. "\u8D1D\u679C"@en . . . . "\u5427 / \u9152\u5427"@en . "\u5B89\u57F9"@en . "\u9177"@en . . . "\u5B89\u975E\u4ED6\u547D"@en . . . "\u963F\u65AF\u5DF4\u751C"@en . . . "\u5F97\u6765\u901F"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "\u53EF\u53EF"@en . "1093958463"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\u82E6\u8FED\u6253"@en . . "\u5409\u4ED6"@en . . . . "\u54C8\u5C3C"@en . . "\u5C24\u91CC\u5361"@en . . "\u53EF\u53E3\u53EF\u4E50"@en . . . "\u6C99\u53D1"@en . . "\u9AD8\u5361\u8F66"@en . "\u5E03\u5C14\u4E54\u4E9A"@en . . "\u6781\u5BA2"@en . . . "\u963F\u4EEC"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u5C24\u52A0\u5229"@en . "23511"^^ . . . . . . "\u57F9\u6839"@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u9686\u5E2E"@en . . . . . . . . . "\u5361\u7279\u5C14"@en . "\u514B\u9686"@en . . "\u5DF4\u677E"@en . . . . . "\u53EF\u9882"@en . . . . . "\u5BBE\u679C"@en . . . . . "\u9ED1\u5BA2"@en . "\u83F2\u529B"@en . . . . . "\u9AD8\u5C14\u592B"@en . "\u963F\u7C73\u5DF4"@en . . . "\u7EF7\u5E26"@en . . . "\u514B\u62C9"@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u5609\u5E74\u534E"@en . . "\u5B89\u74FF"@en . . . . . . . "\u8D1D\u53F8"@en . "\u5564\u9152"@en . . . . . . . . "\u8303\u7279\u897F"@en . . "\u6D77\u6D1B\u56E0"@en . . "\u6BD4\u57FA\u5C3C"@en . . . . "\u963F\u65AF\u5339\u6797"@en . "\u5E03\u9C81\u65AF"@en . . "\u5DE7\u514B\u529B"@en . "\u8FEA\u65AF\u79D1"@en . . "\u5F00\u58EB\u7C73"@en . "38296321"^^ . . "\u6070\u6070\u821E"@en . . . "\u67AF\u8317"@en . . . . "\u897F\u8C37\u7C73"@en . . "\u54C8\u55BD"@en . "\u53EF\u5361\u56E0"@en . . . . "\u82AD\u857E"@en . . "\u52A0\u519C\u70AE"@en . . . . . "\u767E\u5BB6\u4E50"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u53EF\u4E3D\u997C"@en . . . . "\u8E66\u6781"@en . "\u897F\u6253"@en . . . . "\u591A\u9686"@en . . . "\u6C49\u5821\u5305"@en . "\u62F7\u8D1D"@en . . . . . . "\u5496\u55B1"@en . . . . . . . . . "\u514B\u62C9\u901A"@en . "Loanwords have entered written and spoken Chinese from many sources, including ancient peoples whose descendants now speak Chinese. In addition to phonetic differences, varieties of Chinese such as Cantonese and Shanghainese often have distinct words and phrases left from their original languages which they continue to use in daily life and sometimes even in Mandarin. As a result of long-term direct relationships with northern peoples, starting from the pre-Christ period, there are many exchanges of words. In addition, there were times when northern tribes dominated China. Similarly, northern dialects include relatively greater numbers of loanwords from nearby languages such as Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu(Tungusic)."@en . . "\u9738\u51CC"@en . "\u5361\u7247"@en . . . "\u4E39\u620E"@en . . . "\u53CD\u6258\u62C9\u65AF"@en . . . . . . "\u5FCC\u5EC9\uFF0F\u6DC7\u6DCB"@en . "\u53EF\u5F85\u56E0"@en . . "\u6CD5\u897F\u65AF"@en . "\u563B\u76AE"@en . "\u5496\u5561"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u535A\u5BA2"@en . "\u6BD4\u7279"@en . . . . "\u96EA\u8304"@en . . "\u5DF4\u58EB"@en . "Loanwords have entered written and spoken Chinese from many sources, including ancient peoples whose descendants now speak Chinese. In addition to phonetic differences, varieties of Chinese such as Cantonese and Shanghainese often have distinct words and phrases left from their original languages which they continue to use in daily life and sometimes even in Mandarin. As a result of long-term direct relationships with northern peoples, starting from the pre-Christ period, there are many exchanges