. . "Elektroporation ist eine Methode, Zellmembranen vor\u00FCbergehend permeabel (durchl\u00E4ssig) zu machen, um so Makromolek\u00FCle, wie DNA oder Proteine, in Zellen oder Gewebe einzuschleusen. Die Elektroporation wird in der Molekularbiologie h\u00E4ufig zum Transfer von Nukleins\u00E4uren in prokaryotische (Transformation) und eukaryotische (Transfektion) Zellen verwendet. Im Bereich der Lebensmittel- und Bioverfahrenstechnik kann die Elektroporation zur Besserung von Massentransportprozessen oder zur Inaktivierung von Mikroorganismen eingesetzt werden."@de . . "Elektroporasi merupakan metode yang menggunakan kejutan listrik untuk memperbesar pori-pori membran sel sehingga dapat meningkatkan permeabilitas membran. Untuk melakukan metode ini, sel harus terlebih dahulu ditumbuhkan pada media hingga mencapai masa di sekitar pertengahan fase log. Lalu sinyal elektrik akan menginduksi perbesaran pori-pori membran sehingga molekul yang berukuran kecil seperti DNA dapat masuk.Efisiensi dari metode ini berbanding terbalik dengan peningkatan ukuran plasmid."@in . . "Elektroporasi"@in . "L'electroporaci\u00F3 o electropermeabilizaci\u00F3 \u00E9s un procediment on s'augmenta la conductivitat el\u00E8ctrica i la permeabilitat de la membrana plasm\u00E0tica cel\u00B7lular aplicant externament un camp el\u00E8ctric. \u00C9s habitual en biologia molecular com a forma d'introducci\u00F3 de diferents subst\u00E0ncies en c\u00E8l\u00B7lules, com per exemple , un f\u00E0rmac que pot canviar les funcions cel\u00B7lulars o un fragment d'ADN codificant, com pot ser un plasmidi."@ca . "Elektroporatie"@nl . . "Elektroporering \u00E4r en molekyl\u00E4rbiologisk metod f\u00F6r att \u00F6verf\u00F6ra plasmider och andra former av DNA till biologiska celler. Elektroporering g\u00E5r ut p\u00E5 att celler och DNA appliceras i ett elektriskt f\u00E4lt vilket \u00F6ppnar upp tillf\u00E4lliga h\u00E5ligheter i cellens membran, igenom vilka plasmiden kan passera in i cellen. Elektroporering kan genomf\u00F6ras b\u00E5de in vitro och in vivo."@sv . "L'elettroporazione \u00E8 una tecnica per aprire dei pori della membrana cellulare per introdurre nelle cellule il DNA o altre sostanze chimiche come chemioterapici. Applicata a protoplasti, cellule animali, batteri e lieviti."@it . "Elektroporace, neboli elektropermeabilizace je mikrobiologick\u00E1 technika, p\u0159i kter\u00E9 je na bu\u0148ky aplikov\u00E1no elektrick\u00E9 pole, za \u00FA\u010Delem zv\u00FD\u0161en\u00ED propustnosti bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 membr\u00E1ny, co\u017E umo\u017E\u0148uje pr\u016Fnik chemik\u00E1li\u00ED, l\u00E9k\u016F, elektrod nebo DNA do bu\u0148ky (elektrotransfer). Proces elektroporace je \u010Dasto vyu\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n zejm\u00E9na k transformaci bakteri\u00ED, kvasinek nebo rostlinn\u00FDch protoplast\u016F zaveden\u00EDm nov\u00E9 k\u00F3duj\u00EDc\u00ED DNA. [2][3][4] K tomuto \u00FA\u010Delu b\u00FDvaj\u00ED vyu\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1ny plazmidy, kter\u00E9 lze do bakteri\u00E1ln\u00EDch bun\u011Bk c\u00EDlen\u011B aplikovat pr\u00E1v\u011B po elektroporaci. V z\u00E1vislosti na tom, jak\u00FD materi\u00E1l je do bu\u0148ky vpravov\u00E1n, lze tak\u00E9 pou\u017E\u00EDt peptidy pronikaj\u00EDc\u00ED do bun\u011Bk (CPP) nebo technologii CellSqueeze. Elektroporace funguje na principu, p\u016Fsoben\u00ED elektrick\u00E9ho nap\u011Bt\u00ED tis\u00EDc\u016F volt\u016F (~8 kV/cm) na bu\u0148ky suspendovan\u00E9 v elektropora\u010Dn\u00ED kyvet\u011B.[2] Pot\u00E9 prob\u011Bhne proces bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9ho d\u011Blen\u00ED, jeho\u017E produktem jsou dce\u0159in\u00E9 bu\u0148ky, kter\u00E9 obsahuj\u00ED reprodukovan\u00E9 plazmidy. Tento proces je p\u0159i zvy\u0161ov\u00E1n\u00ED propustnosti bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 membr\u00E1ny p\u0159ibli\u017En\u011B desetkr\u00E1t \u00FA\u010Dinn\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED ne\u017E p\u0159i vyu\u017Eit\u00ED chemick\u00E9 transformace.