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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)
rdf:type
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rdfs:label
معركة برلين (حملة سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني) 베를린 항공 전투 (영국 공군) Batalha aérea de Berlim Battaglia aerea di Berlino Pertempuran Berlin (udara) Powietrzna bitwa o Berlin Bataille aérienne de Berlin Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)
rdfs:comment
معركة برلين (من نوفمبر 1943 إلى مارس 1944) سلسلة من الهجمات على برلين من قِبل قيادة القاذفات التابعة لسلاح الجو الملكي. تعرضت مدن ألمانية أخرى لهجوم للحفاظ على دفاعات الألمانية مشتتة. قاد الحملة قائد المارشال الجوي، السير آرثر هاريس، قائد القوات الجوية البريطانية في قيادة المهاجم الجوي AOC-in-C، الذي اعتقد «يمكننا تدمير برلين من النهاية إلى النهاية إذا جاءت القوات الجوية الأمريكية معنا. سيكلفنا ما بين 400 و500 طائرة. سيكلف ألمانيا الحرب». La battaglia aerea di Berlino fu lo scontro tra i bombardieri britannici ed i caccia e la contraerea tedeschi sul cielo di Berlino, ma non solo, durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Nel marzo 1944, verso la fine della battaglia, intervennero anche i velivoli della Eighth Air Force statunitense. A Batalha aérea de Berlim (novembro de 1943 a março de 1944) foi uma série de ataques a Berlim pelo Comando de Bombardeiros da RAF, juntamente com ataques a outras cidades alemãs para manter as defesas alemãs dispersas. O Marechal do Ar Sir Arthur Harris, Comando de Bombardeiros do AOC-in-C (Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief), acreditava que "Podemos destruir Berlim de ponta a ponta se a USAAF vier connosco. Custará entre 400 e 500 aviões. Vai custar a guerra à Alemanha". La bataille aérienne de Berlin est une campagne de bombardement britannique sur Berlin qui se déroula de novembre 1943 à mars 1944 pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La campagne ne se limita cependant pas à Berlin, d'autres villes allemandes furent attaquées afin d'éviter une trop forte concentration des défenses sur Berlin, sachant que le Bomber Command britannique avait d'autres responsabilités et menait en même temps d'autres campagnes. La campagne fut lancée par Arthur "Bomber" Harris, Air Officer Commanding du RAF Bomber Command en novembre 1943. Harris croyait en effet que cette offensive permettrait de casser la résistance allemande : « It will cost us between 400 and 500 aircrafts. It will cost Germany the war » (« cela va nous coûter entre 400 et 500 avions. Mais cela va coûter à 베를린 항공 전투는 1943년 11월부터 1944년 3월까지 영국이 베를린에 가한 폭격전이다. 영국 공군은 베를린 자체에 공습을 한정하지 않았는데 베를린의 대공 방어를 강화하지 않기 위해 다른 독일 도시들도 주요 목표로 삼았다. 공군 대장 아서 해리스 경이 1943년 11월 영국 공군 폭격 사령부를 통해 공습을 시작했다. 해리스는 "우리는 미국 공군이 참여한다면 베를린을 완전히 파괴할 수 있을 것이다. 우리는 400대에서 500대의 폭격기를 잃겠지만 독일은 전쟁에서 질 것이다."라고 말하며 이 폭격이 독일의 저항을 무너뜨릴 것이라 장담했다. 이 기간 동안 영국 공군은 새롭게 개발된 정교한 야간 항법 장치들로 전투기를 무장시켰는데, 대표적인 항법장치에는 가 있었다. 1943년 11월부터 1944년 3월까지 영국 공군은 16번의대규모 공습을 베를린에 가했다. 