. . . . . "Morphine"@en . . . "D08233"@en . . "a more standard presentation, without a scheme-in-text, and with description of key enzymes, points of pathway regulation, etc"@en . . "High"@en . . . . "141887"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1124226647"^^ . . . . "\u55CE\u5561\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AMorphine\uFF09\u70BA\u4E00\u7A2E\u9D09\u7247\u985E\u85E5\u7269\uFF0C\u6703\u76F4\u63A5\u4F5C\u7528\u65BC\u4E2D\u6A1E\u795E\u7D93\u7CFB\u7D71\uFF0C\u6539\u8B8A\u4EBA\u9AD4\u5C0D\u75BC\u75DB\u7684\u611F\u89BA\u3002\u53EF\u7528\u65BC\u7DE9\u89E3\u6025\u6027\u6216\u6162\u6027\u75BC\u75DB\u3002\u55CE\u5561\u4E5F\u5E38\u7528\u65BC\u5FC3\u808C\u6897\u585E\u548C\u81E8\u76C6\u6642\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u53E3\u670D\u3001\u3001\u76AE\u4E0B\u6CE8\u5C04\u3001\u975C\u8108\u6CE8\u5C04\uFF0C\u6216\u810A\u9AD3\u5468\u570D\u6CE8\u5C04\u3002 \u6F5B\u5728\u7684\u56B4\u91CD\u526F\u4F5C\u7528\u5305\u62EC\u547C\u5438\u6291\u5236\u548C\u4F4E\u8840\u58D3\uFF0C\u4E14\u6709\u9AD8\u5EA6\u6210\u766E\u6027\u548C\u85E5\u7269\u6FEB\u7528\u7684\u60C5\u5F62\u3002\u5982\u679C\u9577\u671F\u4F7F\u7528\u5F8C\u9A5F\u7136\u964D\u4F4E\u5291\u91CF\uFF0C\u53EF\u80FD\u6703\u51FA\u73FE\u6212\u65B7\u75C7\u72C0\u3002\u5E38\u898B\u7684\u526F\u4F5C\u7528\u6709\u660F\u6C89\u3001\u5614\u5410\u548C\u4FBF\u79D8\u3002\u61F7\u5B55\u548C\u54FA\u4E73\u671F\u9593\u4E0D\u5EFA\u8B70\u4F7F\u7528\uFF0C\u4EE5\u514D\u5F71\u97FF\u80CE\u5152\u3002 \u55CE\u5561\u662F\u57281803-1805\u5E74\u7531\u5FB7\u570B\u85E5\u5E2B\u745F\u5716\u7D0D\u9996\u6B21\u5206\u96E2\u51FA\u4F86\uFF0C\u666E\u904D\u76F8\u4FE1\u55CE\u5561\u662F\u9996\u500B\u6210\u529F\u5F9E\u690D\u7269\u9AD4\u5167\u5206\u96E2\u7684\u6D3B\u6027\u6210\u5206\u3002\u7F8E\u570B\u9ED8\u514B\u85E5\u5EE0\u65BC1827\u5E74\u958B\u59CB\u5546\u696D\u8CA9\u552E\u30021835-1855\u5E74\u9593\uFF0C\u76AE\u4E0B\u6CE8\u5C04\u5668\u88AB\u767C\u660E\uFF0C\u81EA\u6B64\u672C\u54C1\u66F4\u88AB\u5EE3\u6CDB\u4F7F\u7528\u3002Sert\u00FCrner\u8D77\u521D\u56E0\u70BA\u55CE\u5561\u5177\u6709\u8B93\u4EBA\u7761\u8457\u7684\u50BE\u5411\uFF0C\u5C31\u4EE5\u5E0C\u81D8\u795E\u8A71\u4E2D\u7684\u5922\u5883\u8207\u7761\u7720\u4E4B\u795E\u2014\u2014\u6469\u8033\u752B\u65AF\uFF08Morpheus\uFF09\u7684\u540D\u7A31\u5C07\u9019\u7A2E\u7269\u8CEA\u547D\u540D\u70BA\u300C\u55CE\u5561\u300D\uFF08Morphium\uFF09\u3002 \u55CE\u5561\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u4F86\u6E90\u662F\u5F9E\u7F4C\u7C9F\u82B1\u7684\u7F4C\u7C9F\u7A08\u6240\u5206\u96E2\u51FA\u4F86\u3002\u57282013\u5E74\u4F30\u8A08\u88FD\u9020\u4E8652.3\u842C\u516C\u65A4\u7684\u55CE\u5561\u3002\u5176\u4E2D\u5927\u7D04\u67094.5\u842C\u516C\u65A4\u7684\u55CE\u5561\u88AB\u76F4\u63A5\u7528\u65BC\u7DE9\u89E3\u75BC\u75DB\uFF0C\u6BD4\u4E8C\u5341\u5E74\u524D\u9AD8\u51FA\u56DB\u500D\uFF0C\u4E14\u5927\u591A\u5C07\u55CE\u5561\u7528\u65BC\u6B62\u75DB\u7684\u70BA\u5DF2\u958B\u767C\u570B\u5BB6\u3002\u7D04\u670970%\u7684\u55CE\u5561\u88AB\u7528\u65BC\u88FD\u4F5C\u5176\u4ED6\u985E\u9D09\u7247\u85E5\u7269\uFF0C\u3001\u7FA5\u8003\u916E\u3001\u6D77\u6D1B\u56E0\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u7F8E\u6C99\u51AC\u3002\u672C\u54C1\u5728\u7F8E\u570B\u5C6C\u65BC\u7B2C\u4E8C\u7D1A\u7BA1\u5236\u85E5\u54C1\uFF08Schedule II\uFF09\uFF0C\u5728\u82F1\u570B\u5C6C\u7532\u7D1A\u7BA1\u5236\u85E5\u54C1\uFF08Class A\uFF09\uFF0C\u52A0\u62FF\u5927\u5247\u5C6C\u7B2C\u4E00\u7D1A\u7BA1\u5236\u85E5\u54C1\u3002\u4E2D\u83EF\u6C11\u570B\u5247\u5C6C\u300A\u6BD2\u54C1\u5371\u5BB3\u9632\u5236\u689D\u4F8B\u300B\u660E\u5B9A\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u7D1A\u6BD2\u54C1\uFF0C\u66A8\u300A\u7BA1\u5236\u85E5\u54C1\u7BA1\u7406\u689D\u4F8B\u300B\u6240\u898F\u7BC4\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u7D1A\u7BA1\u5236\u85E5\u54C1\u3002\u55CE\u5561\u5217\u540D\u65BC\u4E16\u754C\u536B\u751F\u7EC4\u7EC7\u57FA\u672C\u836F\u7269\u6807\u51C6\u6E05\u5355\uFF0C\u70BA\u57FA\u790E\u516C\u885B\u9AD4\u7CFB\u7684\u5FC5\u5099\u85E5\u7269\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002"@zh . . "D08233" . "Morfin adalah alkaloid analgesik yang sangat kuat dan merupakan agen aktif utama yang ditemukan pada opium. Senyawa ini bekerja langsung pada sistem saraf pusat untuk menghilangkan nyeri. morfin diberikan baik dalam kasus nyeri akut maupun kronis. Pasien serangan jantung atau persalinan sering kali diberikan morfin. Obat ini dikonsumsi melalui mulut, suntikan ke otot, suntikan ke bawah kulit, intravena, suntikan ke ruang sekitar sumsum tulang belakang, atau dubur. Efek maksimum dicapai setelah sekitar 20 menit jika lewat intravena dan 60 menit jika lewat mulut; durasi kerja mencapai 3-7 jam. Obat yang bekerja lama juga tersedia. Efek samping serius mencakup kerja pernapasan yang menurun dan tekanan darah yang rendah. morfin menimbulkan ketergantungan dan rentan disalahgunakan. Jika dosis dikurangi setelah penggunaan jangka panjang, gejala dapat terjadi. Efek samping yang umum termasuk kantuk, muntah, dan sembelit. Peringatan diberikan bagi pasien hamil atau menyusui sebab morfin dapat berpengaruh pada bayi. morfin pertama kali diisolasi antara 1803 dan 1805 oleh . Isolasi ini dianggap sebagai yang pertama dalam kategori bahan aktif dari tanaman. Merck memasarkannya pertama kali pada 1827. morfin banyak digunakan setelah penemuan spuit hipodermis pada 1853\u20131855. Sert\u00FCrner pertama kali menamakan senyawa ini morphium mengikuti dewa mimpi Yunani, Morfeus, karena efek menyebabkan tidur. Sumber utama dalam isolasi morfin adalah poppy straw Papaver somniferum. Pada 2013, produksi morfin mendekati 523 ton. Hampir 45 ton morfin digunakan menangani nyeri, peningkatan empat kali lipat daripada dua puluh tahun terakhir. Sekitar 70% obat ini digunakan sebagai bahan opioid lain seperti , , dan heroin. morfin digolongkan sebagai obat Schedule II di Amerika Serikat, Class A di Inggris, dan Schedule I di Kanada. Obat ini terdaftar dalam Daftar Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia, obat-obatan paling efektif dan aman yang dibutuhkan oleh sistem kesehatan. Pada 2016, morfin adalah obat yang paling banyak diresepkan ke-158 di Amerika Serikat, dalam lebih dari tiga juta resep."@in . . "changed"@en . . "Class A"@en . . . "\u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u043D"@uk . . . . . . . . . "Kidney 90%, bile duct 10%"@en . . "\u0397 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 (\u03B5\u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1: MS Contin, MSIR, Avinza, Kadian, Oramorph, Roxanol) \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BE\u03B1\u03B9\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BF\u03C0\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03C7\u03BF \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03B3\u03B7\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03CC\u03C4\u03B9 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03C1\u03C9\u03C4\u03BF\u03C4\u03C5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BF\u03C0\u03B9\u03BF\u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03AD\u03C2. \u0392\u03C1\u03AF\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD, \u03C1\u03B7\u03C4\u03B9\u03BD\u03CE\u03B4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AE, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03AD\u03C1\u03C7\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03C6\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03C0\u03B1\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03B1\u03C2 (Papaver somniferum)."