[5] Elektroporace je tak\u00E9 vysoce \u00FA\u010Dinn\u00E1 p\u0159i inserci ciz\u00EDch gen\u016F do bun\u011Bk tk\u00E1\u0148ov\u00FDch kultur, zejm\u00E9na bun\u011Bk savc\u016F. Vyu\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 se tak nap\u0159\u00EDklad p\u0159i produkci knockout my\u0161\u00ED, v oblasti onkologick\u00E9 terapie, nebo p\u0159i genov\u00E9 a bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 terapii. Proces zav\u00E1d\u011Bn\u00ED ciz\u00ED DNA do eukaryotick\u00FDch bun\u011Bk je zn\u00E1m\u00FD jako transfekce. Pro \u00FA\u010Dely transfekce bun\u011Bk v suspenzi pomoc\u00ED elektropora\u010Dn\u00EDch kyvet je elektroporace vysoce efektivn\u00ED metodou zvy\u0161ov\u00E1n\u00ED prostupnosti bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 membr\u00E1ny. Uk\u00E1zala se jako velmi \u00FA\u010Dinn\u00E1 i pro pou\u017Eit\u00ED na tk\u00E1n\u00EDch in vivo, pro aplikace in utero a tak\u00E9 pro transfekci in ovo. Adherentn\u00ED bu\u0148ky mohou b\u00FDt takt\u00E9\u017E transfekov\u00E1ny pomoc\u00ED elektroporace. To v\u011Bdeck\u00FDm pracovn\u00EDk\u016Fm poskytuje funk\u010Dn\u00ED alternativu k trypsinizaci bun\u011Bk p\u0159ed transfekc\u00ED. Nev\u00FDhodou elektroporace v\u0161ak je, \u017Ee po proveden\u00ED procesu m\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt ovlivn\u011Bna genov\u00E1 exprese v\u00EDce ne\u017E 7 000 gen\u016F. [6] To m\u016F\u017Ee zp\u016Fsobit probl\u00E9my ve studi\u00EDch, ve kter\u00FDch mus\u00ED b\u00FDt genov\u00E1 exprese kontrolov\u00E1na, aby byly zaji\u0161t\u011Bny spr\u00E1vn\u00E9 a p\u0159esn\u00E9 v\u00FDsledky. P\u0159esto\u017Ee elektroporace m\u00E1 mnoho v\u00FDhod oproti fyzik\u00E1ln\u00EDm metod\u00E1m, jako jsou mikroinjekce a genov\u00E9 zbran\u011B, st\u00E1le m\u00E1 i sv\u00E9 slabiny. Tou je nap\u0159\u00EDklad n\u00EDzk\u00E1 \u017Eivotaschopnost elektroporovan\u00FDch bun\u011Bk. Z tohoto d\u016Fvodu byla provedena studie t\u00FDkaj\u00EDc\u00ED se miniaturizace elektroporace, kter\u00E1 vedla ke vzniku mikroelektroporace a nanotransfekce tk\u00E1n\u011B pomoc\u00ED technik zalo\u017Een\u00FDch na elektroporaci prost\u0159ednictv\u00EDm nanokan\u00E1l\u016F k minim\u00E1ln\u011B invazivn\u00EDmu dod\u00E1n\u00ED po\u017Eadovan\u00E9ho materi\u00E1lu do bun\u011Bk.[7] Elektroporace je tak\u00E9 pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1na jako mechanismus ke spu\u0161t\u011Bn\u00ED bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 f\u00FAze. Um\u011Ble vyvolanou bun\u011B\u010Dnou f\u00FAzi lze pou\u017E\u00EDt ke v\u00FDzkumu a l\u00E9\u010Db\u011B r\u016Fzn\u00FDch onemocn\u011Bn\u00ED, jako nap\u0159. diabetes, [8] [9] [10] regeneraci axon\u016F centr\u00E1ln\u00EDho nervov\u00E9ho syst\u00E9mu [11] a produkci bun\u011Bk s po\u017Eadovan\u00FDmi vlastnostmi, nap\u0159\u00EDklad v bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00FDch vakc\u00EDn\u00E1ch pro onkologickou imunoterapii. [12] Prvn\u00ED a nejzn\u00E1m\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED aplikac\u00ED bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 f\u00FAze byla produkce monoklon\u00E1ln\u00EDch protil\u00E1tek v hybridomov\u00E9 technologii, kdy hybridn\u00ED bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 linie (hybridomy) vznikaj\u00ED f\u00FAz\u00ED B lymfocyt\u016F produkuj\u00EDc\u00EDch specifick\u00E9 protil\u00E1tky s myelomovou (rakovina B lymfocyt\u016F) bun\u011B\u010Dnou lini\u00ED. [13]"@cs . . . "Elettroporazione"@it . . . . . . . . "Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a microbiology technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals, drugs, electrode arrays or DNA to be introduced into the cell (also called electrotransfer). In microbiology, the process of electroporation is often used to transform bacteria, yeast, or plant protoplasts by introducing new coding DNA. If bacteria and plasmids are mixed together, the plasmids can be transferred into the bacteria after electroporation, though depending on what is being transferred, cell-penetrating peptides or CellSqueeze could also be used. Electroporation works by passing thousands of volts (~8 kV/cm) across suspended cells in an electroporation cuvette. Afterwards, the ce"@en . "Electroporaci\u00F3"@ca . . "Eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o"@pt . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u062B\u0642\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062B\u0642\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Electroporation \u0623\u0648 electropermeabilization)\u200F\u060C \u0648\u0647\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0632\u064A\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0648\u0635\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062C\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642 \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A.