슈바인푸르트에서 심각한 손실을 입은 미국 공군은 베를린 항공전에 참여할 수 없었다. Pertempuran Udara Berlin adalah pertempuran sengit antara pihak Blok Poros melawan Blok Sekutu di atas wilayah kekuasaan NAZI selama Perang Dunia II sejak Operasi Overlord pada 6 Juni 1944 hingga berakhirnya Pertempuran Berlin pada 8 Mei 1945. Pertempuran udara diawali dengan serangan Angkatan Udara Sekutu atas Tembok Atlantik yang dibuat NAZI untuk menahan serangan Sekutu agar tidak masuk sampai ke Prancis. Namun karena Sekutu mendapat celah di Normandia, pasukan udara hampir seluruhnya dikerahkan ke sini. Powietrzna bitwa o Berlin – seria brytyjskich nalotów bombowych na Berlin, dokonywanych od listopada 1943 do marca 1944 roku. Kampania nie ograniczała się wyłącznie do Berlina. Bombardowane były też, celem zapobieżenia koncentracji niemieckich myśliwców nad stolicą, inne miasta niemieckie (na przykład Hamburg, Kolonia, Brema, Magdeburg). The Battle of Berlin (November 1943 to March 1944) was a bombing campaign against Berlin by RAF Bomber Command along with raids on other German cities to keep German defences dispersed. Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) Bomber Command, believed that "We can wreck Berlin from end to end if the USAAF come in with us. It will cost us between 400 and 500 aircraft. It will cost Germany the war".
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Poland
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Ralph Cochrane Max Ibel Joseph Schmid Hermann Göring Walter Grabmann Hans-Jürgen Stumpff Roderick Carr Don Bennett Gotthard Handrick Arthur Harris Günther Lützow
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dbo:abstract
Powietrzna bitwa o Berlin – seria brytyjskich nalotów bombowych na Berlin, dokonywanych od listopada 1943 do marca 1944 roku. Kampania nie ograniczała się wyłącznie do Berlina. Bombardowane były też, celem zapobieżenia koncentracji niemieckich myśliwców nad stolicą, inne miasta niemieckie (na przykład Hamburg, Kolonia, Brema, Magdeburg). Pomysłodawcą i rozkazodawcą operacji był Arthur „Bomber” Harris, dowódca RAF Bomber Command w listopadzie 1943 roku. Harris uważał, że w ten sposób złamie niemiecki opór: „stracimy 400 do 500 samolotów, ale Niemcy przegrają wojnę”. W tym czasie Harris mógł rzucić do ataku każdej nocy ponad 800 bombowców dalekiego zasięgu wyposażonych w coraz nowocześniejsze urządzenia nawigacyjne, jak choćby radar . W okresie od listopada 1943 do marca 1944 roku Bomber Command przeprowadziło 16 zmasowanych ataków na Berlin. A Batalha aérea de Berlim (novembro de 1943 a março de 1944) foi uma série de ataques a Berlim pelo Comando de Bombardeiros da RAF, juntamente com ataques a outras cidades alemãs para manter as defesas alemãs dispersas. O Marechal do Ar Sir Arthur Harris, Comando de Bombardeiros do AOC-in-C (Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief), acreditava que "Podemos destruir Berlim de ponta a ponta se a USAAF vier connosco. Custará entre 400 e 500 aviões. Vai custar a guerra à Alemanha". Harris poderia esperar cerca de 800 bombardeiros pesados ​​em serviço para cada ataque, equipados com novos e sofisticados dispositivos de navegação, como o radar H2S. A USAAF, tendo recentemente perdido muitas aeronaves em ataques a Schweinfurt, não participou. A Força Principal do Comando de Bombardeiros atacou Berlim dezesseis vezes, mas falhou em seu objetivo de infligir uma derrota decisiva à Alemanha. A Royal Air Force perdeu mais de 7 000 tripulantes e 1 047 bombardeiros, 5,1 por cento das surtidas realizadas; 1 682 aeronaves foram danificadas ou baixadas. Em 30 de março de 