. . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0301\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0433\u0438\u0301\u043B\u044C\u0434\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0438\u043C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E: \u0441\u0440.-\u043D\u0436.-\u043D. gilde (\u043E\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E-\u043D\u0435\u043C. gilda, gelda, gildomia \u2014 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0430; \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D. \u0441 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440. \u043D\u0435\u043C. Geld \u2014 \u0434\u0435\u043D\u044C\u0433\u0438), \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u2014 \u00AB\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0436\u0430\u00BB. \u0420\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u044F: \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u043C. Zunft, Hanse \u2014 \u0446\u0435\u0445, \u0443\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0413\u0438\u043B\u044C\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043D\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0430\u043C."@ru . "Una guilda (del antiguo neerland\u00E9s gilde) es una corporaci\u00F3n de mercaderes o de comerciantes; una forma habitual de asociaci\u00F3n de la Baja Edad Media.\u200B"@es . . "Una guilda (del antiguo neerland\u00E9s gilde) es una corporaci\u00F3n de mercaderes o de comerciantes; una forma habitual de asociaci\u00F3n de la Baja Edad Media.\u200B"@es . "Gilda"@cs . . . . . . . "La gilda o ghilda, termine di origine incerta (forse dal germanico gelten, \"valore\", o dall'anglosassone gylta, \"societ\u00E0 religiosa\") era una corporazione tipicamente germanica che si svilupp\u00F2 a cavallo del I millennio."@it . . . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . . . . . "Guild"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "December 2017"@en . "12369"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\uAE38\uB4DC"@ko . . . . . . . "Une guilde, ou ghilde ou gilde d\u00E9signait au Moyen \u00C2ge (XIe\u2009\u2013\u2009XIVe si\u00E8cles) une association ou coop\u00E9ration de personnes pratiquant une activit\u00E9 commune, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement des marchands, qui, s'\u00E9tant dot\u00E9s de r\u00E8gles et de privil\u00E8ges sp\u00E9cifiques, demandaient protection aux autorit\u00E9s d'une ville ou d'un \u00C9tat. De nos jours, ce terme, quelque peu d\u00E9suet, d\u00E9signe une association priv\u00E9e ayant un but pr\u00E9cis. Ce mot provient du vieux norrois gildi signifiant \u00AB coop\u00E9ration \u00BB ou \u00AB assembl\u00E9e \u00BB ou \u00AB troupe \u00BB (autour d'un repas ou d'une trinquerie, beuverie, potacio) et par extension, accord, entente, de personnes entre elles. D'autres orthographes sont signal\u00E9es en ancien fran\u00E7ais ou n\u00E9erlandais : guild ou ghilde. Est attest\u00E9 le d\u00E9terminant issu du latin m\u00E9di\u00E9val ancr\u00E9 dans le langage juridique saxon \u00E0 partir de gilda, gildum, geldum, \u00E0 savoir : prestation, tribut, service. Les premi\u00E8res guildes se mettant au service de marchands, apparues en Allemagne du Nord sous le r\u00E8gne de Henri Ier, pr\u00E9c\u00E8dent la Ligue hans\u00E9atique."@fr . . . . . . . . "A guild (/\u0261\u026Ald/ GILD) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but were mostly regulated by the city government. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild."@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0433\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0434\u0456\u044F"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "V\u00FDraz gilda ozna\u010Duje voln\u00E9 sdru\u017Een\u00ED \u010Di spole\u010Denskou skupinu zalo\u017Eenou pro zaji\u0161t\u011Bn\u00ED vz\u00E1jemn\u00E9 v\u00FDpomoci v p\u0159\u00EDpad\u011B nouze. Spole\u010Denstv\u00ED fungovala na z\u00E1klad\u011B domluvy, smlouvy \u010Di dohody, p\u0159i\u010Dem\u017E dohoda a smlouva se zakl\u00E1dala na oboustrann\u00E9 p\u0159\u00EDslibn\u00E9 p\u0159\u00EDsaze. Etymologicky slovo gilda ozna\u010Duje ve starohornon\u011Bm\u010Din\u011B gelt - placen\u00ED, plat, dar - germ\u00E1nsky geldan - proplatit, zaplatit. Bylo to tedy spole\u010Denstv\u00ED zalo\u017Een\u00E9 nejen na p\u0159\u00EDsaze, ale tak\u00E9 na daru \u010Di platb\u011B. V\u00FDraz gilda se v sou\u010Dasnosti p\u0159enesen\u011B pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 i v obecn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm smyslu pro jak\u00E9koliv obchodn\u00ED \u010Di jin\u00E9 sdru\u017Een\u00ED a spole\u010Denstv\u00ED."