\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062B\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062F\u062E\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u062A\u062D\u0645\u064A\u0644 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062B\u0644\u0627\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u062F\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0645\u064A\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A."@ar . "La electroporaci\u00F3n o electropermeabilizaci\u00F3n consiste en provocar un aumento significativo de la conductividad el\u00E9ctrica y la permeabilidad de la membrana plasm\u00E1tica celular mediante un campo el\u00E9ctrico aplicado externamente. Es habitual en biolog\u00EDa molecular como forma de introducci\u00F3n de diferentes sustancias en c\u00E9lulas, como por ejemplo sondas moleculares, un f\u00E1rmaco que puede cambiar las funciones celulares o un fragmento de DNA codificante, como puede ser un pl\u00E1smido."@es . . . "Elektroporacja \u2013 zastosowanie pola elektrycznego do odwracalnego uszkodzenia b\u0142ony kom\u00F3rkowej w celu dokonania transformacji kom\u00F3rek (bakteryjnych lub grzybowych) lub protoplast\u00F3w ro\u015Blinnych."@pl . "A eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o ou electro permeabiliza\u00E7\u00E3o, \u00E9 uma t\u00E9cnica de microbiologia em que um campo el\u00E9ctrico \u00E9 aplicado nas c\u00E9lulas de modo a aumentar a permeabilidade da membrana celular, permitindo que produtos qu\u00EDmicos, medicamentos ou DNA possam ser introduzidos na c\u00E9lula. Quando um campo el\u00E9trico, suficientemente, intenso \u00E9 aplicado na c\u00E9lula, h\u00E1 uma redu\u00E7\u00E3o desta barreira. Este fen\u00F4meno \u00E9 chamado de eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o e permite a transfer\u00EAncia de \u00EDons e mol\u00E9culas sol\u00FAveis em \u00E1gua para dentro da c\u00E9lula. Na oncologia, a utiliza a eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o para facilitar a entrada de quimioter\u00E1pidos como a bleomicina e cisplatina . Em microbiologia, o processo de eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 geralmente utilizado para transformar bact\u00E9rias, leveduras ou protoplastos vegetais atrav\u00E9s da introdu\u00E7\u00E3o de uma nova codifica\u00E7\u00E3o d"@pt . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u062B\u0642\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062B\u0642\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Electroporation \u0623\u0648 electropermeabilization)\u200F\u060C \u0648\u0647\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0632\u064A\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0648\u0635\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062C\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642 \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A.\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062B\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062F\u062E\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u062A\u062D\u0645\u064A\u0644 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062B\u0644\u0627\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u062F\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0645\u064A\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A."@ar . . . . . . "39619"^^ . . . . "La electroporaci\u00F3n o electropermeabilizaci\u00F3n consiste en provocar un aumento significativo de la conductividad el\u00E9ctrica y la permeabilidad de la membrana plasm\u00E1tica celular mediante un campo el\u00E9ctrico aplicado externamente. Es habitual en biolog\u00EDa molecular como forma de introducci\u00F3n de diferentes sustancias en c\u00E9lulas, como por ejemplo sondas moleculares, un f\u00E1rmaco que puede cambiar las funciones celulares o un fragmento de DNA codificante, como puede ser un pl\u00E1smido. Cuando el voltaje que atraviesa una membrana plasm\u00E1tica excede su rigidez diel\u00E9ctrica se forman poros. Si la fuerza del campo el\u00E9ctrico aplicado o la duraci\u00F3n de la exposici\u00F3n al mismo se eligen apropiadamente, los poros formados por el pulso el\u00E9ctrico se sellan tras un corto