@el . . . "Morfina"@eu . . . . . . "4450907"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Morfino estas la \u0109efa alkaloido de opio (10 %), C17H19O3N, uzata (en hospitalo) kiel dormiga kaj analgeza drogo, precipe per subha\u016Dtaj injektoj. Pingloforma, kristala, amara pulvoro, en akvo apena\u016D solvi\u011Das (4%). \u011Ci povas ka\u016Dzi morfomanion. Oni uzas \u011Din kuraccele en dozo de 0,005-0,03 gramo. (morfinomanio, demorfinizo)"@eo . . . . "19"^^ . . . "N I III"@en . . . . . . . . . . "64"^^ . . "CN1CC[C@]23C4=C5C=CC=C4O[C@H]2[C@@H]C=C[C@H]3[C@H]1C5"@en . . "1"^^ . . . . . "64-31-3 (neutral sulfate)," . . "5288826" . . . . . . "\u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0301\u043D (\u043E\u0442 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u043E\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u0431\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0435\u044F \u2014 \u039C\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03B5\u03CD\u03C2 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u039C\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AD\u03B1\u03C2) \u2014 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u043A\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0438\u0434 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0443\u043C\u0430, \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0443\u043C\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u043C 10 %, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043B\u043A\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0432. \u0421\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0435 \u0441\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043C (Papaver somniferum) \u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0430, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0438\u0437\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440 \u2014 (\u2212)-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u043D. (+)-\u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u043D \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438 (\u2212)-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u043D\u0430. \u0425\u043B\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0441\u043E\u043B\u044C \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u2014 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0439 \u2014 \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043C."@ru . . . . "52"^^ . "La morfina \u00E8 il pi\u00F9 abbondante e principale alcaloide contenuto nell'oppio, estratto dalla linfa essiccata fuoriuscita dal profondo taglio effettuato sulle capsule immature prodotte dal papavero da oppio (Papaver somniferum).La morfina \u00E8 stato il primo principio attivo estratto da una fonte vegetale ed \u00E8 uno degli almeno 50 alcaloidi di diversi tipi presenti nell'oppio. La morfina \u00E8 generalmente contenuta in un 8-17 per cento del peso a secco dell'oppio, anche se pu\u00F2 raggiungere il 26 per cento in alcune specie. La variet\u00E0 dei papaveri come Przemko e Norman sono utilizzati per produrre due altri alcaloidi, tebaina e papaverina, utilizzati nella sintesi di oppioidi come ossicodone e etorfina e altre sostanze semi sintetiche. Il Papaver bracteatum (Lindley) \u00E8 una specie da cui si ottiene mol"@it . . . . . "Morphine"@fr . "57"^^ . . . . "Liver 90%"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "no"@en . . . "\u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0301\u043D (\u043E\u0442 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u043E\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u0431\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0435\u044F \u2014 \u039C\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03B5\u03CD\u03C2 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u039C\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AD\u03B1\u03C2) \u2014 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u043A\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0438\u0434 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0443\u043C\u0430, \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0443\u043C\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u043C 10 %, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043B\u043A\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0432. \u0421\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0435 \u0441\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043C (Papaver somniferum) \u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0430, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0438\u0437\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440 \u2014 (\u2212)-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u043D. 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"Morfine is een in de geneeskunde veelgebruikte krachtige narcotische pijnstiller. De apotheker Friedrich Sert\u00FCrner isoleerde in 1804 het alkalo\u00EFde morfine als een van de werkzame bestanddelen van opium. Het is dus een opiaat. De naam morfine is ontleend aan de god Morpheus uit de Griekse mythologie. Hoewel morfine in principe geheel synthetisch kan worden gemaakt, wordt de grondstof waar morfine uit wordt ge\u00EBxtraheerd, de ruwe opium, nog steeds door de papaverplant geleverd. Morfine is opgenomen in de lijst van essenti\u00EBle geneesmiddelen van de Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie WHO en valt onder de opio\u00EFden."@nl . 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"Morfina"@es . . . . . . . . "A morfina \u00E9 um f\u00E1rmaco narc\u00F3tico de alto poder analg\u00E9sico usado para aliviar dores severas. Pertencente ao grupo dos opioides, foi isolado pela primeira vez em 1804 por Friedrich Sert\u00FCrner, que come\u00E7ou a distribuir a droga em 1817. A morfina passou a ser comercializada em 1827 pela Merck, que \u00E0 \u00E9poca era uma pequena empresa qu\u00EDmica. O nome da subst\u00E2ncia tem origem no deus grego dos sonhos, Morfeu (em grego: \u039C\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03B5\u03CD\u03C2). Com a inven\u00E7\u00E3o da agulha hipod\u00E9rmica em 1899, o uso da morfina generalizou-se para o tratamento da dor. Foi utilizada na Guerra Civil Americana, resultando em 400 mil soldados com s\u00EDndrome de depend\u00EAncia devido ao seu uso impr\u00F3prio. A hero\u00EDna, cujo nome cient\u00EDfico \u00E9 diacetilmorfina, foi derivada da morfina em 1874."@pt . . . . . . . "477170110"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Class B"@en . "Schedule I"@en . . "Morfina (\u0142ac. Morphinum) \u2013 organiczny zwi\u0105zek chemiczny z grupy alkaloid\u00F3w. Wchodzi w sk\u0142ad opium i jest jego najistotniejszym sk\u0142adnikiem psychoaktywnym. Zosta\u0142a wyodr\u0119bniona w roku 1804 przez Friedricha Sert\u00FCrnera. W stanie czystym jest bia\u0142\u0105 substancj\u0105 sta\u0142\u0105, o gorzkim smaku, s\u0142abo rozpuszczaln\u0105 w wodzie. Ma dzia\u0142anie narkotyczne (odurzaj\u0105ce), przeciwb\u00F3lowe, przeciwkaszlowe,przeciwbiegunkowe, dzia\u0142a depresyjnie na o\u015Brodkowy uk\u0142ad nerwowy (zalicza si\u0119 do depresant\u00F3w). Nadmierne dawki mog\u0105 prowadzi\u0107 do \u015Bpi\u0105czki z depresj\u0105 o\u015Brodka oddechowego (niewydolno\u015B\u0107 oddechowa). Kilkunastokrotne u\u017Cycie morfiny prowadzi do uzale\u017Cnienia fizycznego, uzale\u017Cnienie psychiczne wyst\u0119puje znacznie szybciej. Powtarzanie dawek morfiny, podobnie jak innych lek\u00F3w opioidowych, powoduje powstawanie tolerancji na lek. W medycynie jest stosowana w postaci doustnej jako chlorowodorek lub siarczan morfiny oraz w iniekcji jako siarczan morfiny. Preparaty z morfin\u0105 mog\u0105 by\u0107 podawane doustnie, podsk\u00F3rnie, do\u017Cylnie, a tak\u017Ce do przestrzeni podpaj\u0119czyn\u00F3wkowej oraz zewn\u0105trzoponowo. Ze wzgl\u0119du na kr\u00F3tki okres p\u00F3\u0142trwania dawki morfiny nale\u017Cy cz\u0119sto podawa\u0107 w celu utrzymania dzia\u0142ania przeciwb\u00F3lowego. Opracowano tabletki o zmodyfikowanym uwalnianiu leku, kt\u00F3re zapewniaj\u0105 dzia\u0142anie przeciwb\u00F3lowe do 12 godzin. Mimo i\u017C istnieje wiele nowszych, syntetycznych lek\u00F3w o dzia\u0142aniu przeciwb\u00F3lowym opioid\u00F3w lub farmakologicznie odmiennych, morfina nadal jest stosowana w leczeniu b\u00F3lu. Morfina by\u0142a wykorzystywana na du\u017C\u0105 skal\u0119 przez wojska walcz\u0105ce w II wojnie \u015Bwiatowej. Do jej pochodnych nale\u017C\u0105 m.in.: \n* kodeina \u2013 eter metylowy, \n* tebaina \u2013 eter dimetylowy, \n* heroina \u2013 pochodna diacetylowa, \n* dionina \u2013 eter etylowy. Nazwa morfiny wywodzi si\u0119 od imienia greckiego boga marze\u0144 sennych \u2013 Morfeusza, ze wzgl\u0119du na jej dawniej wykorzystywane nasenne w\u0142a\u015Bciwo\u015Bci. W staro\u017Cytno\u015Bci i \u015Bredniowieczu pito wywar z maku w celach narkotycznych oraz nasennych, mi\u0119dzy innymi dawano go ma\u0142ym dzieciom, aby by\u0142y spokojniejsze i wi\u0119cej spa\u0142y."