@cs . . "\u041A\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0433\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0434\u0456\u044F (\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043D\u0456\u043C. Gilde \u00AB\u043E\u0431'\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u00BB) \u2014 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0439\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0432\u043B\u0435\u044E. \u0417\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E-\u043D\u0438\u0436\u043D\u044C\u043E-\u043D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0456\u043C. gilde (\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E-\u043D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0456\u043C. gilda, gelda, gildomia \u2014 \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0430\u00BB; \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0435 \u043D\u0456\u043C. Geld \u2014 \u00AB\u0433\u0440\u043E\u0448\u0456\u00BB), \u043F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u2014 \u00AB\u0431\u0456\u0440\u0436\u0430\u00BB. \u0414\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0442\u044F \u043D\u0456\u043C. Zunft, Hanse \u2014 \u00AB\u0446\u0435\u0445\u00BB, \u00AB\u0443\u043D\u0456\u044F\u00BB."@uk . "Eine Gilde (von altnordisch gildi \u201EGenossenschaft\u201C, \u201ETrinkgelage\u201C) im engeren Sinne war im Mittelalter ein selbstn\u00FCtziger und durch einen Schwur besiegelter Zusammenschluss von Kaufleuten (Patriziern) einer Stadt oder einer Gruppe fahrender H\u00E4ndler zum Schutz und zur F\u00F6rderung gemeinsamer Interessen. Im weiteren Sinne wurden mit dem Begriff auch Handwerkergenossenschaften erfasst. Allerdings werden diese prim\u00E4r und zur Unterscheidung von den kaufm\u00E4nnischen Vereinigungen als Z\u00FCnfte bezeichnet. In manchen europ\u00E4ischen Sprachen wird allerdings auch das Wort \u201EGilde\u201C in Zusammenh\u00E4ngen verwendet, die offenbar Z\u00FCnfte wie Gilden gleicherma\u00DFen bedeuten k\u00F6nnen, so etwa im englischen guild, das sich auch auf eine K\u00FCnstlergilde beziehen kann. In den romanischen Sprachen, wie z. B. dem Italienischen, unterscheidet man zwischen den arti maggiori und den arti minori f\u00FCr solche Zusammenschl\u00FCsse des 13. bis 15. Jahrhunderts. Die ersten Gilden wurden auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Frankreichs im 8. Jahrhundert nachgewiesen. Von Gilden auf deutschem Boden war erstmals in der sogenannten Burgenordnung (926) Heinrichs I. zu lesen. Diese fr\u00FChen bruderschaftlichen Vereinigungen hatten im Gegensatz zu den sp\u00E4teren Kaufmannsgilden und Handwerkerz\u00FCnften noch keinen berufsspezifischen Charakter. Sie versprachen ihren Mitgliedern Schutz und Hilfe in allen Lebensbereichen. Dazu z\u00E4hlten im Wesentlichen die Sicherheit des Warentransports, die gegenseitige Unterst\u00FCtzung in Ungl\u00FCcksf\u00E4llen sowie die gemeinschaftliche Pflege von Religiosit\u00E4t (= Kalandsgilde). Mit der Zeit entwickelten sich die Gilden zu Handelsmonopolen in den jeweiligen St\u00E4dten, und sie bildeten sogar eigene Handelsr\u00E4ume aus. Dadurch gewannen die Gilden zunehmend an politischem Einfluss, wobei es ihnen zuweilen gelang, einzelne St\u00E4dte politisch zu kontrollieren. In Italien ist hierf\u00FCr das Geschlecht der Medici ein au\u00DFerordentlich gutes Beispiel, welches schrittweise die Stadtrepublik Florenz unter seine Kontrolle brachte. Im deutschen Raum verf\u00FCgten die Familien der Fugger und der Welser in Augsburg und N\u00FCrnberg \u00FCber \u00E4hnlich gro\u00DFen Einfluss. Eine der bedeutendsten Fernhandelsgilden in Europa im Mittelalter war die Hanse, die sich schlie\u00DFlich Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts zu einem m\u00E4chtigen St\u00E4dtebund weiterentwickelte. Neben den H\u00E4ndler- und Handwerksgilden gab es auch, doch eher seltener, die so genannten S\u00F6ldnergilden oder Kriegergilden, die nach denselben Prinzipien der Z\u00FCnfte/Gilden handelten. Diese boten Sicherheit gegen Entgelt, d. h. die Gilde wurde von H\u00E4ndlern oder Wohlhabenden/Adel f\u00FCr einen begrenzten Zeitraum um Schutz gebeten, z. B. w\u00E4hrend einer Reise. Falls ein S\u00F6ldner bei einem Auftrag ums Leben kam, k\u00FCmmerte sich die Gilde um die hinterbliebene Familie."