of words. In addition, there were times when northern tribes dominated China. Similarly, northern dialects include relatively greater numbers of loanwords from nearby languages such as Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu(Tungusic). Throughout China, Buddhism has also introduced words from Sanskrit and Pali. More recently, foreign invasion and trade since the First and Second Opium Wars of the mid-nineteenth century has led to prolonged contact with English, French, and Japanese. Although politically minded language reform under the Republic and People's Republic of China have generally preferred to use calques and neologisms in place of loanwords, a growing number \u2013 particularly from American English \u2013 have become current in modern Chinese. On the mainland, transcription into Chinese characters in official media and publications is directed by the Proper Names and Translation Service of the Xinhua News Agency and its reference work Names of the World's Peoples. Since Hong Kong was under British control until 1997, Hong Kong Cantonese borrowed many words from English such as \u5DF4\u58EB (from the word \"bus\", Mandarin: b\u0101sh\u00EC, Cantonese: baa1 si2), \u7684\u58EB (from \"taxi\", Man.: d\u012Bsh\u00EC, Can.: dik1 si2), \u829D\u58EB (from \"cheese\", Man.: zh\u012Bsh\u00EC, Can.: zi1 si6), and \u9EA5\u7576\u52DE/\u9EA6\u5F53\u52B3 (from \"McDonald's\", Man.: M\u00E0id\u0101ngl\u00E1o, Can.: Mak6 dong1 lou4), and such loanwords have been adopted into Mandarin, despite them sounding much less similar to the English words than the Cantonese versions. Foreign businesses and products are usually free to choose their own transliterations and typically select ones with positive connotations and phonetic similarity to their products: for example, \u5B9C\u5BB6 (IKEA) is \"proper home\". Owing to antonomasia and genericization, these can then enter general Chinese usage: for example Coca-Cola's \u53EF\u53E3\u53EF\u4E50 Man.: k\u011Bk\u01D2u k\u011Bl\u00E8 (\"delicious fun\") has led to \u53EF\u4E50 Man.: k\u011Bl\u00E8 becoming the common Chinese noun for all colas. Since the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War, relations between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China had been hostile, thus communication between Taiwan and mainland China became limited. For that reason, many loanwords and proper names became quite different from each other. For example, \"cheese\" in mainland China is \u829D\u58EB zh\u012Bsh\u00EC, while cheese in Taiwan is \u8D77\u53F8 q\u01D0s\u012B."@en . . . . . "\u96EA\u7EBA"@en . . . . . "\u5C71\u57C3"@en . . . . . . "\u8FEA\u5409\u91CC\u675C\u7BA1"@en . "\u963F\u6469\u5C3C\u4E9A"@en . "\u591A\u7C73\u8BFA"@en . . . . "\u5E03\u6717\u5C3C"@en . . . . . . "\u7239\u5730"@en . "\u9694\u90FD"@en . . "\u7684\u786E\u826F"@en . . . . . . . . "\u9999\u69DF"@en . "List of loanwords in Chinese"@en . . "\u8F66\u5398\u5B50"@en . "\u53EF\u52A0"@en . . . . . . . "\u6CE2\u83B1\u7F57"@en . . . "\u54C8\u5229\u8DEF\u4E9A"@en . . "\u767D\u5170\u5730"@en . . "\u5EB7\u5EB7\u821E"@en . . . "\u66F2\u5947"@en . . . . . "\u5361\u901A"@en . "\u5DF4\u7F57\u514B"@en . . . "\u7518\u699C"@en . . . . . . . . "\u53EF\u4E50"@en . "\u5361\u8DEF\u91CC"@en . . . "\u62DC\u62DC"@en . . . "no"@en . "\u5DF4\u7956\u5361"@en . . . "\u5496\u5561\u56E0"@en . . . "\u8D77\u53F8 / \u5947\u58EB / \u829D\u58EB"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u5361\u5BBE\u67AA"@en . . "\u73ED\u5353\u7434"@en . "\u963F\u83AB\u897F\u6797"@en . . . . "\u8D5B\u7490\u73DE"@en . . . . . . .