. . . . . "\u52D5\u7269\u78C1\u6C17\u8AAC\uFF08\u3069\u3046\u3076\u3064\u3058\u304D\u305B\u3064\u3001Animal magnetism\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EA\u30BA\u30E0\uFF08mesmerism\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u300118\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u4EBA\u533B\u5E2B\u306E\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30C4\u30FB\u30A2\u30F3\u30C8\u30F3\u30FB\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EB\u304C\u4E3B\u5F35\u3057\u305F\u3001\u4EBA\u9593\u3084\u52D5\u7269\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306B\u690D\u7269\u3082\u542B\u3081\u305F\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u751F\u7269\u304C\u6301\u3064\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u76EE\u306B\u898B\u3048\u306A\u3044\u81EA\u7136\u306E\u529B\uFF08Lebensmagnetismus\uFF09\u53CA\u3073\u3001\u305D\u308C\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305F\u533B\u7642\u6280\u8853\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u52D5\u7269\u78C1\u6027\u3068\u3082\u3002\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EB\u306F\u3001\u3053\u306E\u529B\u304C\u6CBB\u7652\u3092\u542B\u3080\u8089\u4F53\u3078\u306E\u5F71\u97FF\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3068\u4FE1\u3058\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u4F55\u5EA6\u3082\u305D\u306E\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u7ACB\u8A3C\u3092\u8A66\u307F\u305F\u304C\u5931\u6557\u306B\u7D42\u308F\u3063\u305F\u3002\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EB\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u305D\u306E\u3082\u306E\u306F\u5F53\u6642\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u65E2\u306B\u5426\u5B9A\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u304C\u3001\u6CBB\u7642\u8853\u81EA\u4F53\u306F\u4F55\u3089\u304B\u306E\u6210\u679C\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3068\u898B\u306A\u3055\u308C\u3066\u7814\u7A76\u306F\u7D9A\u304D\u3001\u3084\u304C\u3066\u50AC\u7720\u8853\u3084\u50AC\u7720\u7642\u6CD5\u3078\u3068\u767A\u5C55\u3059\u308B\u3002 19\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u751F\u6C17\u8AD6\uFF08vitalism\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u6B27\u7C73\u3067\u591A\u6570\u306E\u4FE1\u5949\u8005\u3092\u751F\u307F\u51FA\u3057\u666E\u53CA\u3057\u305F\u3002\u5C02\u9580\u533B\u306F\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EA\u30B9\u30C8\uFF08mesmerists\uFF09\u3088\u308A\u3082\u30DE\u30B0\u30CD\u30BF\u30A4\u30B6\u30FC\uFF08magnetizers\u3001\uFF1D\u78C1\u6C17\u5E2B\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u304B\u3063\u305F\u30021779\u5E74\u306B\u767B\u5834\u3057\u3066\u304B\u3089\u7D0475\u5E74\u9593\u3001\u533B\u5B66\u306E\u91CD\u8981\u306A\u5C02\u9580\u5206\u91CE\u3068\u307F\u306A\u3055\u308C\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306B50\u5E74\u9593\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\u3092\u6301\u3061\u7D9A\u3051\u305F\u30021766\u5E74\u304B\u30891925\u5E74\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u4F55\u767E\u518A\u3082\u306E\u5C02\u9580\u66F8\u304C\u520A\u884C\u3055\u308C\u305F\u304C\u3001\u4ECA\u65E5\u3067\u306F\u307B\u3068\u3093\u3069\u5FD8\u308C\u53BB\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u90E8\u306E\u56FD\u3067\u306F\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EA\u30BA\u30E0\u306F\u4F9D\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4EE3\u66FF\u533B\u7642\u306E\u4E00\u5F62\u614B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5B9F\u8DF5\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u304C\u3001\u533B\u5B66\u7684\u306B\u306F\u8A8D\u3081\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u306A\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . "\u0645\u063A\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Animalischer Magnetismus, auch