per\u00EDodo, durante el cual los compuestos extracelulares tienen la oportunidad de entrar a la c\u00E9lula. Sin embargo, una exposici\u00F3n excesiva de c\u00E9lulas vivas a campos el\u00E9ctricos puede causar apoptosis o necrosis, procesos que provocan la muerte celular. En biolog\u00EDa molecular, el proceso de electroporaci\u00F3n se usa frecuentemente para la transformaci\u00F3n de bacterias, levaduras y protoplastos vegetales. Adem\u00E1s de membranas lip\u00EDdicas, las bacterias tambi\u00E9n tienen una pared celular compuesta de peptidoglicano y sus derivados. Sin embargo, las paredes son porosas por naturaleza y s\u00F3lo act\u00FAan como corazas que protegen a la c\u00E9lula de impactos ambientales severos. Si se mezclan bacterias y pl\u00E1smidos, \u00E9stos pueden transferirse al interior de las c\u00E9lulas durante la electroporaci\u00F3n. En este proceso suele emplearse un campo el\u00E9ctrico de hasta unos pocos kilovoltios a trav\u00E9s de una distancia de unos pocos mil\u00EDmetros. A continuaci\u00F3n, las c\u00E9lulas deben manipularse cuidadosamente hasta que tengan la oportunidad de dividirse, produciendo nuevas c\u00E9lulas que contendr\u00E1n copias del pl\u00E1smido. Este proceso es aproximadamente diez veces m\u00E1s eficaz que la transformaci\u00F3n por m\u00E9todos qu\u00EDmicos[cita requerida]. Este procedimiento es tambi\u00E9n muy eficiente para la introducci\u00F3n de genes externos en c\u00E9lulas en cultivo, especialmente en las de mam\u00EDfero. Por ejemplo, se usa en el proceso de producci\u00F3n de ratones knockout, as\u00ED como en el tratamiento de tumores, terapia g\u00E9nica y terapias basadas en c\u00E9lulas. El proceso de introducci\u00F3n de \u00E1cidos nucleicos ex\u00F3genos en c\u00E9lulas eucariotas se conoce como transfecci\u00F3n."@es . . . "Elektroporering \u00E4r en molekyl\u00E4rbiologisk metod f\u00F6r att \u00F6verf\u00F6ra plasmider och andra former av DNA till biologiska celler. Elektroporering g\u00E5r ut p\u00E5 att celler och DNA appliceras i ett elektriskt f\u00E4lt vilket \u00F6ppnar upp tillf\u00E4lliga h\u00E5ligheter i cellens membran, igenom vilka plasmiden kan passera in i cellen. Elektroporering kan genomf\u00F6ras b\u00E5de in vitro och in vivo."@sv . . "Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a microbiology technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals, drugs, electrode arrays or DNA to be introduced into the cell (also called electrotransfer). In microbiology, the process of electroporation is often used to transform bacteria, yeast, or plant protoplasts by introducing new coding DNA. If bacteria and plasmids are mixed together, the plasmids can be transferred into the bacteria after electroporation, though depending on what is being transferred, cell-penetrating peptides or CellSqueeze could also be used. Electroporation works by passing thousands of volts (~8 kV/cm) across suspended cells in an electroporation cuvette. Afterwards, the cells have to be handled carefully until they have had a chance to divide, producing new cells that contain reproduced plasmids. This process is approximately ten times more effective in increasing cell membrane's permeability than chemical transformation. Electroporation is also highly efficient for the introduction of foreign genes into tissue culture cells, especially mammalian cells. For example, it is used in the process of producing knockout mice, as well as in tumor treatment, gene therapy, and cell-based therapy. The process of introducing foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is known as transfection. Electroporation is highly effective for transfecting cells in suspension using electroporation cuvettes. Electroporation has proven efficient for use on tissues in vivo, for in utero applications as well as in ovo transfection. Adherent cells can also be transfected using electroporation, providing researchers with an alternative to trypsinizing their cells prior to transfection. One downside to electroporation, however, is that after the process the gene expression of over 7,000 genes can be affected. This can cause problems in studies where gene expression has to be controlled to ensure accurate and precise results. Although bulk electroporation has many benefits over physical delivery methods such as microinjections and gene guns, it still has limitations, including low cell viability. Miniaturization