@pl . "Morfin"@sv . . . . . . . . . . "sourced content that brielfy summarises how morphine is used, industrially and globally, to produce other compounds with utility in medicine or research"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Morfin (summaformel C17H19NO3) \u00E4r ett kraftigt sm\u00E4rtstillande och s\u00F6mngivande l\u00E4kemedel ing\u00E5ende i gruppen opioider. Morfin utvinns ur opiumvallmo och namnet kommer fr\u00E5n dr\u00F6mmens gud, Morfeus, i den grekiska mytologin. Morfin isolerades f\u00F6rst 1804 av den tyske apotekaren Friedrich Sert\u00FCrner. Morfin har en rad effekter p\u00E5 centrala nervsystemet och p\u00E5 muskulatur. Bland annat orsakar morfin eufori (vid h\u00F6ga doser), sm\u00E4rtlindring och har \u00E4ven en muskelavslappnande effekt. Preparatet har dock en rad nackdelar, bland annat \u00E4r morfin starkt vanebildande och individen i fr\u00E5ga utvecklar snabbt tolerans och ett fysiskt beroende. Dessutom \u00E4r morfin likt barbiturater i den meningen att det h\u00E4mmar andningen, och kan d\u00E4rmed vara mycket farligt vid felaktig anv\u00E4ndning. Morfinderivat kallas \u00E4mnen som \u00E4r framst\u00E4llda ur rent morfin. Substansen heroin (diacetylmorfin) framst\u00E4lldes fr\u00E5n b\u00F6rjan genom att koka morfin i \u00E4ttiksyraanhydrid och \u00E4r d\u00E4rmed n\u00E4ra besl\u00E4ktad med morfin. De tv\u00E5 substanserna skiljs endast \u00E5t av heroinets h\u00F6gre fettl\u00F6slighet, vilket leder till att den passerar blod-hj\u00E4rnbarri\u00E4ren snabbare. Morfin \u00E4r narkotikaklassat och ing\u00E5r i f\u00F6rteckningen N I i 1961 \u00E5rs allm\u00E4nna narkotikakonvention samt i f\u00F6rteckning II i Sverige. Det tillhandah\u00E5lls i Sverige som l\u00E4kemedel bland annat som tabletter och injektionsv\u00E4tska under namnen Depolan, Dolcontin Unotard (depottablett), Morfin plus producentens namn med flera, d\u00E5 f\u00F6r att lindra kraftig sm\u00E4rta av akut eller kronisk art. J\u00E4mf\u00F6rt med en del andra opioider har morfin en relativt kort verkan, vilket kan vara att f\u00F6redra inf\u00F6r till exempel en operation."@sv . . . "Morfine is een in de geneeskunde veelgebruikte krachtige narcotische pijnstiller. De apotheker Friedrich Sert\u00FCrner isoleerde in 1804 het alkalo\u00EFde morfine als een van de werkzame bestanddelen van opium. Het is dus een opiaat. De naam morfine is ontleend aan de god Morpheus uit de Griekse mythologie. Hoewel morfine in principe geheel synthetisch kan worden gemaakt, wordt de grondstof waar morfine uit wordt ge\u00EBxtraheerd, de ruwe opium, nog steeds door de papaverplant geleverd. Morfine is opgenomen in de lijst van essenti\u00EBle geneesmiddelen van de Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie WHO en valt onder de opio\u00EFden. Morfine wordt voorgeschreven in de hoogste klasse van de pijnladder van de WHO. Indicaties om morfine voor te schrijven zijn acute ernstige pijn bijvoorbeeld na een operatie, een hartinfarct en bij asthma cardiale. Morfine wordt eveneens ingezet voor palliatieve zorg, bij chronische hevige pijn zoals in het terminale stadium van een ziekte. Daarnaast wordt morfine gebruikt als premedicatie voor anesthesie en als pijnstiller tijdens de operatie. Morfine wordt ingezet als pijnbestrijding bij palliatieve sedatie. Morfine wordt voor acute pijnstilling parenteraal toegepast, subcutaan, intramusculair, intraveneus en bij peridurale anesthesie. Als onderhoudsdosering wordt het in de vorm van zetpillen en als drank ingezet. Een diagnostische bijwerking zijn kleine pupillen, miose. Een van de veel voorkomende bijwerkingen van morfine is misselijkheid. Om misselijkheid te verhelpen wordt een anti-emeticum zoals metoclopramide gegeven. Constipatie is een van de bijwerkingen van opio\u00EFden, dus ook van morfine."@nl . . "Statex, MS Contin, MST Continus, Oramorph, Sevredol, and others"@en . . . . . . . . . "N02"@en . "AA01"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La morfina \u00E8 il pi\u00F9 abbondante e principale alcaloide contenuto nell'oppio, estratto dalla linfa essiccata fuoriuscita dal profondo taglio effettuato sulle capsule immature prodotte dal papavero da oppio (Papaver somniferum).La morfina \u00E8 stato il primo principio attivo estratto da una fonte vegetale ed \u00E8 uno degli almeno 50 alcaloidi di diversi tipi presenti nell'oppio. La morfina \u00E8 generalmente contenuta in un 8-17 per cento del peso a secco dell'oppio, anche se pu\u00F2 raggiungere il 26 per cento in alcune specie. La variet\u00E0 dei papaveri come Przemko e Norman sono utilizzati per produrre due altri alcaloidi, tebaina e papaverina, utilizzati nella sintesi di oppioidi come ossicodone e etorfina e altre sostanze semi sintetiche. Il Papaver bracteatum (Lindley) \u00E8 una specie da cui si ottiene molta tebaina. La presenza di morfina in altri papaverales e Papaveracee, cos\u00EC come in alcune specie di luppolo e alberi non \u00E8 stata confermata. La morfina \u00E8 prodotta in modo predominante nelle prime fasi del ciclo di vita della pianta. Passato il punto ottimale di estrazione, si arriva ai vari processi nello stabilimento di produzione di codeina, tebaina, ossicodone, quantit\u00E0 trascurabili di idromorfone, diidromorfina, diidrocodeina, tetraidrotebaina e idrocodone. Viene utilizzata in medicina come analgesico per il trattamento del dolore acuto e cronico.Agisce rapidamente se somministrata in via endovenosa (EV) o sottocutanea (SC). Per via orale (OS), in forma di sciroppo o compresse, invece si deve attendere un arco di 20-60 minuti prima di sentirne l'effetto analgesico. La morfina instaura rapidamente una fase di assuefazione e tolleranza, ovvero la necessit\u00E0 di aumentarne le dosi per poter risentire l'effetto analgesico ottenuto precedentemente con minori dosaggi. Oltre a questo problema si instaura anche una dipendenza sia fisica che psicologica da questa sostanza, fatto sgradevole che pu\u00F2 verificarsi dopo alcune settimane di uso giornaliero standard. \u00C8 necessario scalare gradatamente il dosaggio senza interrompere bruscamente la terapia per non incorrere in una sindrome di astinenza."@it . . . . . "17"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Morfina potentzia handiko analgesiko zaharra da, opioaren alkaloide fenantrenoa eta 1804an aurkitu zena, substantzia natural baita, Papaver somniferum lo-belarretik lortu zena. Opiazeoen aitzindaria izan zen, gerora kodeina, heroina... bezalako substantzia sintetikoak lortu ziren bere eragina hobetu nahian. Bere izena Morfeo, loaren jainko greziarrari zor diogu. Halaber, erabilera medikoei dagokienez mina kentzeko gaitasuna du eta analgesiko moduan erabiltzen da kasu batzuetan. Beste alde batetik, kalean droga ilegal moduan hartzea ez da ezohikoa izaten."@eu . . . . . . . . . . "\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064A\u0646"@ar . "\u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u0301\u043D (\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0442. Morphinum; \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0456\u043B\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 \u2014 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u0439) \u2014 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u043F\u0456\u043E\u0457\u0434,[\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E?] \u0449\u043E \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0443 \u0441\u043D\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 (Papaver somniferum). \u0412\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u044F\u043A \u0437\u043D\u0435\u0431\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u044F\u043A \u0440\u0435\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043A\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043A \u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u043F\u0456\u043E\u0457\u0434\u0456\u0432. \u0412 \u043E\u043F\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0456\u0437\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440, (-)-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u043D. (+)-\u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u043D \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0456 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0443 \u0456 \u043D\u0435 \u043C\u0430\u0454 \u0444\u0430\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 (-)-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u043D\u0443."@uk . . . . . "La morfina es una potente droga opi\u00E1cea utilizada frecuentemente en medicina como analg\u00E9sico.La morfina fue nombrada as\u00ED por el farmac\u00E9utico alem\u00E1n Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sert\u00FCrner en honor a Morfeo, el dios griego de los sue\u00F1os."@es . . . . . . "Morfin"@in . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0438\u043D"@ru . . . . . . "Is \u00E9ard is moirf\u00EDn ann n\u00E1 druga a dh\u00EDortha\u00EDtear \u00F3 chodlaid\u00EDn, a \u00FAs\u00E1idtear chun pian gh\u00E9ar a mhaol\u00FA. De bhr\u00ED gur druga and\u00FAile \u00E9, b\u00EDonn s\u00E9 faoi rial\u00FA. Is f\u00E9idir le r\u00F3dh\u00E1ileog a bheith marfach de bhr\u00ED go gcuireann s\u00ED cosc ar an riospr\u00E1id. \u00DAs\u00E1idtear freisin \u00E9 in ullmh\u00FAch\u00E1in frithbhuinn\u00ED."@ga . "High"@en . . . . . . . . "Morphin oder Morphium ist ein Hauptalkaloid des Opiums und z\u00E4hlt damit zu den Opiaten. Es geh\u00F6rt zu der Gruppe der stark wirkenden Opioide der Stufe III im WHO-Stufenschema (Klassifizierung der Schmerztherapie) und ist als Schmerzmittel bei starken und st\u00E4rksten Schmerzen zugelassen. Morphin ist das erste in Reinform isolierte Alkaloid. Das Opioid-Analgetikum ist zudem ein Rauschgift und unterliegt bet\u00E4ubungsmittelrechtlichen Vorschriften gem\u00E4\u00DF dem Einheitsabkommen \u00FCber die Bet\u00E4ubungsmittel."@de . . "\u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u0301\u043D (\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0442. Morphinum; \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0456\u043B\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 \u2014 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u0439) \u2014 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u043F\u0456\u043E\u0457\u0434,[\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E?] \u0449\u043E \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0443 \u0441\u043D\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 (Papaver somniferum). \u0412\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u044F\u043A \u0437\u043D\u0435\u0431\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u044F\u043A \u0440\u0435\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043A\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043A \u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u043F\u0456\u043E\u0457\u0434\u0456\u0432. \u0412 \u043E\u043F\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0456\u0437\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440, (-)-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u043D. (+)-\u041C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u043D \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0456 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0443 \u0456 \u043D\u0435 \u043C\u0430\u0454 \u0444\u0430\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 (-)-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0444\u0456\u043D\u0443."@uk . "Morfina"@ca . . . . . . "February 2020"@en . . . . . . . . "17303" . "1200.0"^^ . . "DB00295" . . "Morfino"@eo . "C"@en . . "\u55CE\u5561\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AMorphine\uFF09\u70BA\u4E00\u7A2E\u9D09\u7247\u985E\u85E5\u7269\uFF0C\u6703\u76F4\u63A5\u4F5C\u7528\u65BC\u4E2D\u6A1E\u795E\u7D93\u7CFB\u7D71\uFF0C\u6539\u8B8A\u4EBA\u9AD4\u5C0D\u75BC\u75DB\u7684\u611F\u89BA\u3002\u53EF\u7528\u65BC\u7DE9\u89E3\u6025\u6027\u6216\u6162\u6027\u75BC\u75DB\u3002\u55CE\u5561\u4E5F\u5E38\u7528\u65BC\u5FC3\u808C\u6897\u585E\u548C\u81E8\u76C6\u6642\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u53E3\u670D\u3001\u3001\u76AE\u4E0B\u6CE8\u5C04\u3001\u975C\u8108\u6CE8\u5C04\uFF0C\u6216\u810A\u9AD3\u5468\u570D\u6CE8\u5C04\u3002 \u6F5B\u5728\u7684\u56B4\u91CD\u526F\u4F5C\u7528\u5305\u62EC\u547C\u5438\u6291\u5236\u548C\u4F4E\u8840\u58D3\uFF0C\u4E14\u6709\u9AD8\u5EA6\u6210\u766E\u6027\u548C\u85E5\u7269\u6FEB\u7528\u7684\u60C5\u5F62\u3002\u5982\u679C\u9577\u671F\u4F7F\u7528\u5F8C\u9A5F\u7136\u964D\u4F4E\u5291\u91CF\uFF0C\u53EF\u80FD\u6703\u51FA\u73FE\u6212\u65B7\u75C7\u72C0\u3002\u5E38\u898B\u7684\u526F\u4F5C\u7528\u6709\u660F\u6C89\u3001\u5614\u5410\u548C\u4FBF\u79D8\u3002\u61F7\u5B55\u548C\u54FA\u4E73\u671F\u9593\u4E0D\u5EFA\u8B70\u4F7F\u7528\uFF0C\u4EE5\u514D\u5F71\u97FF\u80CE\u5152\u3002 \u55CE\u5561\u662F\u57281803-1805\u5E74\u7531\u5FB7\u570B\u85E5\u5E2B\u745F\u5716\u7D0D\u9996\u6B21\u5206\u96E2\u51FA\u4F86\uFF0C\u666E\u904D\u76F8\u4FE1\u55CE\u5561\u662F\u9996\u500B\u6210\u529F\u5F9E\u690D\u7269\u9AD4\u5167\u5206\u96E2\u7684\u6D3B\u6027\u6210\u5206\u3002\u7F8E\u570B\u9ED8\u514B\u85E5\u5EE0\u65BC1827\u5E74\u958B\u59CB\u5546\u696D\u8CA9\u552E\u30021835-1855\u5E74\u9593\uFF0C\u76AE\u4E0B\u6CE8\u5C04\u5668\u88AB\u767C\u660E\uFF0C\u81EA\u6B64\u672C\u54C1\u66F4\u88AB\u5EE3\u6CDB\u4F7F\u7528\u3002Sert\u00FCrner\u8D77\u521D\u56E0\u70BA\u55CE\u5561\u5177\u6709\u8B93\u4EBA\u7761\u8457\u7684\u50BE\u5411\uFF0C\u5C31\u4EE5\u5E0C\u81D8\u795E\u8A71\u4E2D\u7684\u5922\u5883\u8207\u7761\u7720\u4E4B\u795E\u2014\u2014\u6469\u8033\u752B\u65AF\uFF08Morpheus\uFF09\u7684\u540D\u7A31\u5C07\u9019\u7A2E\u7269\u8CEA\u547D\u540D\u70BA\u300C\u55CE\u5561\u300D\uFF08Morphium\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . "20.0"^^ . "\u30E2\u30EB\u30D2\u30CD\uFF08\u83AB\u5150\u6BD4\u6D85\u3001\u862D: morfine\u3001\u82F1: morphine\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E\u767A\u97F3: [\u02C8m\u0254\u02D0rfi\u02D0n]\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30D9\u30F3\u30B8\u30EB\u30A4\u30BD\u30AD\u30CE\u30EA\u30F3\u578B\u30A2\u30EB\u30AB\u30ED\u30A4\u30C9\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3067\u3001\u30C1\u30ED\u30B7\u30F3\u304B\u3089\u751F\u5408\u6210\u3055\u308C\u308B\u30AA\u30D4\u30AA\u30A4\u30C9\u7CFB\u306E\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30B1\u30B7\u3092\u539F\u6599\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3002\u8133\u5185\u3084\u810A\u9AC4\u306B\u4F5C\u7528\u3057\u3001\u75DB\u307F\u3092\u8133\u306B\u4F1D\u3048\u308B\u795E\u7D4C\u306E\u6D3B\u52D5\u3092\u6291\u5236\u3057\u3001\u93AE\u75DB\u4F5C\u7528\u3092\u793A\u3059\u3002 \u6975\u3081\u3066\u5F37\u529B\u306A\u93AE\u75DB\u4F5C\u7528\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u306F\u85AC\u6A5F\u6CD5\u306B\u5B9A\u3081\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3001\u91CD\u8981\u306A\u51E6\u65B9\u7B8B\u533B\u85AC\u54C1\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3068\u304F\u306B\u6301\u7D9A\u3059\u308B\u75BC\u75DB\u3067\u3042\u308B\u920D\u75DB\u306B\u52B9\u679C\u304C\u9AD8\u304F\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306A\u93AE\u75DB\u85AC\u304C\u52B9\u304D\u306B\u304F\u3044\u5185\u81D3\u75DB\u3092\u306F\u3058\u3081\u3001\u5404\u7A2E\u304C\u3093\u6027\u75BC\u75DB\u3084\u624B\u8853\u5F8C\u306E\u306B\u3082\u9069\u5FDC\u3059\u308B\u3002\u6709\u52B9\u9650\u754C\u304C\u306A\u3044\u306E\u3082\u7279\u5FB4\u3067\u3001\u3088\u308A\u5F37\u3044\u75DB\u307F\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u306F\u7528\u91CF\u3092\u5897\u3084\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5BFE\u5FDC\u304C\u53EF\u80FD\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u305D\u306E\u4E00\u65B9\u3067\u9069\u5207\u306B\u4F7F\u308F\u306D\u3070\u5F37\u3044\u4E2D\u6BD2\u6027\u30FB\u5E38\u7FD2\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u305F\u3081\uFF08\u533B\u7642\u306E\u93AE\u75DB\u76EE\u7684\u306B\u306F\u4F7F\u7528\u65B9\u6CD5\u304C\u78BA\u7ACB\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306B\u4F7F\u3048\u3070\u4F9D\u5B58\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306F\u306A\u3044\uFF09\u3001\u6BD2\u85AC\uFF08\u85AC\u6A5F\u6CD5\uFF09\u30FB\u9EBB\u85AC\uFF08\u9EBB\u5411\u6CD5\uFF09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u898F\u5236\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . "1627"^^ . . . . . "17303"^^ . . "S8"@en . . "-3"^^ . "A1"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Morphin oder Morphium ist ein Hauptalkaloid des Opiums und z\u00E4hlt damit zu den Opiaten. Es geh\u00F6rt zu der Gruppe der stark wirkenden Opioide der Stufe III im WHO-Stufenschema (Klassifizierung der Schmerztherapie) und ist als Schmerzmittel bei starken und st\u00E4rksten Schmerzen zugelassen. Morphin ist das erste in Reinform isolierte Alkaloid. Das Opioid-Analgetikum ist zudem ein Rauschgift und unterliegt bet\u00E4ubungsmittelrechtlichen Vorschriften gem\u00E4\u00DF dem Einheitsabkommen \u00FCber die Bet\u00E4ubungsmittel."