Mesmerismus, ist die Bezeichnung f\u00FCr eine im 18. Jahrhundert behauptete, dem Elektromagnetismus analoge Kraft am Menschen, die von Franz Anton Mesmer (1734\u20131815) propagiert wurde. Der Begriff leitet sich vom lateinischen animal (\u201EGesch\u00F6pf, Lebewesen, Tier\u201C) her. Mesmer selbst sprach auch vom \u201Etierischen Magnetismus\u201C. Die davon abgeleitete Heilmethode (genannt auch Hypnotismus), die auch Hypnosetechniken einsetzte (\u201EMesmerisieren\u201C), erfuhr zwischenzeitlich gro\u00DFe \u00F6ffentliche Beachtung. Sie war zeitgen\u00F6ssisch von erheblicher medizinischer und geisteswissenschaftlicher Bedeutung, wurde aber seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zunehmend abgelehnt. Nachfolgetechniken haben randst\u00E4ndige Bedeutung im alternativmedizinischen Bereich und der Esoterik."@de . . . "Animal magnetism, eller mesmerism, \u00E4r en term f\u00F6r den l\u00E4kedomsteori, som l\u00E4karen Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) lanserade. Kosmisk magnetism, h\u00E4vdade han, \u00E4r en hemlighetsfull kraft, ett , som finns \u00F6verallt och som p\u00E5verkar djur och m\u00E4nniskor. Det kan \u00F6verf\u00F6ras via h\u00E4nderna fr\u00E5n en individ till en annan och p\u00E5 s\u00E5 s\u00E4tt kan sjuka organ l\u00E4kas. Behandlingen vilade delvis p\u00E5 hypnos. Mesmer hade nu avf\u00E4rdats som en bedragare och kvacksalvare. Han flackade d\u00E4refter Europa runt p\u00E5 jakt efter rikedom och slutade sina dagar i hemtrakterna kring Konstanz."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Animalischer Magnetismus, auch Mesmerismus, ist die Bezeichnung f\u00FCr eine im 18. Jahrhundert behauptete, dem Elektromagnetismus analoge Kraft am Menschen, die von Franz Anton Mesmer (1734\u20131815) propagiert wurde. Der Begriff leitet sich vom lateinischen animal (\u201EGesch\u00F6pf, Lebewesen, Tier\u201C) her. Mesmer selbst sprach auch vom \u201Etierischen Magnetismus\u201C. Die davon abgeleitete Heilmethode (genannt auch Hypnotismus), die auch Hypnosetechniken einsetzte (\u201EMesmerisieren\u201C), erfuhr zwischenzeitlich gro\u00DFe \u00F6ffentliche Beachtung. Sie war zeitgen\u00F6ssisch von erheblicher medizinischer und geisteswissenschaftlicher Bedeutung, wurde aber seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zunehmend abgelehnt. Nachfolgetechniken haben randst\u00E4ndige Bedeutung im alternativmedizinischen Bereich und der Esoterik."@de . . . . "Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, was a protoscientific theory developed by German doctor Franz Mesmer in the 18th century in relation to what he claimed to be an invisible natural force (Lebensmagnetismus) possessed by all living things, including humans, animals, and vegetables. He claimed that the force could have physical effects, including healing. He tried persistently, without success, to achieve a wider scientific recognition of his ideas."@en . "Animal magnetism"@sv . . . . . . . . . "Magnetismo animal ou mesmerismo (em alem\u00E3o: lebensmagnetismus) foi o nome dado pelo m\u00E9dico alem\u00E3o Franz Mesmer, no s\u00E9culo XVIII, ao que ele acreditava ser uma for\u00E7a natural invis\u00EDvel possu\u00EDda por todos os seres vivos/animados (humanos, animais, vegetais, etc.). Ele acreditava que tal for\u00E7a poderia ter efeitos f\u00EDsicos, incluindo propriedades de cura. Ele tentou persistentemente, mas sem nenhum sucesso alcan\u00E7ar reconhecimento cient\u00EDfico de suas ideias. Mesmer foi in\u00FAmeras vezes acusado de charlatanismo. Em sua origem, Mesmer almejava que o magnetismo animal se tornasse uma ci\u00EAncia coadunante com a filosofia e a religi\u00E3o, buscando a melhor compreens\u00E3o, n\u00E3o apenas do universo tang\u00EDvel, mas tamb\u00E9m do que chamava de universo energ\u00E9tico e flu\u00EDdico. Fundamentado como doutrina, o mesmerismo com seu conjunto de aforismos, \u00E9 