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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:English_subjunctive
rdf:type
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英語假設語氣 Tryb łączący w języku angielskim English subjunctive
rdfs:comment
英語的「」（subjunctive mood）是在句子中陳述一個未實現的想法、意見或目標，其语法與陳述客觀事實的「」（realis或indicative mood）透過動詞或助動詞的不同變格區分，舉例說，這是現在式指示語氣：「Tom speaks English」（湯姆講英語），相對於現在式假設語氣下：「Mary suggests that Tom speak English」（瑪麗建議湯姆講英語），動詞「speak」（講）在現在式指示語氣句子中按第三身單數一般現在式變格成「speaks」，但在現在式假設語氣句子中維持不定式。 由於在現代英語中假設語氣的语法很多時與指示語氣看似相同，例如上述例句中將第三身的「Tom」替換成眾數、第一身或第二身名詞就會得出這種效果，導致許多人忽略了假設語氣的正確语法。一個比較明顯的英語假設語氣语法是助動詞「be」的變格，用作現在式被動態的助動詞時同樣維持不定式，例如「I suggest that he be removed」（我建議將他趕走），但在過去式假設語氣中作為純粹動詞「是為」則永遠使用與眾數過去式相同的「were」，例如「If he were rich, …」（假如他是富有，那麼...）。 Tryb łączący, zwany subjunctive jest używany do opisu sytuacji i zdarzeń nierzeczywistych, które są możliwe, pożądane bądź wyobrażone. Tryb łączący, czyli subjunctive był częsty w starszych wersjach języka angielskiego, dziś zastępowany jest głównie przez should, would i inne czasowniki modalne, specjalnym użyciem czasów przeszłych i zwykłymi formami czasowników. Współczesna angielszczyzna ma niewiele form subjunctive: formy III os. liczby pojedynczej bez końcówki -s: she see, he have i form specjalnych czasownika to be: he were. Poza I/he/she/it were po if nie są one częste. While the English language lacks distinct inflections for mood, an English subjunctive is recognized in most grammars. Definition and scope of the concept vary widely across the literature, but it is generally associated with the description of something other than apparent reality. Traditionally, the term is applied loosely to cases in which one might expect a subjunctive form in related languages, especially Old English and Latin. This includes conditional clauses, wishes and reported speech. Modern descriptive grammars limit the term to cases in which some grammatical marking can be observed, nevertheless coming to varying definitions.
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dbo:abstract
While the English language lacks distinct inflections for mood, an English subjunctive is recognized in most grammars. Definition and scope of the concept vary widely across the literature, but it is generally associated with the description of something other than apparent reality. Traditionally, the term is applied loosely to cases in which one might expect a subjunctive form in related languages, especially Old English and Latin. This includes conditional clauses, wishes and reported speech. Modern descriptive grammars limit the term to cases in which some grammatical marking can be observed, nevertheless coming to varying definitions. In particular, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language narrows the definition further so that the usage of were, as in "I wish she were here", traditionally known as the "past subjunctive", is instead called irrealis. According to this narrow definition, the subjunctive is a grammatical construction recognizable by its use of the bare form of a verb in a finite clause that describes a non-actual scenario. For instance, "It's essential that he be here" uses subjunctive mood while "It's essential that he is here" does not. This narrow definition forms the basis for this article. Tryb łączący, zwany subjunctive jest używany do opisu sytuacji i zdarzeń nierzeczywistych, które są możliwe, pożądane bądź wyobrażone. Tryb łączący, czyli subjunctive był częsty w starszych wersjach języka angielskiego, dziś zastępowany jest głównie przez should, would i inne czasowniki modalne, specjalnym użyciem czasów przeszłych i zwykłymi formami czasowników. Współczesna angielszczyzna ma niewiele form subjunctive: formy III os. liczby pojedynczej bez końcówki -s: she see, he have i form specjalnych czasownika to be: he were. Poza I/he/she/it were po if nie są one częste. 英語的「」（subjunctive mood）是在句子中陳述一個未實現的想法、意見或目標，其语法與陳述客觀事實的「」（realis或indicative mood）透過動詞或助動詞的不同變格區分，舉例說，這是現在式指示語氣：「Tom speaks English」（湯姆講英語），相對於現在式假設語氣下：「Mary suggests that Tom speak English」（瑪麗建議湯姆講英語），動詞「speak」（講）在現在式指示語氣句子中按第三身單數一般現在式變格成「speaks」，但在現在式假設語氣句子中維持不定式。 由於在現代英語中假設語氣的语法很多時與指示語氣看似相同，例如上述例句中將第三身的「Tom」替換成眾數、第一身或第二身名詞就會得出這種效果，導致許多人忽略了假設語氣的正確语法。一個比較明顯的英語假設語氣语法是助動詞「be」的變格，用作現在式被動態的助動詞時同樣維持不定式，例如「I suggest that he be removed」（我建議將他趕走），但在過去式假設語氣中作為純粹動詞「是為」則永遠使用與眾數過去式相同的「were」，例如「If he were rich, …」（假如他是富有，那麼...）。
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