of electroporation has been studied, leading to and nanotransfection of tissue utilizing electroporation-based techniques via nanochannels to minimally invasively deliver cargo to the cells. Electroporation has also been used as a mechanism to trigger cell fusion. Artificially induced cell fusion can be used to investigate and treat different diseases, like diabetes, regenerate axons of the central nerve system, and produce cells with desired properties, such as in cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. However, the first and most known application of cell fusion is production of monoclonal antibodies in hybridoma technology, where hybrid cell lines (hybridomas) are formed by fusing specific antibody-producing B lymphocytes with a myeloma (B lymphocyte cancer) cell line."@en . "Elektroporace"@cs . . . . . . . . . . "Elektroporasi merupakan metode yang menggunakan kejutan listrik untuk memperbesar pori-pori membran sel sehingga dapat meningkatkan permeabilitas membran. Untuk melakukan metode ini, sel harus terlebih dahulu ditumbuhkan pada media hingga mencapai masa di sekitar pertengahan fase log. Lalu sinyal elektrik akan menginduksi perbesaran pori-pori membran sehingga molekul yang berukuran kecil seperti DNA dapat masuk.Efisiensi dari metode ini berbanding terbalik dengan peningkatan ukuran plasmid."@in . . . "Elektroporacja \u2013 zastosowanie pola elektrycznego do odwracalnego uszkodzenia b\u0142ony kom\u00F3rkowej w celu dokonania transformacji kom\u00F3rek (bakteryjnych lub grzybowych) lub protoplast\u00F3w ro\u015Blinnych."@pl . "Electroporaci\u00F3n"@es . . . "\u042D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F"@ru . "\u96FB\u6C17\u7A7F\u5B54\u6CD5\uFF08\u3067\u3093\u304D\u305B\u3093\u3053\u3046\u307B\u3046\u3001electroporation\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u96FB\u6C17\u30D1\u30EB\u30B9\u3067\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u306B\u5B54\u3092\u3042\u3051\u7269\u8CEA\u3092\u5C0E\u5165\u3059\u308B\u624B\u6CD5\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30A8\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30ED\u30DD\u30EC\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u5F62\u8CEA\u8EE2\u63DB\u6CD5\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7528\u3044\u308B\u5834\u5408\u306F\u3001\u7D30\u80DE\u61F8\u6FC1\u6DB2\u306B\u96FB\u6C17\u30D1\u30EB\u30B9\u3092\u304B\u3051\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3067\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u306B\u5FAE\u5C0F\u306A\u7A74\u3092\u7A7A\u3051\u3001DNA\u3092\u7D30\u80DE\u5185\u90E8\u306B\u9001\u308A\u8FBC\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5F62\u8CEA\u8EE2\u63DB\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u65B9\u6CD5\u306F\u3001\u5927\u8178\u83CC\u3084\u52D5\u7269\u7D30\u80DE\u3001\u7CF8\u72B6\u83CC\u306A\u3069\u306E\u5F62\u8CEA\u8EE2\u63DB\u306B\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u4ED6\u306E\u5F62\u8CEA\u8EE2\u63DB\u6CD5\u306B\u6BD4\u3079\u3066\u7C21\u5358\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u5927\u304D\u306A\u5229\u70B9\u3067\u306F\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u5C02\u7528\u306E\u5668\u68B0\u3092\u5FC5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306A\u3069\u77ED\u6240\u3082\u591A\u3044\u3002 \u304C\u3093\u6CBB\u7642\u3078\u306E\u5FDC\u7528\u3082\u9032\u3093\u3067\u304A\u308A\u3001\u304C\u3093\u7D30\u80DE\u3078\u306E\u6297\u304C\u3093\u5264\u306E\u5C0E\u5165\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u540C\u69D8\u306E\u624B\u6CD5\u306F\u7F8E\u5BB9\u6CD5\u306B\u3082\u5FDC\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 \u3055\u3089\u306B\u8FD1\u5E74\u3067\u306F\u4E0D\u53EF\u9006\u7684\u306A\u7A7F\u5B54\u306B\u3088\u308B\u764C\u7D30\u80DE\u306E\u6B7B\u6EC5\u3092\u76EE\u7684\u3068\u3059\u308B\u4E0D\u53EF\u9006\u96FB\u6C17\u7A7F\u5B54\u6CD5\u304C\u767B\u5834\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "1113311445"^^ . . . "L'elettroporazione \u00E8 una tecnica per aprire dei pori della membrana cellulare per introdurre nelle cellule il DNA o altre sostanze chimiche come chemioterapici. Applicata a protoplasti, cellule animali, batteri e lieviti."