relatado como um dos primeiros movimentos em larga escala a tentar aproximar do mundo acad\u00EAmico ocidental, os supostos fen\u00F4menos paranormais. Esta teoria vitalista atraiu v\u00E1rios seguidores na Europa e Estados Unidos, e foi popular no s\u00E9culo XIX. Os praticantes eram conhecidos como magnetizadores, em vez de mesmeristas. Por cerca de 75 anos, desde seu in\u00EDcio, em 1779, foi uma importante especialidade m\u00E9dica e continuou a ter alguma influ\u00EAncia por cerca de mais 50 anos. Centenas de livros foram escritos sobre o assunto entre 1766 e 1925. Depois da descoberta do eletromagnetismo por Hans Christian \u00D8rsted, em 1820, Amp\u00E8re (1827) e a de Faraday (1831), o entendimento da f\u00EDsica do magnetismo progrediu rapidamente. Durante o mesmo per\u00EDodo, a medicina avan\u00E7a e descobre que os nervos n\u00E3o s\u00E3o controlados por um fluido magn\u00E9tico. Todas estas descobertas v\u00E3o contra as ideias do magnetismo animal, que incidia na exist\u00EAncia do fluido. Finalmente, em 1887 o Experimento de Michelson-Morley demonstrou que a velocidade da luz \u00E9 independente do seu ambiente e, portanto, nenhum \u00E9ter f\u00EDsico \u00E9 o suporte da luz e do eletromagnetismo. Hoje em dia \u00E9 quase inteiramente esquecida e desde o fim do s\u00E9culo XIX, as pessoas que ainda defendem a teoria do magnetismo animal s\u00E3o, essencialmente curandeiros e adeptos de ci\u00EAncias ocultas. Mesmo que presente em alguns pa\u00EDses, suas pr\u00E1ticas n\u00E3o s\u00E3o reconhecidas como parte da ci\u00EAncia m\u00E9dica, e s\u00E3o considerados por muitos m\u00E9dicos e pelos cientistas como autossugest\u00E3o, atrav\u00E9s do processo universal conhecido como resposta de esperan\u00E7a. O mesmerismo exerceu grande influ\u00EAncia no desenvolvimento da doutrina esp\u00EDrita."@pt . . . "Mesmerismo"@es . . . "Il mesmerismo, o magnetismo animale, \u00E8 la terapia di malattie o disfunzioni basata sull'applicazione delle teorie di Franz Anton Mesmer, medico tedesco del Settecento."@it . . "Magnetisme binatang (bahasa Prancis: magn\u00E9tisme animal; bahasa Latin: magnetismus animalis), dalam penggunaan modern, mengacu kepada daya tarik seksual seseorang atau kharisma. Awalnya istilah ini mengacu kepada cairan magnetik atau elemen klasik Aither yang berada dalam tubuh mahluk bernyawa atau bernapas, sebagaimana yang didalilkan oleh Franz Anton Mesmer. Oleh Mesmer,kondisi ini dinamai magnetisme binatang. Mesmer memilih istilah binatang untuk membedakan kekuatan magnetik yang dimaksudkannya dari acuan pada masa itu tentang magnetisme mineral, magnetisme kosmik, dan magnetisme planet."@in . "El mesmerismo (en franc\u00E9s mesm\u00E9risme), tambi\u00E9n conocido como la doctrina del \u00ABmagnetismo animal\u00BB, se refiere a un supuesto fluido invisible que permite el funcionamiento del cuerpo humano, pero cuya distribuci\u00F3n err\u00F3nea o un desequilibrio en el cuerpo es la causa de las enfermedades. Fue postulado junto con el met\u00F3do terap\u00E9utico por primera vez en el mundo occidental por el m\u00E9dico Franz Mesmer (1734-1815), proveniente de Alemania\u200B. Fue un t\u00E9rmino muy usado en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX."@es . . . . . . . . "Dierlijk magnetisme was een vermeende kracht die alle levende wezens zouden bezitten. Franz Anton Mesmer introduceerde dit idee in 1775 en het bleef zo'n 75 jaar invloedrijk. In zijn proefschrift De planetarum influxu in corpus humanum uit 1766 had Mesmer al voorgesteld dat de wederzijdse zwaartekracht van de planeten wordt uitgeoefend via een fijn golvende vloeistof. In 1774 hoorde hij van het geneeskundige werk van Maximilian Hell die met magneten een genezende werking op dierlijke en menselijke organismen zou hebben weten te bereiken. Na enkele experimenten kwam Mesmer tot de conclusie dat de genezingen niet door de magneten, maar