@de . "InternetArchiveBot"@en . . "Une guilde, ou ghilde ou gilde d\u00E9signait au Moyen \u00C2ge (XIe\u2009\u2013\u2009XIVe si\u00E8cles) une association ou coop\u00E9ration de personnes pratiquant une activit\u00E9 commune, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement des marchands, qui, s'\u00E9tant dot\u00E9s de r\u00E8gles et de privil\u00E8ges sp\u00E9cifiques, demandaient protection aux autorit\u00E9s d'une ville ou d'un \u00C9tat. De nos jours, ce terme, quelque peu d\u00E9suet, d\u00E9signe une association priv\u00E9e ayant un but pr\u00E9cis. Les premi\u00E8res guildes se mettant au service de marchands, apparues en Allemagne du Nord sous le r\u00E8gne de Henri Ier, pr\u00E9c\u00E8dent la Ligue hans\u00E9atique."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gildia (historia)"@pl . . "Gilda (storia)"@it . . . "Guilda (de l'antic neerland\u00E8s gilde) \u00E9s una corporaci\u00F3 de mercaders o comerciants, la seva forma habitual d'associaci\u00F3 durant la Baixa edat mitjana (segles XI al XV). Funcionava institucionalment de manera equivalent als gremis dels artesans, \u00E9s a dir, com la reuni\u00F3 d'un grup de persones que comparteixen una activitat comuna, trien c\u00E0rrecs directius, es doten a si mateixos de regles determinades que obliguen a tots ells i comparteixen els mateixos drets o llibertats. Tals conceptes no tenien el mateix valor que van adquirir en l'Edat Contempor\u00E0nia, i eren entesos com una forma de privilegis compatibles amb una situaci\u00F3 marginal en el sistema socioecon\u00F2mic feudal, que a partir dels \u00FAltims segles de l'Edat Mitjana (especialment des de la ) es trobava en un lent proc\u00E9s de crisi i transformaci\u00F3, en . Els mercaders enriquits de les guildes, si b\u00E9 no podien formar part dels estaments privilegiats, si podien aconseguir una alta posici\u00F3 econ\u00F2mica. Els romans, especialment els poden considerar un precedent remot de les guildes. La forma m\u00E9s elaborada de guilda va ser la que va adquirir la Hansa a les ciutats del B\u00E0ltic i altres ports del nord d'Europa, on va arribar a ser poderos\u00EDssima, va funcionar gaireb\u00E9 com un Estat, i fins i tot va mantenir forces armades. Els d'Anglaterra s\u00F3n un altre exemple significatiu."@ca . . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uAE38\uB4DC (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uAE38\uB4DC(guild)\uB294 \uC911\uC138\uC5D0\uC11C \uADFC\uC138\uC5D0 \uC774\uB974\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uB3C4\uC2DC\uB97C \uC911\uC2EC\uC73C\uB85C \uC7A5\uC778\uC774\uB098 \uC0C1\uC778\uC774 \uC870\uC9C1\uD55C \uC870\uD569\uC774\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uAE38\uB4DC\uB294 \uC0AC\uC5C5\uAD8C \uBA74\uD5C8\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uD574\uB2F9 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC758 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uAD8C\uC774\uB098 \uC0C1\uAD8C\uC744 \uB3C5\uC810\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uCD08\uAE30\uC758 \uAE38\uB4DC\uB294 \uBB34\uC5ED\uC0C1\uC758 \uB3D9\uC5C5\uC790 \uC870\uD569 \uD615\uD0DC\uC600\uC73C\uBA70 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD55C \uB3C4\uC2DC\uB97C \uAC70\uC810\uC73C\uB85C \uB2E8\uC77C \uD488\uBAA9\uC758 \uAC70\uB798\uB97C \uC911\uC7AC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC678\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uC9C1\uB2A5 \uC870\uD569\uC774\uB098 \uB178\uB3D9\uC870\uD569, \uCE74\uB974\uD154, \uB610\uB294 \uBE44\uBC00\uACB0\uC0AC\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uD615\uD0DC\uB97C \uCDE8\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uAE38\uB4DC\uC758 \uC124\uB9BD\uC740 \uC885\uC885 \uAD70\uC8FC\uB098 \uC601\uC8FC \uB610\uB294 \uD574\uB2F9 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC758 \uD1B5\uCE58\uC790\uAC00 \uBC1C\uAE09\uD55C \uD615\uD0DC\uB85C \uC0AC\uC5C5 \uD5C8\uAC00\uB97C \uBC1B\uC544 \uC870\uC9C1\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uC870\uD569\uC6D0\uC758 \uCDA9\uC6D0, \uB3C4\uC81C\uC758 \uACE0\uC6A9\uACFC \uD6C8\uB828, \uC0DD\uC0B0 \uB3C4\uAD6C\uC758 \uC18C\uC720\uC640 \uAD00\uB9AC \uB4F1\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC790\uCE58\uAD8C\uC744 \uC778\uC815\uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uAE38\uB4DC\uB294 \uBD80\uC815\uD55C \uAC70\uB798\uB97C \uD558\uB2E4 \uBC1C\uAC01\uB41C \uD68C\uC6D0\uC744 \uCD94\uBC29\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD1B5\uC0C1\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uAE38\uB4DC\uC758 \uD65C\uB3D9\uC740 \uB3C4\uC2DC \uC815\uBD80\uC758 \uADDC\uC81C\uB97C \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uC9C0\uAE08\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB3C4 \uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uB300\uB3C4\uC2DC\uC5D0\uB294 \uC774 \uB0A8\uC544\uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . "1124939156"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Gille var en medeltida sammanslutning av m\u00E4nniskor, ett d\u00E4r medlemmarna lovade varandra ett visst skydd. I modern form kan de liknas vid f\u00F6reningar som bildades p\u00E5 olika plan i samh\u00E4llet och f\u00F6r olika behov, men de var samtidigt religi\u00F6sa f\u00F6reningar samt sjuk- och . Gillena h\u00F6ll \u00E4ven fester, gillesdrickningar vilka under senmedeltiden, d\u00E5 \u00E4tten och sl\u00E4kten b\u00F6rjat tappa sitt starka grepp om m\u00E4nniskornas liv och statsmakten och kyrkan i viss m\u00E5n b\u00F6rjat dra f\u00F6rsorg om m\u00E4nniskor, kom att bli gillenas viktigaste funktion. Gillet var ett av medeltidens mest specifika fenomen som fanns i stad s\u00E5v\u00E4l som p\u00E5 landsbygd."@sv . "Gilde (Berufsverband)"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30AE\u30EB\u30C9"@ja . . "Gildia (niem. Gilde \u2013 zwi\u0105zek); tak\u017Ce konfraternia (z \u0142ac. wsp\u00F3\u0142bractwo) \u2013 w \u015Bredniowiecznej Europie stowarzyszenie o charakterze obronnym, religijnym lub towarzyskim. W XI w. kupiectwo sta\u0142o si\u0119 najbogatsz\u0105 warstw\u0105 miejskiej spo\u0142eczno\u015Bci. Wobec du\u017Cego zagro\u017Cenia, jakie stanowi\u0142y na drogach bandy rabusi\u00F3w, kupcy organizowali si\u0119 w gildie, wsp\u00F3lnie ponosz\u0105c koszty organizowania podr\u00F3\u017Cy i gromadzenia towar\u00F3w, dzi\u0119ki czemu rozk\u0142ada\u0142o si\u0119 ryzyko zwi\u0105zane z handlem. Nazw\u0105 t\u0105 okre\u015Blano w p\u00F3\u0142nocnej Europie tak\u017Ce cechy rzemie\u015Blnicze.Polska nazwa \u201Egie\u0142da\u201D pochodzi od dolnoniemieckiego s\u0142owa \u201Edie Gilde\u201D, a ta ze staroskandynawskiego gildi \u2013 oznaczaj\u0105ca zebranie, stowarzyszenie, nast\u0119pnie cech rzemie\u015Blniczy."@pl . . . . . . . . . "Guilda"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gilda (bahasa Inggris: guild) adalah serikat pengrajin atau saudagar yang dibentuk guna memantau kegiatan usaha atau perniagaan mereka di daerah tertentu. Gilda-gilda tertua dibentuk sebagai serikat-serikat persaudaraan awam Kristen atau paguyuban-paguyuban usahawan. Gilda diatur mirip , serikat pekerja, kartel, dan perkumpulan rahasia. Keberadaan gilda acap kali bergantung kepada surat paten yang dianugerahkan kepala monarki atau kepala pemerintahan lainnya kepada gilda yang bersangkutan sebagai izin tertulis untuk menguasai dan mengendalikan kegiatan usaha tertentu demi kepentingan anggota-anggotanya, untuk mempertahankan kepemilikan sarana kerja, dan untuk menjamin kelancaran pasokan bahan baku. Petilasan gilda-gilda tradisional yang masih terlestarikan sampai sekarang adalah balai gild"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Guilde"@fr . . . . . "Guilda (de l'antic neerland\u00E8s gilde) \u00E9s una corporaci\u00F3 de mercaders o comerciants, la seva forma habitual d'associaci\u00F3 