8\uC740 \uC0C1\uD638 \uC6D0\uC870\uAC00 \uC778\uAC04\uACFC \uB3D9\uBB3C \uACF5\uB3D9\uCCB4\uC758 \uC0DD\uC874\uC5D0 \uC2E4\uC6A9\uC801\uC778 \uC774\uC810\uC774 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70 \uC591\uC2EC\uACFC \uD568\uAED8 \uC790\uC5F0 \uC120\uD0DD\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uCD09\uC9C4\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD55C\uB2E4. \u300A\uC0C1\uD638\uBD80\uC870\uB860\u300B\uC740 \uBB34\uC815\uBD80\uC8FC\uC758 \uACF5\uC0B0\uC8FC\uC758\uC758 \uAE30\uBCF8 \uD14D\uC2A4\uD2B8\uB85C \uAC04\uC8FC\uB41C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC83\uC740 \uB9D1\uC2A4\uC8FC\uC758\uC790 \uB4E4\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC801 \uC720\uBB3C\uB860\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uB300\uC548\uC73C\uB85C\uC11C \uACF5\uC0B0\uC8FC\uC758\uC758 \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uAE30\uCD08\uB97C \uC81C\uC2DC\uD55C\uB2E4. \uD06C\uB85C\uD3FF\uD0A8\uC740 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC655\uAD6D, \uD1A0\uCC29 \uBC0F \uCD08\uAE30 \uC720\uB7FD \uC0AC\uD68C, \uC911\uC138 \uC790\uC720 \uB3C4\uC2DC (\uD2B9\uD788 \uAE38\uB4DC\uB97C \uD1B5\uD55C), 19\uC138\uAE30 \uD6C4\uBC18 \uB9C8\uC744, \uB178\uB3D9 \uC6B4\uB3D9 \uBC0F \uAC00\uB09C\uD55C \uC0AC\uB78C\uB4E4\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC88\uC601\uACFC \uC0DD\uC874\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uC0C1\uD638 \uC6D0\uC870\uC758 \uC911\uC694\uC131\uC744 \uACE0\uB824\uD55C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uD2B9\uD788 \uC0AC\uC720 \uC7AC\uC0B0\uC758 \uBD80\uACFC\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uC0C1\uD638 \uC6D0\uC870 \uAE30\uAD00\uC744 \uD30C\uAD34 \uD55C \uAD6D\uAC00\uB97C \uBE44\uD310\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB9CE\uC740 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC740 \uD611\uB825\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uCD09\uB9E4\uC81C\uB77C\uACE0 \uC0DD\uAC01\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . "1118474340"^^ . "\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0628\u0627\u062F\u0644: \u0623\u062D\u062F \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631"@ar . . "\uC0C1\uD638\uBD80\uC870\uB860"@ko . . . "Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt (englischer Originaltitel Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution) ist ein 1902 erschienenes Buch von Peter Kropotkin. Die Thesen herk\u00F6mmlicher sozialdarwinistischer Auffassungen kritisierend, stellt er dem Kampf ums Dasein das Konzept der Gegenseitigen Hilfe gegen\u00FCber und sieht beide zusammen als Faktoren der Evolution. Obwohl das Buch nach seiner Publikation nur auf m\u00E4\u00DFiges Interesse in wissenschaftlichen Kreisen stie\u00DF, wurde es sp\u00E4ter bei der Reinterpretation von Darwins Thesen wiederentdeckt und beeinflusste moderne Naturwissenschaftler wie Imanishi Kinji, Ashley Montagu und Adolf Portmann."