door zijn eigen fysieke invloed werden veroorzaakt. In Sendschreiben an einen ausw\u00E4rtigen Arzt \u00FCber die Magnetkur en Sendschreiben \u00FCber die Magnetkur uit 1775 legde hij dit dierlijke magnetisme voor aan deskundigen en het grote publiek. In 1777 mislukte een behandeling bij Maria Theresia von Paradis en in 1779 publiceerde hij Abhandlung \u00FCber die Entdeckung des tierischen Magnetismus. Door medewerking van wist de methode grote bekendheid te vergaren en in 1784 zag de Franse regering zich genoodzaakt een onderzoek in te stellen. Deze wist geen verband tussen methode en genezing vast te stellen. borduurde verder op het werk van Mesmer met hypnose, maar wist dat een belangrijke rol speelde."@nl . "\uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758"@ko . . . . "42195"^^ . . . . . . "1119492712"^^ . . 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"Animal magnetism"@en . . . . . . . . . "Magnetyzm zwierz\u0119cy"@pl . . "Magnetyzm zwierz\u0119cy, \u201Euniwersalny fluid\u201D \u2013 hipotetyczna \u201Esi\u0142a magnetyczna\u201D, w kt\u00F3rej Franz Anton Mesmer widzia\u0142 mo\u017Cliwo\u015B\u0107 oddzia\u0142ywania lekarza na pacjenta w czasie rozwini\u0119tych w ko\u0144cu XVIII wieku praktyk terapeutycznych, nazywanych mesmeryzmem. W 1784 roku komisje lekarskie w Pary\u017Cu i Berlinie pot\u0119pi\u0142y mesmeryzm jako metod\u0119 pozbawion\u0105 podstaw naukowych (pseudonauka), jednak budzi\u0142 on du\u017Ce zainteresowanie do ko\u0144ca XIX wieku. Uwa\u017Ca si\u0119, \u017Ce sta\u0142 si\u0119 \u017Ar\u00F3d\u0142em teorii hipnozy i hipnologii (zob. te\u017C trans). Jan de Baudouin de Courtenay napisa\u0142 w pracy pt. Rzut oka na mesmeryzm, czyli system wzajemnych wp\u0142yw\u00F3w i skutk\u00F3w obja\u015Bniaj\u0105cy teori\u0119 i praktyk\u0119 magnetyzmu zwierz\u0119cego (Warszawa, 1820): \u2026 [istnieje] mi\u0119dzy cia\u0142ami niebieskimi, Ziemi\u0105 i \u017Cyj\u0105cymi na niej jestestwami wp\u0142yw istnie zobop\u00F3lny. \u015Arodek, czyli no\u015Bnik, tego wp\u0142ywu jest delikatnie rozlana ciek\u0142o\u015B\u0107 (fluide, eter Newtona), kt\u00F3ra wszystkie przenika istoty i zdolna jest przyj\u0105\u0107 ka\u017Cde ruchu wra\u017Cenie, one rozpo\u015Bciera\u0107 i udziela\u0107. Ten skutek si\u0119 dzieje wed\u0142ug praw mechanicznych, ale dotychczas nie znanych. (\u2026) \u00D3w delikatny i niewidzialny powietrza strumie\u0144 dzia\u0142a bezpo\u015Brednio na nerwy, do kt\u00F3rych si\u0119 wciela i sprawuje w ludzkim ciele zjawienia podobne do skutk\u00F3w magnesu. (\u2026) Dzia\u0142a on na znaczn\u0105 odleg\u0142o\u015B\u0107 bez pomocy po\u015Bredniczego cia\u0142a (actio in distans), jak \u015Bwiat\u0142o odbija si\u0119 od zwierciad\u0142a (\u2026) Animalnym magnetyzmem mo\u017Cna (\u2026) uleczy\u0107 (\u2026) choroby nerwowe\u2026 Mesmeryzmem byli zainteresowani liczni inni lekarze i arty\u015Bci-romantycy, np. Carl Gustav Carus, Antoni Malczewski, James Braid, Ambroise-Auguste Li\u00E9beault, Werner J. Meinhold (r\u00F3wnie\u017C Heinrich Himmler i in)."@pl . . "Mesmerismo"@it . . . . . . . . . . "Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, was a protoscientific theory developed by German doctor Franz Mesmer in the 18th century in relation to what he claimed to be an invisible natural force (Lebensmagnetismus) possessed by all living things, including humans, animals, and vegetables. He claimed that the force could have physical effects, including healing. He tried persistently, without success, to achieve a wider scientific recognition of his ideas. The vitalist theory attracted numerous followers in Europe and the United States and was popular into the 19th century. Practitioners were often known as magnetizers rather than mesmerists. It had an important influence in medicine for about 75 years from its beginnings in 1779, and continued to have some influence for another 50 years. Hundreds of books were written on the subject between 1766 and 1925, but it is no longer practiced today except as a form of alternative medicine in some places."