@it . "41961"^^ . . . . . . . . "\u96FB\u6C17\u7A7F\u5B54\u6CD5\uFF08\u3067\u3093\u304D\u305B\u3093\u3053\u3046\u307B\u3046\u3001electroporation\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u96FB\u6C17\u30D1\u30EB\u30B9\u3067\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u306B\u5B54\u3092\u3042\u3051\u7269\u8CEA\u3092\u5C0E\u5165\u3059\u308B\u624B\u6CD5\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30A8\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30ED\u30DD\u30EC\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u5F62\u8CEA\u8EE2\u63DB\u6CD5\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7528\u3044\u308B\u5834\u5408\u306F\u3001\u7D30\u80DE\u61F8\u6FC1\u6DB2\u306B\u96FB\u6C17\u30D1\u30EB\u30B9\u3092\u304B\u3051\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3067\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u306B\u5FAE\u5C0F\u306A\u7A74\u3092\u7A7A\u3051\u3001DNA\u3092\u7D30\u80DE\u5185\u90E8\u306B\u9001\u308A\u8FBC\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5F62\u8CEA\u8EE2\u63DB\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u65B9\u6CD5\u306F\u3001\u5927\u8178\u83CC\u3084\u52D5\u7269\u7D30\u80DE\u3001\u7CF8\u72B6\u83CC\u306A\u3069\u306E\u5F62\u8CEA\u8EE2\u63DB\u306B\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u4ED6\u306E\u5F62\u8CEA\u8EE2\u63DB\u6CD5\u306B\u6BD4\u3079\u3066\u7C21\u5358\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u5927\u304D\u306A\u5229\u70B9\u3067\u306F\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u5C02\u7528\u306E\u5668\u68B0\u3092\u5FC5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306A\u3069\u77ED\u6240\u3082\u591A\u3044\u3002 \u304C\u3093\u6CBB\u7642\u3078\u306E\u5FDC\u7528\u3082\u9032\u3093\u3067\u304A\u308A\u3001\u304C\u3093\u7D30\u80DE\u3078\u306E\u6297\u304C\u3093\u5264\u306E\u5C0E\u5165\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u540C\u69D8\u306E\u624B\u6CD5\u306F\u7F8E\u5BB9\u6CD5\u306B\u3082\u5FDC\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 \u3055\u3089\u306B\u8FD1\u5E74\u3067\u306F\u4E0D\u53EF\u9006\u7684\u306A\u7A7F\u5B54\u306B\u3088\u308B\u764C\u7D30\u80DE\u306E\u6B7B\u6EC5\u3092\u76EE\u7684\u3068\u3059\u308B\u4E0D\u53EF\u9006\u96FB\u6C17\u7A7F\u5B54\u6CD5\u304C\u767B\u5834\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Elektroporace, neboli elektropermeabilizace je mikrobiologick\u00E1 technika, p\u0159i kter\u00E9 je na bu\u0148ky aplikov\u00E1no elektrick\u00E9 pole, za \u00FA\u010Delem zv\u00FD\u0161en\u00ED propustnosti bun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 membr\u00E1ny, co\u017E umo\u017E\u0148uje pr\u016Fnik chemik\u00E1li\u00ED, l\u00E9k\u016F, elektrod nebo DNA do bu\u0148ky (elektrotransfer). Proces elektroporace je \u010Dasto vyu\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n zejm\u00E9na k transformaci bakteri\u00ED, kvasinek nebo rostlinn\u00FDch protoplast\u016F zaveden\u00EDm nov\u00E9 k\u00F3duj\u00EDc\u00ED DNA. [2][3][4]"@cs . . . "\u00C9lectroporation"@fr . . . . . . "\u042D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0440 \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F. \u042D\u0442\u043E \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B (\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0414\u041D\u041A \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0420\u041D\u041A) \u0432 \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u043C\u043B\u0435\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u0431\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043D\u0435 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u044B\u0448\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438."@ru . . . . "Elektroporacja"@pl . . "Elektroporation"@de . . . . . . . . . "Elektroporatie is een techniek waarmee stoffen in een cel getransporteerd kunnen worden. Tijdens elektroporatie wordt een korte voltagepuls (in de orde van tientallen milliseconden) toegediend aan een celsuspensie of aan een enkele cel. Hierdoor laadt het celmembraan op als een condensator, totdat de doorslagspanning bereikt wordt. Het celmembraan verandert dan zodanig van structuur, dat er hydrofiele pori\u00EBn ontstaan. Wanneer de voltagepuls niet te hoog en te lang is, is de vorming van deze pori\u00EBn omkeerbaar: na enkele seconden of minuten gaat het celmembraan weer dicht. In tussentijd kunnen stoffen in en uit de cel migreren, zowel door diffusie als door elektrokinetisch transport (elektroforese en )."