1944, o Comando de Bombardeiros atacou Nuremberg com 795 aeronaves, 94 das quais foram abatidas e 71 danificadas. A Luftwaffe registrou a perda de 256 caças noturnos de novembro de 1943 a março de 1944. A Luftwaffe retaliou com Unternehmen Steinbock (Operação Capricórnio) contra Londres e outras cidades britânicas de janeiro a maio de 1944. A Luftwaffe conseguiu acumular 524 bombardeiros, mas Steinbock causou poucos danos pela perda de 329 aeronaves, uma maior porcentagem de perda por ataque e no geral do que que sofreu pelo Comando de Bombardeiros sobre a Alemanha. Houve muitos outros ataques aéreos a Berlim pela RAF, a Oitava Força Aérea da USAAF e bombardeiros soviéticos. A RAF foi concedida uma honra de batalha pelo bombardeio de Berlim por aeronaves do Comando de Bombardeiros de 1940 a 1945. 베를린 항공 전투는 1943년 11월부터 1944년 3월까지 영국이 베를린에 가한 폭격전이다. 영국 공군은 베를린 자체에 공습을 한정하지 않았는데 베를린의 대공 방어를 강화하지 않기 위해 다른 독일 도시들도 주요 목표로 삼았다. 공군 대장 아서 해리스 경이 1943년 11월 영국 공군 폭격 사령부를 통해 공습을 시작했다. 해리스는 "우리는 미국 공군이 참여한다면 베를린을 완전히 파괴할 수 있을 것이다. 우리는 400대에서 500대의 폭격기를 잃겠지만 독일은 전쟁에서 질 것이다."라고 말하며 이 폭격이 독일의 저항을 무너뜨릴 것이라 장담했다. 이 기간 동안 영국 공군은 새롭게 개발된 정교한 야간 항법 장치들로 전투기를 무장시켰는데, 대표적인 항법장치에는 가 있었다. 1943년 11월부터 1944년 3월까지 영국 공군은 16번의대규모 공습을 베를린에 가했다. 슈바인푸르트에서 심각한 손실을 입은 미국 공군은 베를린 항공전에 참여할 수 없었다. 베를린 항공전은 아서 해리스가 예상했던 대로 독일에 엄청난 피해를 입히지 못했다는 점에서 영국 공군의 실패로 끝났다는 것이 일반적인 분석이다. 영국 공군은 1,047대의 폭격기를 잃었고 1,682대가 손상되었으며 7,000명의 항공기 요원들이 베를린 항공 전투에서 사망했다. 이 손실치 중 1944년 3월 30일 뉘른베르크 공습에서 발생한 것으로 94대의 폭격기가 격추되고 71대의 폭격기가 손상되었다. 영국 공군의 베를린 공습 이외에도 연합군은 베를린에 공습을 가했다. 1940년부터 1945년까지의 전략 폭격 기간 동안 영국 공군과 미국 공군 제8군은 베를린에 지속적으로 공습을 가했다. 독일 공군은 베를린 항공전 이후 을 개시해 영국 남부와 런던에 1944년 5월 폭격을 개시했다. 독일 공군은 1944년 5월까지 유지되었지만 영국 공군이 베를린에 가한 공습에서의 손실치보다 독일 공군이 런던에 가한 손실치가 훨씬 높았다. معركة برلين (من نوفمبر 1943 إلى مارس 1944) سلسلة من الهجمات على برلين من قِبل قيادة القاذفات التابعة لسلاح الجو الملكي. تعرضت مدن ألمانية أخرى لهجوم للحفاظ على دفاعات الألمانية مشتتة. قاد الحملة قائد المارشال الجوي، السير آرثر هاريس، قائد القوات الجوية البريطانية في قيادة المهاجم الجوي AOC-in-C، الذي اعتقد «يمكننا تدمير برلين من النهاية إلى النهاية إذا جاءت القوات الجوية الأمريكية معنا. سيكلفنا ما بين 400 و500 طائرة. سيكلف ألمانيا الحرب». هناك العديد من الهواء الأخرى غارات على برلين من قبل سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني، و سلاح الجو الأمريكي القوة الجوية الثامنة والقاذفات السوفياتية. مُنح سلاح الجو الملكي قصف برلين بواسطة طائرات من قاذفة القنابل من عام 1940 إلى عام 1945. La bataille aérienne de Berlin est une campagne de bombardement britannique sur Berlin qui se déroula de novembre 1943 à mars 1944 pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La campagne ne se limita cependant pas à Berlin, d'autres villes allemandes furent attaquées afin d'éviter une trop forte concentration des défenses sur Berlin, sachant que le Bomber Command britannique avait d'autres responsabilités et menait en même temps d'autres campagnes. La campagne fut lancée par Arthur "Bomber" Harris, Air Officer Commanding du RAF Bomber Command en novembre 1943. Harris croyait en effet que cette offensive permettrait de casser la résistance allemande : « It will cost us between 400 and 500 aircrafts. It will cost Germany the war » (« cela va nous coûter entre 400 et 500 avions. Mais cela va coûter à l'Allemagne la