durant la Baixa edat mitjana (segles XI al XV). Funcionava institucionalment de manera equivalent als gremis dels artesans, \u00E9s a dir, com la reuni\u00F3 d'un grup de persones que comparteixen una activitat comuna, trien c\u00E0rrecs directius, es doten a si mateixos de regles determinades que obliguen a tots ells i comparteixen els mateixos drets o llibertats. Tals conceptes no tenien el mateix valor que van adquirir en l'Edat Contempor\u00E0nia, i eren entesos com una forma de privilegis compatibles amb una situaci\u00F3 marginal en el sistema socioecon\u00F2mic feudal, que a partir dels \u00FAltims segles de l'Edat Mitjana (especialment des de la ) es trobava en un lent proc\u00E9s de crisi i transformaci"@ca . . . . . . "\u041A\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0433\u0438\u043B\u044C\u0434\u0438\u044F"@ru . . . . . . . . . . . "Gilda (perhimpunan)"@in . . . . "Gille"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30AE\u30EB\u30C9\uFF08\u82F1: guild\u3001\u72EC: Zunft\u3001\u4F0A: arti\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u4E16\u3088\u308A\u8FD1\u4E16\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u897F\u6B27\u8AF8\u90FD\u5E02\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u5546\u5DE5\u696D\u8005\u306E\u9593\u3067\u7D50\u6210\u3055\u308C\u305F\u5404\u7A2E\u306E\u8077\u696D\u5225\u7D44\u5408\u3002\u5546\u4EBA\u30AE\u30EB\u30C9\u30FB\u624B\u5DE5\u696D\u30AE\u30EB\u30C9\uFF08\u540C\u8077\u30AE\u30EB\u30C9\uFF09\u306A\u3069\u306B\u533A\u5206\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u306B\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u7523\u7269\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u8077\u80FD\u56E3\u4F53\u306E\u6E90\u6D41\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . "\u041A\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0433\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0434\u0456\u044F (\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043D\u0456\u043C. Gilde \u00AB\u043E\u0431'\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u00BB) \u2014 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0439\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0432\u043B\u0435\u044E. \u0417\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E-\u043D\u0438\u0436\u043D\u044C\u043E-\u043D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0456\u043C. gilde (\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E-\u043D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0456\u043C. gilda, gelda, gildomia \u2014 \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0430\u00BB; \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0435 \u043D\u0456\u043C. Geld \u2014 \u00AB\u0433\u0440\u043E\u0448\u0456\u00BB), \u043F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u2014 \u00AB\u0431\u0456\u0440\u0436\u0430\u00BB. \u0414\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0442\u044F \u043D\u0456\u043C. Zunft, Hanse \u2014 \u00AB\u0446\u0435\u0445\u00BB, \u00AB\u0443\u043D\u0456\u044F\u00BB."@uk . . . . . "Eine Gilde (von altnordisch gildi \u201EGenossenschaft\u201C, \u201ETrinkgelage\u201C) im engeren Sinne war im Mittelalter ein selbstn\u00FCtziger und durch einen Schwur besiegelter Zusammenschluss von Kaufleuten (Patriziern) einer Stadt oder einer Gruppe fahrender H\u00E4ndler zum Schutz und zur F\u00F6rderung gemeinsamer Interessen. Im weiteren Sinne wurden mit dem Begriff auch Handwerkergenossenschaften erfasst. Allerdings werden diese prim\u00E4r und zur Unterscheidung von den kaufm\u00E4nnischen Vereinigungen als Z\u00FCnfte bezeichnet. In manchen europ\u00E4ischen Sprachen wird allerdings auch das Wort \u201EGilde\u201C in Zusammenh\u00E4ngen verwendet, die offenbar Z\u00FCnfte wie Gilden gleicherma\u00DFen bedeuten k\u00F6nnen, so etwa im englischen guild, das sich auch auf eine K\u00FCnstlergilde beziehen kann. In den romanischen Sprachen, wie z. B. dem Italienischen, u"@de . "\u062C\u064A\u0644\u062F"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0301\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0433\u0438\u0301\u043B\u044C\u0434\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0438\u043C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E: \u0441\u0440.