@de . "\u4E92\u52A9\u8BBA\uFF1A\u8FDB\u5316\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u8981\u7D20"@zh . . "Ajuda M\u00FAtua: Um Fator de Evolu\u00E7\u00E3o (em ingl\u00EAs: Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution; em russo: \u0412\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0449\u044C \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438), tamb\u00E9m conhecido em portugu\u00EAs como Apoio M\u00FAtuo (com o mesmo subt\u00EDtulo), \u00E9 um dos livros escrito por Piotr Kropotkin em seu ex\u00EDlio na Inglaterra. A primeira edi\u00E7\u00E3o foi publicada em outubro de 1902 pela editora William Heinemann em Londres. Originalmente, seus cap\u00EDtulos foram antes publicados entre 1890-96 como artigos na revista brit\u00E2nica The Nineteenth Century."@pt . . . "\u76F8\u4E92\u6276\u52A9\u8AD6"@ja . "Il mutuo appoggio: un fattore dell'evoluzione"@it . . . "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution"@en . . . . . . . "\u300E\u76F8\u4E92\u6276\u52A9\u8AD6\u300F\uFF08\u76F8\u4E92\u6276\u52A9\u3000\u9032\u5316\u306E\u539F\u56E0\uFF09 Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution \u306F\u3001\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u306E\u5730\u7406\u5B66\u8005\u3001\u30A2\u30CA\u30FC\u30AD\u30B9\u30C8\u3067\u3042\u308B\u30D4\u30E7\u30FC\u30C8\u30EB\u30FB\u30AF\u30ED\u30DD\u30C8\u30AD\u30F3\u306E\u30011902\u5E74\u306E\u5C0F\u8AD6\u6587\u3092\u307E\u3068\u3081\u3066\u51FA\u7248\u3055\u308C\u305F\u66F8\u7C4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u8AF8\u8AD6\u6587\u306F\u3082\u3068\u3082\u30681890\u5E74\u304B\u30891896\u5E74\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u96D1\u8A8C\u300E19\u4E16\u7D00\u300F\u306B\u82F1\u8A9E\u3067\u6295\u7A3F\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3001\u76F8\u4E92\u306B\u6069\u6075\u306E\u3042\u308B\u5354\u529B\u95A2\u4FC2\u3001\u4E92\u6075\u6027\uFF08\u76F8\u4E92\u6276\u52A9\uFF09\u304C\u751F\u7269\u74B0\u5883\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3082\u4EBA\u9593\u793E\u4F1A\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3082\u679C\u305F\u3059\u5F79\u5272\u3092\u3001\u904E\u53BB\u304B\u3089\u73FE\u5728\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u660E\u3089\u304B\u306B\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76EE\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3002\u30AF\u30ED\u30DD\u30C8\u30AD\u30F3\u306F\u3053\u306E\u4E2D\u3067\u793E\u4F1A\u30C0\u30FC\u30A6\u30A3\u30CB\u30BA\u30E0\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u3001\u305D\u308C\u3089\u304C\u5F37\u8ABF\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F\u751F\u5B58\u5171\u5B58\u3068\u9069\u8005\u751F\u5B58\u306E\u4E3B\u5F35\u306B\u53CD\u8AD6\u3057\u3001\u4ED6\u65B9\u3067\u30B8\u30E3\u30F3\uFF1D\u30B8\u30E3\u30C3\u30AF\u30FB\u30EB\u30BD\u30FC\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u535A\u611B\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u793E\u4F1A\u306B\u8ABF\u548C\u304C\u3082\u305F\u3089\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7406\u60F3\u7684\u63CF\u5199\u3082\u6279\u5224\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u4EE3\u308F\u308A\u306B\u30AF\u30ED\u30DD\u30C8\u30AD\u30F3\u304C\u4E3B\u5F35\u3057\u305F\u306E\u306F\u3001\u76F8\u4E92\u6276\u52A9\u306F\u4EBA\u9593\u96C6\u56E3\u3084\u52D5\u7269\u96C6\u56E3\u304C\u751F\u304D\u6B8B\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306E\u73FE\u5B9F\u7684\u306A\u5229\u70B9\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306B\u305D\u308C\u306F\u81EA\u7136\u9078\u629E\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u652F\u6301\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70B9\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002"@ja .