guerre »). À cette époque, il pouvait déployer plus de 800 bombardiers longue portée sur une nuit, équipés de nouveaux outils de navigation sophistiqués comme le radar H2S. Entre novembre 1943 et mars 1944, le Bomber Command déclencha 16 attaques de masse sur Berlin. Il doit équitablement être rappelé que la RAF ne fut pas la première sur Berlin. Le premier bombardement fut effectué par un quadrimoteur de l'aéronautique navale française, le Farman Jules Verne, en juin 1940. Il est généralement considéré que la bataille aérienne de Berlin fut un échec pour la Royal Air Force (RAF), car le choc sur l'Allemagne ne fut pas celui prédit par Harris, et par le fait que durant la bataille la RAF a perdu 1 047 bombardiers, auxquels il faut ajouter 1 682 endommagés et 7 000 membres d'équipage, avec pour point culminant le raid sur Nuremberg le 30 mars 1944, où 94 bombardiers furent abattus et 71 endommagés sur les 795 déployés. Peu avant la bataille aérienne de Berlin, Berlin a aussi fait l'objet d'un large raid aérien de 700 appareils la nuit du 23 au 24 août 1943. Un raid comportant moitié moins d'appareils a de même eu lieu en septembre, subissant des pertes de 7 %. Pertempuran Udara Berlin adalah pertempuran sengit antara pihak Blok Poros melawan Blok Sekutu di atas wilayah kekuasaan NAZI selama Perang Dunia II sejak Operasi Overlord pada 6 Juni 1944 hingga berakhirnya Pertempuran Berlin pada 8 Mei 1945. Pertempuran udara diawali dengan serangan Angkatan Udara Sekutu atas Tembok Atlantik yang dibuat NAZI untuk menahan serangan Sekutu agar tidak masuk sampai ke Prancis. Namun karena Sekutu mendapat celah di Normandia, pasukan udara hampir seluruhnya dikerahkan ke sini. Ketika Paris direbut kembali Sekutu pada 25 Juni 1944, serangan udara semakin gencar. Bahkan Adolf Hitler memerintahkan serangan roket jenis V-1 dan V-2 ke London. Meskipun begitu, serangan ini tak ada artinya karena Sekutu pun makin gencar mengebom pangkalan roket milik NAZI tersebut. Setelah Belanda dan Belgia diduduki oleh Sekutu kembali, NAZI tak bisa berbuat banyak lagi. Akibatnya, wilayah Jerman makin terancam. Terutama setelah ditemukannya Napalm oleh Amerika Serikat. Banyak Kota seperti dibom secara strategis oleh Sekutu karena pada saat itu, wilayah udara Reich sudah rentan untuk diserang. 16 April 1945, tentara Soviet memasuki Berlin dari Timur dipimpin oleh Georgy Zhukov. Serangan udara Soviet turut memberi andil dalam usaha mengalahkan rezim bentukan Hitler tersebut. Serangan Napalm makin hari makin menjadi-jadi. Bahkan sebuah kontroversi menyebutkan jika Jerman belum menyerah pada 8 Mei, bisa saja dibom atom Sekutu. Serangan Napalm terbukti efektif meluluhlantakkan Berlin secara cepat, meskipun beberapa bangunan seperti Gerbang Brandenburg dan Gedung Reichstag masih bertahan. Pengeboman udara diakhiri bersamaan dengan menyerahnya Jerman kepada Sekutu pada 8 Mei 1945 oleh Marsekal Wilhelm Keitel di Berlin. The Battle of Berlin (November 1943 to March 1944) was a bombing campaign against Berlin by RAF Bomber Command along with raids on other German cities to keep German defences dispersed. Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) Bomber Command, believed that "We can wreck Berlin from end to end if the USAAF come in with us. It will cost us between 400 and 500 aircraft. It will cost Germany the war". Harris could expect about 800 serviceable heavy bombers for each raid, equipped with new and sophisticated navigational devices such as H2S radar. The USAAF, having recently lost many aircraft in attacks on Schweinfurt, did not participate. The Main Force of Bomber Command attacked Berlin sixteen times but failed in its object of inflicting a decisive defeat on Germany. The Royal Air Force lost more than 7,000 aircrew and 1,047 bombers, (5.1 per cent of the sorties flown); a further 1,682 aircraft were damaged or written off. On 30 March 1944, Bomber Command attacked Nuremberg with 795 aircraft, 94 of which were shot down and 71 were damaged. The Luftwaffe I. Jagdkorps recorded the loss of 256 night fighters from November 1943 to March 1944. The Luftwaffe retaliated with Unternehmen Steinbock (Operation Capricorn) against London and other British cities from January to May 1944. The Luftwaffe managed to assemble a force of 524 bombers but Steinbock caused little damage for the loss of 329 aircraft, a greater percentage loss per raid and overall than that suffered by Bomber Command over Germany. There were many other air raids on Berlin by the RAF, the USAAF Eighth Air Force and Soviet bombers. The RAF was granted a battle honour for the bombardment of Berlin by aircraft of Bomber Command from 1940 to 1945. La battaglia aerea di Berlino fu lo scontro tra i bombardieri britannici ed i caccia e la contraerea tedeschi sul cielo di Berlino, ma non solo, durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Nel marzo 1944, verso la fine della battaglia, intervennero anche i velivoli della Eighth Air Force statunitense. Le incursioni aeree su Berlino iniziarono già nel 1940, durante la battaglia d'Inghilterra, quando gli inglesi lanciarono bombe sulla capitale, producendo però pochi e insignificanti effetti. I bombardamenti su larga scala ci furono solo a partire dal 1943, quando i bombardieri inglesi e americani rovesciarono su Berlino migliaia di tonnellate di bombe, devastando la città e distruggendone le industrie. Alla fine del 1943 circa 15.000 tonnellate di bombe erano state lanciate sulla capitale tedesca, ma questo era costato agli Alleati oltre 1.000 aerei. Per "battaglia aerea di Berlino" si intende anche quella combattuta tra i tedeschi ed i sovietici dal 16 aprile al 2 maggio 1945. Qui, i soldati di Stalin avevano circa 7.500 aerei contro i 1.700 tedeschi, il che garantì loro una netta superiorità numerica. Nelle prime giornate quindi i caccia tedeschi, pur battendosi validamente, subirono gravi perdite e gli aerei sovietici poterono bombardare le colonne corazzate nemiche, contribuendo alla vittoria.
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dbr:Campaign
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dbo:causalties
2,690 crew killed Bomber Command POW 500 aircraft(5.8 per cent loss rate)
dbo:combatant
Poland
dbo:date
1943-11-18
dbo:result
German victory
dbo:commander
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dbr:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II
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wikipedia-en:Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)
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