-\u043D\u0436.-\u043D. gilde (\u043E\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E-\u043D\u0435\u043C. gilda, gelda, gildomia \u2014 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0430; \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D. \u0441 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440. \u043D\u0435\u043C. Geld \u2014 \u0434\u0435\u043D\u044C\u0433\u0438), \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u2014 \u00AB\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0436\u0430\u00BB. \u0420\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u044F: \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u043C. Zunft, Hanse \u2014 \u0446\u0435\u0445, \u0443\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0413\u0438\u043B\u044C\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043D\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0430\u043C."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uAE38\uB4DC (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uAE38\uB4DC(guild)\uB294 \uC911\uC138\uC5D0\uC11C \uADFC\uC138\uC5D0 \uC774\uB974\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uB3C4\uC2DC\uB97C \uC911\uC2EC\uC73C\uB85C \uC7A5\uC778\uC774\uB098 \uC0C1\uC778\uC774 \uC870\uC9C1\uD55C \uC870\uD569\uC774\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uAE38\uB4DC\uB294 \uC0AC\uC5C5\uAD8C \uBA74\uD5C8\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uD574\uB2F9 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC758 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uAD8C\uC774\uB098 \uC0C1\uAD8C\uC744 \uB3C5\uC810\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uCD08\uAE30\uC758 \uAE38\uB4DC\uB294 \uBB34\uC5ED\uC0C1\uC758 \uB3D9\uC5C5\uC790 \uC870\uD569 \uD615\uD0DC\uC600\uC73C\uBA70 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD55C \uB3C4\uC2DC\uB97C \uAC70\uC810\uC73C\uB85C \uB2E8\uC77C \uD488\uBAA9\uC758 \uAC70\uB798\uB97C \uC911\uC7AC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC678\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uC9C1\uB2A5 \uC870\uD569\uC774\uB098 \uB178\uB3D9\uC870\uD569, \uCE74\uB974\uD154, \uB610\uB294 \uBE44\uBC00\uACB0\uC0AC\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uD615\uD0DC\uB97C \uCDE8\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uAE38\uB4DC\uC758 \uC124\uB9BD\uC740 \uC885\uC885 \uAD70\uC8FC\uB098 \uC601\uC8FC \uB610\uB294 \uD574\uB2F9 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC758 \uD1B5\uCE58\uC790\uAC00 \uBC1C\uAE09\uD55C \uD615\uD0DC\uB85C \uC0AC\uC5C5 \uD5C8\uAC00\uB97C \uBC1B\uC544 \uC870\uC9C1\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uC870\uD569\uC6D0\uC758 \uCDA9\uC6D0, \uB3C4\uC81C\uC758 \uACE0\uC6A9\uACFC \uD6C8\uB828, \uC0DD\uC0B0 \uB3C4\uAD6C\uC758 \uC18C\uC720\uC640 \uAD00\uB9AC \uB4F1\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC790\uCE58\uAD8C\uC744 \uC778\uC815\uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uAE38\uB4DC\uB294 \uBD80\uC815\uD55C \uAC70\uB798\uB97C \uD558\uB2E4 \uBC1C\uAC01\uB41C \uD68C\uC6D0\uC744 \uCD94\uBC29\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD1B5\uC0C1\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uAE38\uB4DC\uC758 \uD65C\uB3D9\uC740 \uB3C4\uC2DC \uC815\uBD80\uC758 \uADDC\uC81C\uB97C \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uC9C0\uAE08\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB3C4 \uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uB300\uB3C4\uC2DC\uC5D0\uB294 \uC774 \uB0A8\uC544\uC788\uB2E4. \uD575\uC2EC\uC801\uC778 \uAE38\uB4DC\uC758 \uD2B9\uAD8C\uC740 \uD574\uB2F9 \uB3C4\uC2DC\uC5D0\uC11C \uC7AC\uD654\uC640 \uC6A9\uC5ED\uC758 \uD310\uB9E4\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uB3C5\uC810\uC801 \uC9C0\uC704\uB97C \uAC16\uB294 \uAC83\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uAE38\uB4DC\uB294 \uC0C1\uD488\uC758 \uCD5C\uC18C\uAC00 \uB610\uB294 \uCD5C\uB300\uAC00\uB97C \uC870\uC815\uD558\uC600\uACE0, \uAC70\uB798 \uAC1C\uC2DC\uC640 \uC885\uB8CC \uC2DC\uAC04\uC744 \uACB0\uC815\uD558\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, \uB3C4\uC81C\uC758 \uC218\uB97C \uC81C\uD55C\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC774\uC678\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uC0C1\uAC70\uB798\uC640 \uAD00\uB828\uD55C \uB2E4\uB978 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uAC00\uC9C0 \uAC83\uB4E4\uC774 \uAE38\uB4DC\uC758 \uACB0\uC815\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uC815\uD574\uC84C\uB2E4. \uC774\uB97C\uD14C\uBA74 \uAE38\uB4DC\uC758 \uC774\uC775\uC744 \uC704\uD574 \uC790\uC720\uB85C\uC6B4 \uACBD\uC7C1\uC744 \uADDC\uC81C\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uC0C1\uD488\uC774\uB098 \uC6A9\uC5ED\uC758 \uD488\uC9C8 \uAE30\uC900\uC744 \uB9C8\uB828\uD558\uC600\uACE0 \uB3C4\uC81C \uACE0\uC6A9\uC758 \uC2EC\uC0AC\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC774\uC8FC\uBBFC\uC774\uB098 \uC5EC\uC131\uC758 \uACE0\uC6A9\uC744 \uBC30\uC81C\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uACF3\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C\uC11C\uB294 \uBE44\uAE30\uB3C5\uAD50\uC778\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C \uD65C\uB3D9\uC744 \uAC00\uB85C\uB9C9\uB294 \uAE38\uB4DC\uB3C4 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uB3C5\uC77C \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC758 \uAE38\uB4DC\uB294 \uC720\uB300\uC778\uC744 \uD68C\uC6D0\uC73C\uB85C \uBC1B\uC544\uB4E4\uC774\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC558\uB2E4. \uC911\uC138\uB294 \uC0AC\uD68C\uC758 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uBD84\uC57C\uAC00 \uAE38\uB4DC\uC758 \uBD84\uC5C5\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC774\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC84C\uB2E4. \uAD50\uC721 \uC5ED\uC2DC \uB9C8\uCC2C\uAC00\uC9C0\uC5EC\uC11C \uC138\uACC4 \uCD5C\uCD08\uC758 \uB300\uD559\uC73C\uB85C 1088\uB144 \uC124\uB9BD\uB41C \uBCFC\uB85C\uB0D0 \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uB098 1096\uB144 \uBB34\uB835 \uC138\uC6CC\uC9C4 \uC625\uC2A4\uD37C\uB4DC \uB300\uD559\uAD50, 1150\uB144 \uBB34\uB835 \uC2DC\uC791\uB41C \uD30C\uB9AC \uB300\uD559\uAD50 \uB4F1\uC740 \uC560\uCD08\uC5D0 \uAE38\uB4DC\uB85C\uC11C \uCD9C\uBC1C\uD55C \uAC83\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBCFC\uB85C\uB0D0 \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC758 \uACBD\uC6B0\uC5D4 \uD559\uC0DD \uC870\uD569\uC774 \uC124\uB9BD \uC8FC\uCCB4\uC600\uACE0 \uD30C\uB9AC \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uB294 \uAE38\uB4DC\uC758 \uB9C8\uC2A4\uD130\uB4E4\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC138\uC6CC\uC84C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . "A guild (/\u0261\u026Ald/ GILD) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but were mostly regulated by the city government. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. Typically the key \"privilege\" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. These rules reduced free competition, but sometimes maintained a good quality of work. An important result of the guild framework was the emergence of universities at Bologna (established in 1088), Oxford (at least since 1096) and Paris (c.\u20091150); they originated as guilds of students (as at Bologna) or of masters (as at Paris)."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30AE\u30EB\u30C9\uFF08\u82F1: guild\u3001\u72EC: Zunft\u3001\u4F0A: arti\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u4E16\u3088\u308A\u8FD1\u4E16\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u897F\u6B27\u8AF8\u90FD\u5E02\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u5546\u5DE5\u696D\u8005\u306E\u9593\u3067\u7D50\u6210\u3055\u308C\u305F\u5404\u7A2E\u306E\u8077\u696D\u5225\u7D44\u5408\u3002\u5546\u4EBA\u30AE\u30EB\u30C9\u30FB\u624B\u5DE5\u696D\u30AE\u30EB\u30C9\uFF08\u540C\u8077\u30AE\u30EB\u30C9\uFF09\u306A\u3069\u306B\u533A\u5206\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u306B\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u7523\u7269\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u8077\u80FD\u56E3\u4F53\u306E\u6E90\u6D41\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . "Gildia (niem. Gilde \u2013 zwi\u0105zek); tak\u017Ce konfraternia (z \u0142ac. wsp\u00F3\u0142bractwo) \u2013 w \u015Bredniowiecznej Europie stowarzyszenie o charakterze obronnym, religijnym lub towarzyskim. W XI w. kupiectwo sta\u0142o si\u0119 najbogatsz\u0105 warstw\u0105 miejskiej spo\u0142eczno\u015Bci. Wobec du\u017Cego zagro\u017Cenia, jakie stanowi\u0142y na drogach bandy rabusi\u00F3w, kupcy organizowali si\u0119 w gildie, wsp\u00F3lnie ponosz\u0105c koszty organizowania podr\u00F3\u017Cy i gromadzenia towar\u00F3w, dzi\u0119ki czemu rozk\u0142ada\u0142o si\u0119 ryzyko zwi\u0105zane z handlem."