@nl . "Elektroporering"@sv . . "\u96FB\u6C17\u7A7F\u5B54\u6CD5"@ja . . . "L'electroporaci\u00F3 o electropermeabilizaci\u00F3 \u00E9s un procediment on s'augmenta la conductivitat el\u00E8ctrica i la permeabilitat de la membrana plasm\u00E0tica cel\u00B7lular aplicant externament un camp el\u00E8ctric. \u00C9s habitual en biologia molecular com a forma d'introducci\u00F3 de diferents subst\u00E0ncies en c\u00E8l\u00B7lules, com per exemple , un f\u00E0rmac que pot canviar les funcions cel\u00B7lulars o un fragment d'ADN codificant, com pot ser un plasmidi. Quan el voltatge que travessa una membrana plasm\u00E0tica excedeix la seva rigidesa diel\u00E8ctrica es formen porus. Si la for\u00E7a del camp el\u00E8ctric aplicat i/ o la durada de l'exposici\u00F3 a aquest es trien apropiadament, els porus formats pels pols el\u00E8ctric se segellen despr\u00E9s d'un curt per\u00EDode, durant el qual els compostos extracel\u00B7lulars tenen l'oportunitat d'entrar a la c\u00E8l\u00B7lula. No obstant aix\u00F2, una exposici\u00F3 excessiva de c\u00E8l\u00B7lules vives a camps el\u00E8ctrics pot causar apoptosi i/o necrosi, processos que provoquen la mort cel\u00B7lular. En biologia molecular, el proc\u00E9s d'electroporaci\u00F3 es fa servir habitualment per a la transformaci\u00F3 de bacteris, llevats i protoplasts vegetals, a m\u00E9s de membranes lip\u00EDdiques, els bacteris tamb\u00E9 tenen una paret cel\u00B7lular compostes de peptidoglic\u00E0 i els seus derivats. No obstant aix\u00F2, les parets s\u00F3n poroses per naturalesa i nom\u00E9s actuen com cuirasses que protegeixen la c\u00E8l\u00B7lula d'impactes ambientals severs. Si els bacteris i els plasmidis es barregen, els plasmidis poden transferir a l'interior de les c\u00E8l\u00B7lules despr\u00E9s de l'electroporaci\u00F3. En aquest proc\u00E9s solen emprar centenars de volts, que travessen una dist\u00E0ncia de diversos mil\u00B7l\u00EDmetres. A continuaci\u00F3, les c\u00E8l\u00B7lules han de ser manipulades amb cura fins que tenen l'oportunitat de dividir, produint noves c\u00E8l\u00B7lules que contindran c\u00F2pies del plasmidi. Aquest proc\u00E9s \u00E9s aproximadament deu vegades m\u00E9s efectiu que la transformaci\u00F3 per m\u00E8todes qu\u00EDmics. Aquest procediment \u00E9s tamb\u00E9 altament eficient per a la introducci\u00F3 de gens externs en c\u00E8l\u00B7lules en cultiu, especialment en les de mam\u00EDfers. Per exemple, s'usa en el proc\u00E9s de producci\u00F3 de , aix\u00ED com en el tractament de tumors, ter\u00E0pia g\u00E8nica i ter\u00E0pies basades en c\u00E8l\u00B7lules. Aquest proc\u00E9s d'introduir \u00E0cids nucleics externs en c\u00E8l\u00B7lules eucariotes s'anomena transfecci\u00F3."@ca . . "L'\u00E9lectroporation, appel\u00E9e aussi \u00E9lectroperm\u00E9abilisation, est une technique microbiologique qui consiste \u00E0 appliquer un champ \u00E9lectrique sur les membranes cellulaires qui sont ainsi d\u00E9stabilis\u00E9es, ce qui augmente la perm\u00E9abilit\u00E9 membranaire. Cette technique est avant tout une m\u00E9thode d'introduction d'ADN dans des cellules. L'application d'impulsions de champ \u00E9lectrique permet \u00E0 l'ADN pr\u00E9sent dans l'espace extracellulaire de rentrer dans les cellules en migrant vers le p\u00F4le positif de la charge, \u00E9tant lui-m\u00EAme charg\u00E9 n\u00E9gativement. Mais on peut aussi y introduire par le m\u00EAme chemin des m\u00E9dicaments, dans le cadre d'une chimioth\u00E9rapie localis\u00E9e \u00E0 la zone \u00E0 traiter. Technique test\u00E9e actuellement sur des animaux. On r\u00E9alise des \u00E9lectroporations sur des cellules en suspension avant de les mettre en culture in vitro. On peut aussi r\u00E9aliser des \u00E9lectroporations in vivo dans des embryons de poulet ou de souris, ce qui permet d'\u00E9tudier les effets de l'expression d'un g\u00E8ne ou de son inhibition (via un siRNA) sur le d\u00E9veloppement embryonnaire. Plus globalement, l'\u00E9lectroporation est le ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne de formation des pores ou de perm\u00E9abilisation de la membrane cellulaire lorsque celle-ci est soumise \u00E0 un champ \u00E9lectrique. Celui-ci peut se produire par exemple lors de l'utilisation du chauffage ohmique en agroalimentaire. Selon l'intensit\u00E9 du champ \u00E9lectrique, ses effets peuvent \u00EAtre irr\u00E9versibles et mener \u00E0 la destruction cellulaire, ce qui apporte un int\u00E9r\u00EAt en pasteurisation ou st\u00E9rilisation, ou dans la d\u00E9coupe des frites. Cependant, l'\u00E9lectroporation peut \u00E9galement \u00EAtre r\u00E9versible et peut am\u00E9liorer l'activit\u00E9 fermentaire des microorganismes (levures et bact\u00E9ries) dans certaines conditions."