@de . . . . . . . . . "\uBAA8\uB974\uD540(\uC601\uC5B4: morphine)\uC740 \uC544\uD3B8\uC758 \uC8FC\uC694 \uC131\uBD84\uC73C\uB85C \uB9C8\uC57D\uC131 \uC9C4\uD1B5\uC81C\uC774\uB2E4. \uC911\uCD94 \uC2E0\uACBD\uACC4(CNS)\uC5D0 \uC9C1\uC811 \uC791\uC6A9\uD558\uC5EC \uD1B5\uC99D \uC790\uADF9\uC744 \uC804\uB2EC\uD558\uB294 \uC2E0\uACBD\uC804\uB2EC\uBB3C\uC9C8\uC758 \uBD84\uBE44\uB97C \uC5B5\uC81C\uD558\uC5EC \uD1B5\uC99D\uC744 \uC904\uC774\uB294 \uB370\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD55C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uBC16\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uC9C4\uC815, \uC9C4\uD574, \uCD5C\uBA74\uC5D0 \uC544\uC8FC \uD0C1\uC6D4\uD55C \uD6A8\uB2A5\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4. \uACFC \uB9CC\uC131 \uD1B5\uC99D \uBAA8\uB450\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC758\uC874\uC131\uACFC \uB0B4\uC131\uC774 \uC788\uC5B4 \uC911\uB3C5\uACFC \uB0A8\uC6A9\uC758 \uAC00\uB2A5\uC131\uC774 \uB192\uC73C\uBBC0\uB85C \uBC18\uB4DC\uC2DC \uC758\uB8CC\uC804\uBB38\uAC00\uC758 \uC9C0\uB3C4 \uD558\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uC5B4\uC57C \uD558\uBA70 \uB9C8\uC57D\uC73C\uB85C \uC9C0\uC815\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB2E4. 1805\uB144\uC5D0 \uC81C\uB974\uD280\uB974\uB108(Serturner)\uAC00 \uC544\uD3B8\uC5D0\uC11C \uBD84\uB9AC\uD574\uB0C8\uB294\uB370, \uC774\uB294 \uCD5C\uCD08\uB85C \uD604\uB300\uC801 \uC758\uBBF8\uC758 \uC21C\uC218\uD55C \uC131\uBD84\uC758 \uC57D\uC758 \uBC1C\uACAC\uC774\uB77C \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uBAA8\uB974\uD540\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC774\uB984\uC740 \uC81C\uB974\uD280\uB974\uB108(Serturner)\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uBA85\uBA85\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBAA8\uB974\uD540\uC774 \uC218\uBA74\uC720\uB3C4 \uD6A8\uACFC\uAC00 \uC788\uB294\uC810\uC5D0 \uCC29\uC548\uD558\uC5EC \uC7A0\uC744 \uC790\uAC8C \uD558\uB294 \uB2A5\uB825\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC54C\uB824\uC9C4 \uADF8\uB9AC\uC2A4 \uC2E0\uD654\uC758 \uAFC8\uC758 \uC2E0 \uBAA8\uB974\uD398\uC6B0\uC2A4(Morpheus)\uC758 \uC774\uB984\uC5D0\uC11C \uB530\uC654\uB2E4\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC81C\uB974\uD280\uB974\uB108(Serturner)\uB294 \uACF5\uB85C\uB97C \uC778\uC815\uBC1B\uC544 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uACFC\uD559\uC0C1\uC744 \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4."@ko . . "Morfina potentzia handiko analgesiko zaharra da, opioaren alkaloide fenantrenoa eta 1804an aurkitu zena, substantzia natural baita, Papaver somniferum lo-belarretik lortu zena. Opiazeoen aitzindaria izan zen, gerora kodeina, heroina... bezalako substantzia sintetikoak lortu ziren bere eragina hobetu nahian. Bere izena Morfeo, loaren jainko greziarrari zor diogu. Halaber, erabilera medikoei dagokienez mina kentzeko gaitasuna du eta analgesiko moduan erabiltzen da kasu batzuetan. Beste alde batetik, kalean droga ilegal moduan hartzea ez da ezohikoa izaten."@eu . . . . . . . . "Statex, MS Contin, MST Continus, Oramorph, Sevredol, and others"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1"^^ . "\uBAA8\uB974\uD540"@ko . . . "Anlage III"@en . . "-10800.0"^^ . . . . "Schedule II / Schedule III: 50mg/100Ml Ref 9810."@en . "\u30E2\u30EB\u30D2\u30CD"@ja . . . . . . . . . "76I7G6D29C" . "Morfina (\u0142ac. Morphinum) \u2013 organiczny zwi\u0105zek chemiczny z grupy alkaloid\u00F3w. Wchodzi w sk\u0142ad opium i jest jego najistotniejszym sk\u0142adnikiem psychoaktywnym. Zosta\u0142a wyodr\u0119bniona w roku 1804 przez Friedricha Sert\u00FCrnera. W stanie czystym jest bia\u0142\u0105 substancj\u0105 sta\u0142\u0105, o gorzkim smaku, s\u0142abo rozpuszczaln\u0105 w wodzie. W medycynie jest stosowana w postaci doustnej jako chlorowodorek lub siarczan morfiny oraz w iniekcji jako siarczan morfiny. Preparaty z morfin\u0105 mog\u0105 by\u0107 podawane doustnie, podsk\u00F3rnie, do\u017Cylnie, a tak\u017Ce do przestrzeni podpaj\u0119czyn\u00F3wkowej oraz zewn\u0105trzoponowo. Do jej pochodnych nale\u017C\u0105 m.in.:"@pl . . . . . . . "20"^^ . "A morfina \u00E9 um f\u00E1rmaco narc\u00F3tico de alto poder analg\u00E9sico usado para aliviar dores severas. Pertencente ao grupo dos opioides, foi isolado pela primeira vez em 1804 por Friedrich Sert\u00FCrner, que come\u00E7ou a distribuir a droga em 1817. A morfina passou a ser comercializada em 1827 pela Merck, que \u00E0 \u00E9poca era uma pequena empresa qu\u00EDmica. O nome da subst\u00E2ncia tem origem no deus grego dos sonhos, Morfeu (em grego: \u039C\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03B5\u03CD\u03C2). A hero\u00EDna, cujo nome cient\u00EDfico \u00E9 diacetilmorfina, foi derivada da morfina em 1874."@pt . . . "La morphine (du grec \u039C\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03B5\u03CD\u03C2, Morph\u00E9e, dieu grec du sommeil et des r\u00EAves) est le principal alcalo\u00EFde de l'opium, le latex du pavot somnif\u00E8re (Papaver somniferum). C'est une mol\u00E9cule complexe utilis\u00E9e en m\u00E9decine comme analg\u00E9sique (m\u00E9dicament utilis\u00E9 pour lutter contre la douleur) et comme drogue pour son action euphorisante. L'opium est utilis\u00E9 en m\u00E9decine depuis le IIIe mill\u00E9naire av. J.-C. dans diverses cultures et fut l'un des piliers de la pharmacop\u00E9e traditionnelle mais la morphine n'est n\u00E9anmoins d\u00E9couverte et isol\u00E9e qu'en 1804 ; sa nature chimique et son usage pharmaceutique furent \u00E9tablis dans les ann\u00E9es suivantes par l'Allemand Friedrich Wilhelm Sert\u00FCrner, r\u00E9volutionnant l'analg\u00E9sie dans la m\u00E9decine. Elle est l'anti-douleur de r\u00E9f\u00E9rence, l'un des plus efficaces et l'un des plus utilis\u00E9s dans le monde, celui auquel est compar\u00E9e l'efficacit\u00E9 des autres m\u00E9dicaments \u00E0 vis\u00E9e anti-douloureuse. Pr\u00E9sente sous forme orale \u00E0 lib\u00E9ration prolong\u00E9e ou imm\u00E9diate ou en solution pour injection sous cutan\u00E9e ou intraveineuse, elle occupe toujours une place de choix dans l'arsenal th\u00E9rapeutique contre les douleurs intenses ou rebelles, notamment d'origine canc\u00E9reuse. Sa pharmacologie est l'une des mieux connues et explor\u00E9es, et une grande partie de la grande vari\u00E9t\u00E9 de ses effets est bien document\u00E9e. Elle agit en activant les r\u00E9cepteurs opiac\u00E9s (r\u00E9cepteur \u00B5). Elle induit une analg\u00E9sie profonde et une d\u00E9pression respiratoire pouvant mener \u00E0 la mort par asphyxie. Un \u00E9tat d'euphorie parfois intense est provoqu\u00E9 par la morphine, ce qui en favorise l'usage abusif. Son usage prolong\u00E9 provoque l'apparition d'une accoutumance : les doses de morphine n\u00E9cessaires pour \u00E9galer les effets de la premi\u00E8re prise peuvent cro\u00EEtre \u00E9norm\u00E9ment (il est par exemple possible de devoir passer de 5 mg de morphine \u00E0 20 mg lors d\u2019un usage prolong\u00E9 afin de ressentir les m\u00EAmes effets qu\u2019initialement), cette augmentation intensifiant alors significativement hors d\u2019un usage m\u00E9dical les risques d\u2019overdose et de d\u00E9pressions respiratoires pouvant mener \u00E0 la mort, ainsi qu'une d\u00E9pendance associ\u00E9e \u00E0 un syndrome de sevrage dont la s\u00E9v\u00E9rit\u00E9 d\u00E9pend de la dur\u00E9e de l'usage et des doses absorb\u00E9es. La morphine est ainsi class\u00E9e comme stup\u00E9fiant dans la plupart des pays du monde. De la morphine ont \u00E9t\u00E9 d\u00E9riv\u00E9s de nombreux compos\u00E9s d'action similaire comme l'h\u00E9ro\u00EFne, plusieurs autres ont \u00E9t\u00E9 synth\u00E9tis\u00E9s \u00E0 partir de la th\u00E9ba\u00EFne (un autre alcalo\u00EFde de l'opium) comme l'oxycodone, la bupr\u00E9norphine et l'hydromorphone. Par ailleurs, d'autres mol\u00E9cules structurellement diff\u00E9rentes comme le fentanyl, la m\u00E9thadone ou le tramadol poss\u00E8dent des activit\u00E9s analg\u00E9siques comparables, se liant aux m\u00EAmes r\u00E9cepteurs et sont ainsi regroup\u00E9s dans la famille des narcotiques. Tandis que les substances issues de l'opium sont appel\u00E9s les opiac\u00E9s, les substances qui partagent des effets voisins \u00E0 la morphine et qui se fixent aux m\u00EAmes cibles au sein du cerveau sont appel\u00E9es les opio\u00EFdes."