@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "V\u00FDraz gilda ozna\u010Duje voln\u00E9 sdru\u017Een\u00ED \u010Di spole\u010Denskou skupinu zalo\u017Eenou pro zaji\u0161t\u011Bn\u00ED vz\u00E1jemn\u00E9 v\u00FDpomoci v p\u0159\u00EDpad\u011B nouze. Spole\u010Denstv\u00ED fungovala na z\u00E1klad\u011B domluvy, smlouvy \u010Di dohody, p\u0159i\u010Dem\u017E dohoda a smlouva se zakl\u00E1dala na oboustrann\u00E9 p\u0159\u00EDslibn\u00E9 p\u0159\u00EDsaze. Etymologicky slovo gilda ozna\u010Duje ve starohornon\u011Bm\u010Din\u011B gelt - placen\u00ED, plat, dar - germ\u00E1nsky geldan - proplatit, zaplatit. Bylo to tedy spole\u010Denstv\u00ED zalo\u017Een\u00E9 nejen na p\u0159\u00EDsaze, ale tak\u00E9 na daru \u010Di platb\u011B. V\u00FDraz gilda se v sou\u010Dasnosti p\u0159enesen\u011B pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 i v obecn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm smyslu pro jak\u00E9koliv obchodn\u00ED \u010Di jin\u00E9 sdru\u017Een\u00ED a spole\u010Denstv\u00ED."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La gilda o ghilda, termine di origine incerta (forse dal germanico gelten, \"valore\", o dall'anglosassone gylta, \"societ\u00E0 religiosa\") era una corporazione tipicamente germanica che si svilupp\u00F2 a cavallo del I millennio."@it . . "Gille var en medeltida sammanslutning av m\u00E4nniskor, ett d\u00E4r medlemmarna lovade varandra ett visst skydd. I modern form kan de liknas vid f\u00F6reningar som bildades p\u00E5 olika plan i samh\u00E4llet och f\u00F6r olika behov, men de var samtidigt religi\u00F6sa f\u00F6reningar samt sjuk- och . Gillena h\u00F6ll \u00E4ven fester, gillesdrickningar vilka under senmedeltiden, d\u00E5 \u00E4tten och sl\u00E4kten b\u00F6rjat tappa sitt starka grepp om m\u00E4nniskornas liv och statsmakten och kyrkan i viss m\u00E5n b\u00F6rjat dra f\u00F6rsorg om m\u00E4nniskor, kom att bli gillenas viktigaste funktion. Gillet var ett av medeltidens mest specifika fenomen som fanns i stad s\u00E5v\u00E4l som p\u00E5 landsbygd. Med tiden fick gillena en allt starkare religi\u00F6s pr\u00E4gel, och reformationen ogillade gillenas fokusering p\u00E5 katolska helgon vilket kom att betyda slutet f\u00F6r det medeltida gillesfenomenet. V\u00E4ster\u00E5s riksdag 1544 besl\u00F6t om att uppl\u00F6sa landets kvarvarande gillen."@sv . . "69633"^^ . . . . "Guilda"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gilda (bahasa Inggris: guild) adalah serikat pengrajin atau saudagar yang dibentuk guna memantau kegiatan usaha atau perniagaan mereka di daerah tertentu. Gilda-gilda tertua dibentuk sebagai serikat-serikat persaudaraan awam Kristen atau paguyuban-paguyuban usahawan. Gilda diatur mirip , serikat pekerja, kartel, dan perkumpulan rahasia. Keberadaan gilda acap kali bergantung kepada surat paten yang dianugerahkan kepala monarki atau kepala pemerintahan lainnya kepada gilda yang bersangkutan sebagai izin tertulis untuk menguasai dan mengendalikan kegiatan usaha tertentu demi kepentingan anggota-anggotanya, untuk mempertahankan kepemilikan sarana kerja, dan untuk menjamin kelancaran pasokan bahan baku. Petilasan gilda-gilda tradisional yang masih terlestarikan sampai sekarang adalah balai gilda, yakni gedung balai pertemuan anggota-anggota gilda. Anggota gilda yang kedapatan berlaku curang di muka umum akan dikenai denda atau dicabut keanggotaannya. Salah satu kemajuan penting yang lahir dari kegiatan berserikat ala gilda adalah pendirian universitas di Bologna (berdiri tahun 1088), Oxford (berdiri selambat-lambatnya sejak tahun 1096), dan Paris (berdiri sekitar tahun 1150). Universitas-universitas tersebut mula-mula didirikan sebagai gilda pelajar (Universitas Bologna) atau gilda pengajar (Universitas Paris)."@in . . . .