@fr . . . "\u042D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0440 \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F. \u042D\u0442\u043E \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B (\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0414\u041D\u041A \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0420\u041D\u041A) \u0432 \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u043C\u043B\u0435\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u0431\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043D\u0435 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u044B\u0448\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438."@ru . "Elektroporation ist eine Methode, Zellmembranen vor\u00FCbergehend permeabel (durchl\u00E4ssig) zu machen, um so Makromolek\u00FCle, wie DNA oder Proteine, in Zellen oder Gewebe einzuschleusen. Die Elektroporation wird in der Molekularbiologie h\u00E4ufig zum Transfer von Nukleins\u00E4uren in prokaryotische (Transformation) und eukaryotische (Transfektion) Zellen verwendet. Im Bereich der Lebensmittel- und Bioverfahrenstechnik kann die Elektroporation zur Besserung von Massentransportprozessen oder zur Inaktivierung von Mikroorganismen eingesetzt werden."@de . "L'\u00E9lectroporation, appel\u00E9e aussi \u00E9lectroperm\u00E9abilisation, est une technique microbiologique qui consiste \u00E0 appliquer un champ \u00E9lectrique sur les membranes cellulaires qui sont ainsi d\u00E9stabilis\u00E9es, ce qui augmente la perm\u00E9abilit\u00E9 membranaire. Cette technique est avant tout une m\u00E9thode d'introduction d'ADN dans des cellules. L'application d'impulsions de champ \u00E9lectrique permet \u00E0 l'ADN pr\u00E9sent dans l'espace extracellulaire de rentrer dans les cellules en migrant vers le p\u00F4le positif de la charge, \u00E9tant lui-m\u00EAme charg\u00E9 n\u00E9gativement."@fr . . . . . . . . "A eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o ou electro permeabiliza\u00E7\u00E3o, \u00E9 uma t\u00E9cnica de microbiologia em que um campo el\u00E9ctrico \u00E9 aplicado nas c\u00E9lulas de modo a aumentar a permeabilidade da membrana celular, permitindo que produtos qu\u00EDmicos, medicamentos ou DNA possam ser introduzidos na c\u00E9lula. Quando um campo el\u00E9trico, suficientemente, intenso \u00E9 aplicado na c\u00E9lula, h\u00E1 uma redu\u00E7\u00E3o desta barreira. Este fen\u00F4meno \u00E9 chamado de eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o e permite a transfer\u00EAncia de \u00EDons e mol\u00E9culas sol\u00FAveis em \u00E1gua para dentro da c\u00E9lula. Na oncologia, a utiliza a eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o para facilitar a entrada de quimioter\u00E1pidos como a bleomicina e cisplatina . Em microbiologia, o processo de eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 geralmente utilizado para transformar bact\u00E9rias, leveduras ou protoplastos vegetais atrav\u00E9s da introdu\u00E7\u00E3o de uma nova codifica\u00E7\u00E3o de DNA. Se as bact\u00E9rias e os plasm\u00EDdeos s\u00E3o misturados em conjunto, os plasm\u00EDdeos podem ser transferidos para as bact\u00E9rias ap\u00F3s a eletropora\u00E7\u00E3o."@pt . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u062B\u0642\u064A\u0628 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A"@ar . . . "Elektroporatie is een techniek waarmee stoffen in een cel getransporteerd kunnen worden. Tijdens elektroporatie wordt een korte voltagepuls (in de orde van tientallen milliseconden) toegediend aan een celsuspensie of aan een enkele cel. Hierdoor laadt het celmembraan op als een condensator, totdat de doorslagspanning bereikt wordt. Het celmembraan verandert dan zodanig van structuur, dat er hydrofiele pori\u00EBn ontstaan. Wanneer de voltagepuls niet te hoog en te lang is, is de vorming van deze pori\u00EBn omkeerbaar: na enkele seconden of minuten gaat het celmembraan weer dicht. In tussentijd kunnen stoffen in en uit de cel migreren, zowel door diffusie als door elektrokinetisch transport (elektroforese en ). Zeer hoge voltages kunnen gebruikt worden om het celmembraan zodanig af te breken, dat de cel lyseert: elektrolyse."@nl . . . . "Electroporation"@en . . . . . . . . . . . .