@fr . . . . . . . "76"^^ . . "\uBAA8\uB974\uD540(\uC601\uC5B4: morphine)\uC740 \uC544\uD3B8\uC758 \uC8FC\uC694 \uC131\uBD84\uC73C\uB85C \uB9C8\uC57D\uC131 \uC9C4\uD1B5\uC81C\uC774\uB2E4. \uC911\uCD94 \uC2E0\uACBD\uACC4(CNS)\uC5D0 \uC9C1\uC811 \uC791\uC6A9\uD558\uC5EC \uD1B5\uC99D \uC790\uADF9\uC744 \uC804\uB2EC\uD558\uB294 \uC2E0\uACBD\uC804\uB2EC\uBB3C\uC9C8\uC758 \uBD84\uBE44\uB97C \uC5B5\uC81C\uD558\uC5EC \uD1B5\uC99D\uC744 \uC904\uC774\uB294 \uB370\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD55C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uBC16\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uC9C4\uC815, \uC9C4\uD574, \uCD5C\uBA74\uC5D0 \uC544\uC8FC \uD0C1\uC6D4\uD55C \uD6A8\uB2A5\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4. \uACFC \uB9CC\uC131 \uD1B5\uC99D \uBAA8\uB450\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC758\uC874\uC131\uACFC \uB0B4\uC131\uC774 \uC788\uC5B4 \uC911\uB3C5\uACFC \uB0A8\uC6A9\uC758 \uAC00\uB2A5\uC131\uC774 \uB192\uC73C\uBBC0\uB85C \uBC18\uB4DC\uC2DC \uC758\uB8CC\uC804\uBB38\uAC00\uC758 \uC9C0\uB3C4 \uD558\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uC5B4\uC57C \uD558\uBA70 \uB9C8\uC57D\uC73C\uB85C \uC9C0\uC815\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB2E4. 1805\uB144\uC5D0 \uC81C\uB974\uD280\uB974\uB108(Serturner)\uAC00 \uC544\uD3B8\uC5D0\uC11C \uBD84\uB9AC\uD574\uB0C8\uB294\uB370, \uC774\uB294 \uCD5C\uCD08\uB85C \uD604\uB300\uC801 \uC758\uBBF8\uC758 \uC21C\uC218\uD55C \uC131\uBD84\uC758 \uC57D\uC758 \uBC1C\uACAC\uC774\uB77C \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uBAA8\uB974\uD540\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC774\uB984\uC740 \uC81C\uB974\uD280\uB974\uB108(Serturner)\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uBA85\uBA85\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBAA8\uB974\uD540\uC774 \uC218\uBA74\uC720\uB3C4 \uD6A8\uACFC\uAC00 \uC788\uB294\uC810\uC5D0 \uCC29\uC548\uD558\uC5EC \uC7A0\uC744 \uC790\uAC8C \uD558\uB294 \uB2A5\uB825\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC54C\uB824\uC9C4 \uADF8\uB9AC\uC2A4 \uC2E0\uD654\uC758 \uAFC8\uC758 \uC2E0 \uBAA8\uB974\uD398\uC6B0\uC2A4(Morpheus)\uC758 \uC774\uB984\uC5D0\uC11C \uB530\uC654\uB2E4\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC81C\uB974\uD280\uB974\uB108(Serturner)\uB294 \uACF5\uB85C\uB97C \uC778\uC815\uBC1B\uC544 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uACFC\uD559\uC0C1\uC744 \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uBD80\uC791\uC6A9\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uC878\uC74C, \uAD6C\uD1A0 \uBC0F \uBCC0\uBE44\uAC00 \uC788\uACE0, \uC7A0\uC7AC\uC801\uC778 \uC2EC\uAC01\uD55C \uBD80\uC791\uC6A9\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uD638\uD761 \uC218 \uAC10\uC18C\uC640 \uC800\uD608\uC555\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC544\uAE30\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uBBF8\uCE58\uBBC0\uB85C \uC784\uC2E0 \uC911\uC774\uAC70\uB098 \uBAA8\uC720 \uC218\uC720 \uC911\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uC6A9 \uC2DC \uC8FC\uC758\uAC00 \uD544\uC694\uD558\uB2E4. \uC785\uC73C\uB85C, \uADFC\uC721\uC5D0 \uC8FC\uC0AC\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574, \uCC99\uC218 \uC8FC\uC704\uC758 \uACF5\uAC04\uC73C\uB85C \uD53C\uBD80 \uC544\uB798, \uC815\uB9E5 \uB0B4\uB85C, \uB610\uB294 \uC9C1\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C \uC8FC\uC0AC\uD55C\uB2E4. \uD6A8\uACFC\uB294 \uC815\uB9E5 \uB0B4 \uD22C\uC5EC\uC2DC \uC57D 20\uBD84, \uAD6C\uAC15 \uD22C\uC5EC\uC2DC \uC57D 60\uBD84, \uD6A8\uACFC \uC9C0\uC18D \uC2DC\uAC04\uC740 3\uC2DC\uAC04\uC5D0\uC11C 7\uC2DC\uAC04 \uC0AC\uC774\uC774\uB2E4. Merck\uB294 1827\uB144 \uC0C1\uC5C5\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uB9C8\uCF00\uD305\uC744 \uC2DC\uC791\uD588\uB2E4. \uBAA8\uB974\uD540\uC740 1853-1855\uB144\uC5D0 \uD53C\uD558 \uC8FC\uC0AC\uAE30\uAC00 \uBC1C\uBA85\uB41C \uC774\uD6C4\uC5D0 \uB110\uB9AC \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 2013\uB144\uC5D0 523,000 kg\uC758 \uBAA8\uB974\uD540\uC774 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC57D 45,000 kg\uC774 \uD1B5\uC99D\uC5D0 \uC9C1\uC811\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uC5B4 \uC9C0\uB09C 20\uB144 \uB3D9\uC548 4\uBC30 \uB3D9\uC548 \uC99D\uAC00\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774 \uBAA9\uC801\uC744 \uC704\uD574 \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uC740 \uC120\uC9C4\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBAA8\uB974\uD540\uC758 \uC57D 70 %\uB294 , , \uD5E4\uB85C\uC778\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC544\uD3B8 \uC720\uC0AC \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC744 \uB9CC\uB4DC\uB294 \uB370 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC83\uC740 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC758 Schedule II \uC57D\uC81C\uC774\uBA70, \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 Class A, \uCE90\uB098\uB2E4\uC758 Schedule I\uC774\uB2E4. \uC138\uACC4 \uBCF4\uAC74\uAE30\uAD6C (WHO)\uC758 \uD544\uC218 \uC758\uC57D\uD488 \uBAA9\uB85D\uC5D0 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uAC74\uAC15 \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC5D0 \uD544\uC694\uD55C \uAC00\uC7A5 \uD6A8\uACFC\uC801\uC774\uACE0 \uC548\uC804\uD55C \uC758\uC57D\uD488\uC774\uB2E4. \uBAA8\uB974\uD540\uC740 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uC0C1\uD45C\uBA85\uC73C\uB85C \uD310\uB9E4\uB41C\uB2E4."@ko . . "-25200.0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "October 2016"@en . . "Morfin adalah alkaloid analgesik yang sangat kuat dan merupakan agen aktif utama yang ditemukan pada opium. Senyawa ini bekerja langsung pada sistem saraf pusat untuk menghilangkan nyeri. morfin diberikan baik dalam kasus nyeri akut maupun kronis. Pasien serangan jantung atau persalinan sering kali diberikan morfin. Obat ini dikonsumsi melalui mulut, suntikan ke otot, suntikan ke bawah kulit, intravena, suntikan ke ruang sekitar sumsum tulang belakang, atau dubur. Efek maksimum dicapai setelah sekitar 20 menit jika lewat intravena dan 60 menit jika lewat mulut; durasi kerja mencapai 3-7 jam. Obat yang bekerja lama juga tersedia."@in . . . . "\u0397 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 (\u03B5\u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1: MS Contin, MSIR, Avinza, Kadian, Oramorph, Roxanol) \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BE\u03B1\u03B9\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BF\u03C0\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03C7\u03BF \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03B3\u03B7\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03CC\u03C4\u03B9 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03C1\u03C9\u03C4\u03BF\u03C4\u03C5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BF\u03C0\u03B9\u03BF\u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03AD\u03C2. \u0392\u03C1\u03AF\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD, \u03C1\u03B7\u03C4\u03B9\u03BD\u03CE\u03B4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AE, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03AD\u03C1\u03C7\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03C6\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03C0\u03B1\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03B1\u03C2 (Papaver somniferum). \u03A3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BA\u03BB\u03B9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B9\u03B1\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE, \u03B7 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03BF \u03C7\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BD\u03CC\u03BD\u03B1\u03C2, \u03AE \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC, \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03B3\u03B7\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03C6\u03B9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C3\u03BF\u03B2\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD \u03AE \u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03BD\u03B9\u03CE\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03B1\u03B9\u03C0\u03C9\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2. \u038C\u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1 \u03BF\u03C0\u03B9\u03BF\u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03AE, \u03C0.\u03C7. \u03BF\u03BE\u03C5\u03BA\u03C9\u03B4\u03CC\u03BD\u03B7 (OxyContin, Percocet, Percodan), (Dilaudid, Palladone), \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03B5\u03C4\u03C5\u03BB\u03BF\u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 (\u03B7\u03C1\u03C9\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7), \u03B7 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u03B4\u03C1\u03B1 \u03AC\u03BC\u03B5\u03C3\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03B5\u03BD\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BD\u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C3\u03CD\u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1 (\u039A\u039D\u03A3) \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C6\u03AF\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C0\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF. \u0397 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C5\u03C8\u03B7\u03BB\u03CC \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B5\u03B8\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC\u00B7 \u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C0\u03C4\u03CD\u03C3\u03C3\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03C1\u03AE\u03B3\u03BF\u03C1\u03B1. \u039C\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BB\u03B7\u03C6\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03BF\u03BE\u03CD \u03C0\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF \u03CC\u03C3\u03BF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF \u03C0\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03C7\u03BD\u03AC \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C0\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03AD\u03BC\u03C6\u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03C5\u03BF\u03BA\u03B1\u03C1\u03B4\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5, \u03C0\u03AD\u03C4\u03C1\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B5\u03C6\u03C1\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD. \u0397 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C7\u03BF\u03C1\u03B7\u03B3\u03B7\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03BC\u03B1, \u03BC\u03B5 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03C5, \u03BC\u03B5 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03B4\u03AD\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1, \u03B5\u03BD\u03B4\u03BF\u03C6\u03BB\u03AD\u03B2\u03B9\u03B1, \u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7 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\u03BC\u03C9\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD. \u03A4\u03BF 2013 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AE\u03C7\u03B8\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 523 \u03C4\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03B9 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7\u03C2. \u03A0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 45 \u03C4\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03AE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03B5\u03C5\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C0\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF, \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B1\u03CD\u03BE\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C0\u03AC\u03BD\u03C9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC 400% \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BA\u03BF\u03C3\u03B9 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1. \u0397 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03B1\u03BB\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B7 \u03C7\u03C1\u03AE\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C0\u03CC 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\u03A0\u03B1\u03B3\u03BA\u03CC\u03C3\u03BC\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5 \u039F\u03C1\u03B3\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD \u03A5\u03B3\u03B5\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u039A\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03BF \u03A6\u03B1\u03C1\u03BC\u03AC\u03BA\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03A0\u03C1\u03BF\u03B3\u03C1\u03AC\u03BC\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 I \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 III \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u0397\u03BD\u03C9\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD \u0395\u03B8\u03BD\u03CE\u03BD."@el . . "Morphine"@en . . . "Morfin, tak\u00E9 morfium, je alkaloid respektive typu, obsa\u017Een\u00FD v opiu, tzv. opi\u00E1t (opioid p\u0159irozen\u00E9ho p\u016Fvodu, vyskytuj\u00EDc\u00ED se v opiu vyr\u00E1b\u011Bn\u00E9ho z rostlin m\u00E1ku). Tvo\u0159\u00ED p\u0159ibli\u017En\u011B 10 % hmotnosti surov\u00E9ho opia. V \u010Dist\u00E9 podob\u011B tento alkaloid jako prvn\u00ED izoloval l\u00E9k\u00E1rn\u00EDk roku 1804, kter\u00FD mu dal jm\u00E9no \u201Emorphium\u201C. To vych\u00E1z\u00ED z \u0159eck\u00E9 mytologie \u2013 Morpheus byl bohem sn\u016F. N\u00E1zev morfium byl pozd\u011Bji zm\u011Bn\u011Bn na morfin. P\u0159\u00EDpona -in je jednotn\u011B pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1na p\u0159i vytv\u00E1\u0159en\u00ED n\u00E1zv\u016F alkaloid\u016F."@cs . . . . "\u55CE\u5561"@zh . "Morfin, tak\u00E9 morfium, je alkaloid respektive typu, obsa\u017Een\u00FD v opiu, tzv. opi\u00E1t (opioid p\u0159irozen\u00E9ho p\u016Fvodu, vyskytuj\u00EDc\u00ED se v opiu vyr\u00E1b\u011Bn\u00E9ho z rostlin m\u00E1ku). Tvo\u0159\u00ED p\u0159ibli\u017En\u011B 10 % hmotnosti surov\u00E9ho opia. Pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 se prim\u00E1rn\u011B v l\u00E9ka\u0159stv\u00ED jako siln\u00E9 analgetikum (l\u00E9k ti\u0161\u00EDc\u00ED bolest) a t\u00E9\u017E jako surovina na v\u00FDrobu dal\u0161\u00EDch opioid\u016F morfinov\u00E9ho typu (nap\u0159\u00EDklad kodeinu, , hydromorfonu, diamorfinu \u2013 zn\u00E1m\u00E9ho sp\u00ED\u0161e jako heroin \u2013 a ). Je prototypem siln\u00FDch analgetik, takt\u00E9\u017E i , k n\u00ED\u017E se vztahuje \u00FA\u010Dinnost ostatn\u00EDch opioid\u016F. Jeho \u00FA\u010Dinky na organismus i psychiku vypl\u00FDvaj\u00ED z jeho p\u016Fsoben\u00ED na opioidn\u00ED receptory p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm v centr\u00E1ln\u00ED nervov\u00E9 soustav\u011B. P\u0159i u\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n\u00ED se rychle rozv\u00EDj\u00ED . To znamen\u00E1, \u017Ee k dosa\u017Een\u00ED stejn\u00E9 \u00FA\u010Dinnosti je t\u0159eba pod\u00E1vat st\u00E1le vy\u0161\u0161\u00ED d\u00E1vky. S t\u00EDm souvis\u00ED i jeho siln\u00E1 n\u00E1vykovost. Morfin je omamn\u00E1 l\u00E1tka a krom\u011B sv\u00E9ho pou\u017Eit\u00ED v medic\u00EDn\u011B je t\u00E9\u017E zneu\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n jako droga nebo surovina k v\u00FDrob\u011B heroinu. Podl\u00E9h\u00E1 proto zvl\u00E1\u0161tn\u00EDm pravidl\u016Fm zach\u00E1zen\u00ED p\u0159i v\u00FDrob\u011B, distribuci a ve zdravotnick\u00FDch za\u0159\u00EDzen\u00EDch. V \u010Dist\u00E9 podob\u011B tento alkaloid jako prvn\u00ED izoloval l\u00E9k\u00E1rn\u00EDk roku 1804, kter\u00FD mu dal jm\u00E9no \u201Emorphium\u201C. To vych\u00E1z\u00ED z \u0159eck\u00E9 mytologie \u2013 Morpheus byl bohem sn\u016F. N\u00E1zev morfium byl pozd\u011Bji zm\u011Bn\u011Bn na morfin. P\u0159\u00EDpona -in je jednotn\u011B pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1na p\u0159i vytv\u00E1\u0159en\u00ED n\u00E1zv\u016F alkaloid\u016F."@cs . . . "5288826"^^ . . "HCl & sulf.: 60"@en . . . . . . "Moirf\u00EDn"@ga . . . . . . . . "La morfina es una potente droga opi\u00E1cea utilizada frecuentemente en medicina como analg\u00E9sico.La morfina fue nombrada as\u00ED por el farmac\u00E9utico alem\u00E1n Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sert\u00FCrner en honor a Morfeo, el dios griego de los sue\u00F1os."@es . . . . . . . . . "Morphine"@en . . . . . "La morphine (du grec \u039C\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03B5\u03CD\u03C2, Morph\u00E9e, dieu grec du sommeil et des r\u00EAves) est le principal alcalo\u00EFde de l'opium, le latex du pavot somnif\u00E8re (Papaver somniferum). C'est une mol\u00E9cule complexe utilis\u00E9e en m\u00E9decine comme analg\u00E9sique (m\u00E9dicament utilis\u00E9 pour lutter contre la douleur) et comme drogue pour son action euphorisante. La morphine est ainsi class\u00E9e comme stup\u00E9fiant dans la plupart des pays du monde."@fr . "70"^^ . . . "March 2021"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Is \u00E9ard is moirf\u00EDn ann n\u00E1 druga a dh\u00EDortha\u00EDtear \u00F3 chodlaid\u00EDn, a \u00FAs\u00E1idtear chun pian gh\u00E9ar a mhaol\u00FA. De bhr\u00ED gur druga and\u00FAile \u00E9, b\u00EDonn s\u00E9 faoi rial\u00FA. Is f\u00E9idir le r\u00F3dh\u00E1ileog a bheith marfach de bhr\u00ED go gcuireann s\u00ED cosc ar an riospr\u00E1id. \u00DAs\u00E1idtear freisin \u00E9 in ullmh\u00FAch\u00E1in frithbhuinn\u00ED."@ga . . . "30"^^ . "Morphin"@de . . . . . . . "DB00295"@en . . . "La morfina \u00E9s una droga opi\u00E0cia analg\u00E8sica molt potent, i \u00E9s el principal component actiu en l'opi, aix\u00ED com l'opiaci prototipus. S'anomena aix\u00ED en record a Morfeu, el d\u00E9u grec dels somnis. El 1804 la morfina fou a\u00EFllada a Fran\u00E7a per a partir de l'opi (resina de cascall Papaver somniferum). En els seus inicis, la morfina s'administrava per via estomacal, despr\u00E9s aixecant la dermis i dipositant la dosi necess\u00E0ria. Finalment, va adquirir gran popularitat, gr\u00E0cies a la invenci\u00F3 de la xeringa per i sobretot pel seu \u00FAs massiu per part dels militars durant la guerra del 1870. A partir de 1952, la s\u00EDntesi qu\u00EDmica i de derivats morf\u00EDnics \u00E9s possible. Actualment, la morfina segueix sent l'analg\u00E8sic cl\u00E0ssic m\u00E9s efica\u00E7 per alleujar els dolors aguts, per\u00F2 el seu \u00FAs va disminuint a mesura que apareixen noves drogues sint\u00E8tiques, que generen una menor addicci\u00F3 i permeten que persones al\u00B7l\u00E8rgiques a la morfina puguin alleujar els seus dolors."@ca . "BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N"@en . . . . "\u30E2\u30EB\u30D2\u30CD\uFF08\u83AB\u5150\u6BD4\u6D85\u3001\u862D: morfine\u3001\u82F1: morphine\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E\u767A\u97F3: [\u02C8m\u0254\u02D0rfi\u02D0n]\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30D9\u30F3\u30B8\u30EB\u30A4\u30BD\u30AD\u30CE\u30EA\u30F3\u578B\u30A2\u30EB\u30AB\u30ED\u30A4\u30C9\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3067\u3001\u30C1\u30ED\u30B7\u30F3\u304B\u3089\u751F\u5408\u6210\u3055\u308C\u308B\u30AA\u30D4\u30AA\u30A4\u30C9\u7CFB\u306E\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30B1\u30B7\u3092\u539F\u6599\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3002\u8133\u5185\u3084\u810A\u9AC4\u306B\u4F5C\u7528\u3057\u3001\u75DB\u307F\u3092\u8133\u306B\u4F1D\u3048\u308B\u795E\u7D4C\u306E\u6D3B\u52D5\u3092\u6291\u5236\u3057\u3001\u93AE\u75DB\u4F5C\u7528\u3092\u793A\u3059\u3002 \u6975\u3081\u3066\u5F37\u529B\u306A\u93AE\u75DB\u4F5C\u7528\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u306F\u85AC\u6A5F\u6CD5\u306B\u5B9A\u3081\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3001\u91CD\u8981\u306A\u51E6\u65B9\u7B8B\u533B\u85AC\u54C1\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3068\u304F\u306B\u6301\u7D9A\u3059\u308B\u75BC\u75DB\u3067\u3042\u308B\u920D\u75DB\u306B\u52B9\u679C\u304C\u9AD8\u304F\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306A\u93AE\u75DB\u85AC\u304C\u52B9\u304D\u306B\u304F\u3044\u5185\u81D3\u75DB\u3092\u306F\u3058\u3081\u3001\u5404\u7A2E\u304C\u3093\u6027\u75BC\u75DB\u3084\u624B\u8853\u5F8C\u306E\u306B\u3082\u9069\u5FDC\u3059\u308B\u3002\u6709\u52B9\u9650\u754C\u304C\u306A\u3044\u306E\u3082\u7279\u5FB4\u3067\u3001\u3088\u308A\u5F37\u3044\u75DB\u307F\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u306F\u7528\u91CF\u3092\u5897\u3084\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5BFE\u5FDC\u304C\u53EF\u80FD\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u305D\u306E\u4E00\u65B9\u3067\u9069\u5207\u306B\u4F7F\u308F\u306D\u3070\u5F37\u3044\u4E2D\u6BD2\u6027\u30FB\u5E38\u7FD2\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u305F\u3081\uFF08\u533B\u7642\u306E\u93AE\u75DB\u76EE\u7684\u306B\u306F\u4F7F\u7528\u65B9\u6CD5\u304C\u78BA\u7ACB\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306B\u4F7F\u3048\u3070\u4F9D\u5B58\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306F\u306A\u3044\uFF09\u3001\u6BD2\u85AC\uFF08\u85AC\u6A5F\u6CD5\uFF09\u30FB\u9EBB\u85AC\uFF08\u9EBB\u5411\u6CD5\uFF09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u898F\u5236\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . "Need for expert attention"@en . . . . "Morfina"@pl . . . . . . "Morfin"@cs . . . . . . . "Morfina"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Morfine"@nl . "\u039C\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7"@el . "57-27-2" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Morfina"@pt . . . . . . "Morfino estas la \u0109efa alkaloido de opio (10 %), C17H19O3N, uzata (en hospitalo) kiel dormiga kaj analgeza drogo, precipe per subha\u016Dtaj injektoj. Pingloforma, kristala, amara pulvoro, en akvo apena\u016D solvi\u011Das (4%). \u011Ci povas ka\u016Dzi morfomanion. Oni uzas \u011Din kuraccele en dozo de 0,005-0,03 gramo. (morfinomanio, demorfinizo)"@eo . . . . . . . "70" . . . . . . . . . . . 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"MOI"@en . "Inhalation , insufflation , by mouth , rectal, subcutaneous , intramuscular , intravenous , epidural, and intrathecal"@en . . . . . . . "Morfin (summaformel C17H19NO3) \u00E4r ett kraftigt sm\u00E4rtstillande och s\u00F6mngivande l\u00E4kemedel ing\u00E5ende i gruppen opioider. Morfin utvinns ur opiumvallmo och namnet kommer fr\u00E5n dr\u00F6mmens gud, Morfeus, i den grekiska mytologin. Morfin isolerades f\u00F6rst 1804 av den tyske apotekaren Friedrich Sert\u00FCrner."@sv . . "52-26-6 (hydrochloride)" . "20613"^^ . . . . . . . . . "Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as a pain medication, and is also commonly used recreationally, or to make other illicit opioids. There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle; by injection under the skin; intravenously; injection into the space around the spinal cord; transdermal; or via rectal suppository. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, and during labor. Its maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when administered intravenously and 60 minutes when administered by mouth, while the duration of its effect is 3\u20137 hours. Long-acting formulations of morphine are available as MS-Contin, Kadian, and other brand names as well as generically. Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, nausea, and low blood pressure. Morphine is addictive and prone to abuse. If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. Caution is advised for use of morphine during pregnancy or breast feeding, as it may affect the health of the baby. Morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by German pharmacist Friedrich Sert\u00FCrner. This is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant. Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853\u20131855. Sert\u00FCrner originally named the substance morphium, after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, as it has a tendency to cause sleep. The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. In 2013, approximately 523 tons of morphine were produced. Approximately 45 tons were used directly for pain, an increase of 400% over the last twenty years. Most use for this purpose was in the developed world. About 70 percent of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and heroin. It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, Class A in the United Kingdom, and Schedule I in Canada. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Morphine is sold under many brand names. In 2020, it was the 140th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions."@en . . . . . "La morfina \u00E9s una droga opi\u00E0cia analg\u00E8sica molt potent, i \u00E9s el principal component actiu en l'opi, aix\u00ED com l'opiaci prototipus. S'anomena aix\u00ED en record a Morfeu, el d\u00E9u grec dels somnis. El 1804 la morfina fou a\u00EFllada a Fran\u00E7a per a partir de l'opi (resina de cascall Papaver somniferum). Actualment, la morfina segueix sent l'analg\u00E8sic cl\u00E0ssic m\u00E9s efica\u00E7 per alleujar els dolors aguts, per\u00F2 el seu \u00FAs va disminuint a mesura que apareixen noves drogues sint\u00E8tiques, que generen una menor addicci\u00F3 i permeten que persones al\u00B7l\u00E8rgiques a la morfina puguin alleujar els seus dolors."@ca . "Morphine-from-xtal-3D-balls.png"@en . . . . . . . "3"^^ . "Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as a pain medication, and is also commonly used recreationally, or to make other illicit opioids. There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle; by injection under the skin; intravenously; injection into the space around the spinal cord; transdermal; or via rectal suppository. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial i"@en . . . . . .