@en . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063A\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0648\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063A\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0633\u064A)\u060C \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062A\u064F\u0642\u062F \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u062E\u0641\u064A\u0629 (\u0644\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0646\u0633\u0645\u0627\u063A\u0646\u064A\u062A\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0633) \u062A\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062E\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062A. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0642\u062F \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631\u0627\u062A \u062C\u0633\u062F\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060C \u0648\u0642\u062F \u062D\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u062D\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u0646\u062C\u062D."@ar . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0435\u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043C"@ru . . . . . . . "\uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758(\uB3C5\uC77C\uC5B4: Mesmerismus)\uB294 18\uC138\uAE30\uC758 \uB3C5\uC77C\uC778 \uC758\uC0AC \uD504\uB780\uCE20 \uC548\uD1A4 \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uAC00 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD55C \uC0DD\uAE30\uB860\uC801 \uC720\uC0AC\uACFC\uD559 \uCCB4\uACC4\uB2E4. \uBA54\uC2A4\uB108\uB294 \uC778\uAC04, \uB3D9\uBB3C, \uC2DD\uBB3C \uB4F1 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC5D0\uB294 \uBCF4\uC774\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB294 \uC0DD\uBA85\uC758 \uD798\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uBBFF\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8 \uD798\uC744 \uC0DD\uBA85\uC790\uAE30(\uB3C5\uC77C\uC5B4: Lebensmagnetismus)\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD88\uB800\uB2E4. \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uB294 \uADF8 \uD798\uC774 \uCE58\uC720\uB97C \uBE44\uB86F\uD55C \uBB3C\uB9AC\uC801 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB97C \uAC00\uC9C4\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC0DD\uAC01\uD588\uACE0, \uADF8\uAC83\uC744 \uB04A\uC784\uC5C6\uC774 \uC99D\uBA85\uD558\uB824 \uC2DC\uB3C4\uD588\uC73C\uB098 \uACFC\uD559\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC785\uC99D\uD558\uB294 \uB370\uB294 \uC2E4\uD328\uD588\uB2E4. \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758\uB294 19\uC138\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC720\uB7FD\uACFC \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD788 \uB9CE\uC740 \uCD94\uC885\uC790\uB97C \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8 \uCD94\uC885\uC790\uB4E4\uC744 \uC790\uAE30\uB860\uC790(magnetizers)\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD88\uB800\uB2E4. 1779\uB144 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD55C \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758\uB294 \uC774\uD6C4 \uC57D 75\uB144\uAC04 \uC758\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9C4\uC9C0\uD55C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB300\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uB2E4\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC84C\uACE0, \uADF8 \uC774\uD6C4 50\uC5EC\uB144\uAC04 \uC601\uD5A5\uB825\uC774 \uC794\uC874\uD574\uC11C \uB300\uB7B5 125\uB144\uAC04 \uC218\uBA85\uC774 \uC720\uC9C0\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1925\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC218\uBC31 \uAD8C\uC5D0 \uB2EC\uD558\uB294 \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758 \uCC45\uB4E4\uC774 \uCD9C\uAC04\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uB098, \uC624\uB298\uB0A0\uC740 \uAC70\uC758 \uC644\uC804\uD788 \uC78A\uD600\uC838 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC77C\uBD80 \uAD6D\uAC00\uC5D0\uC11C \uB300\uCCB4\uC758\uD559\uC758 \uC77C\uC885\uC73C\uB85C \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758\uB97C \uC2DC\uC220\uD558\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0\uAC00 \uC5EC\uC804\uD788 \uB0A8\uC544 \uC788\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC8FC\uB958 \uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uB354\uC774\uC0C1 \uC0DD\uBA85\uC790\uAE30\uB860\uC744 \uBC1B\uC544\uB4E4\uC774\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB294\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Biomagnetismus, p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B \u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FD magnetismus nebo anim\u00E1ln\u00ED magnetismus je nepotvrzen\u00FD jev, kter\u00FD m\u011Bl b\u00FDt vyu\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n p\u0159i l\u00E9\u010Den\u00ED. Takov\u00FD zp\u016Fsob l\u00E9\u010Dby se naz\u00FDv\u00E1 mesmerismus. Pojem \u201E\u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FD magnetismus\u201C poch\u00E1z\u00ED od Franze Antona Mesmera, kter\u00FD l\u00E9\u010Dil sv\u00E9 pacienty nejprve za pomoci permanentn\u00EDho magnetu, kter\u00E9 p\u0159ikl\u00E1dal na nemocn\u00E1 m\u00EDsta. Pozd\u011Bji stejn\u00FDch v\u00FDsledk\u016F dos\u00E1hl za pomoci sv\u00FDch rukou, co\u017E si vysv\u011Btlil tak, \u017Ee existuje jak\u00FDsi \u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FD magnetismus (francouzsky magn\u00E9tisme animal). \u017Divo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FD magnetismus podle n\u011Bho vypl\u0148oval cel\u00FD vesm\u00EDr. \u010Clov\u011Bk ho m\u016F\u017Ee z okol\u00ED z\u00EDsk\u00E1vat, hromadit v sob\u011B a p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B i p\u0159in\u00E9st na jin\u00E9ho \u010Dlov\u011Bka. \u00DAdajnou l\u00E9\u010Debnou s\u00EDlu vysv\u011Btloval tak, \u017Ee vyza\u0159ovan\u00FD magnetismus z jeho rukou m\u011Bl odstra\u0148ovat p\u0159ek\u00E1\u017Eky ve voln\u00E9m ob\u011Bhu tohoto magnetismu, kter\u00E9 m\u011Bly b\u00FDt podle jeho p\u0159edstav p\u0159\u00ED\u010Dinou nemoc\u00ED. V jin\u00FDch p\u0159\u00EDpadech nemocn\u00E9 \u010D\u00E1sti t\u011Bla nam\u00E1\u010Del ve vod\u011B, kter\u00E1 m\u011Bla b\u00FDt \u201Ezmagnetizovan\u00E1\u201C. Mesmerovu p\u0159edstavu \u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00E9ho magnetismu vyvr\u00E1tila komise francouzsk\u00E9 Akademie v\u011Bd, kter\u00E1 roku 1784 Mesmera po\u017E\u00E1dala, aby \u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FDm magnetismem ovlivnil kompas a elektrometr, co\u017E se mu nepovedlo. Pozorovan\u00E9 jevy p\u0159i Mesmerov\u011B p\u016Fsoben\u00ED byly pozd\u011Bji \u201Evysv\u011Btleny\u201C jako d\u016Fsledek placebo efektu a hypnotick\u00E9ho p\u016Fsoben\u00ED. Na \u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FD magnetismus, v\u011Bt\u0161inou p\u0159ejmenovan\u00FD na \u201Ebiomagnetismus\u201C, se odvol\u00E1vaj\u00ED mnoz\u00ED l\u00E9\u010Ditel\u00E9, kte\u0159\u00ED se sna\u017E\u00ED l\u00E9\u010Dit i podobn\u00FDmi metodami jako pou\u017E\u00EDval Mesmer. Biomagnetismus t\u00E9\u017E n\u011Bkdy naz\u00FDvaj\u00ED \u201Ekosmick\u00FDm magnetismem\u201C. Podobn\u011B pracuj\u00ED i s aurou."@cs . . . . . "Le magn\u00E9tisme animal, aussi appel\u00E9 mesm\u00E9risme, est un ensemble d'anciennes th\u00E9ories et pratiques th\u00E9rapeutiques qui se d\u00E9velopp\u00E8rent de la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle \u00E0 la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle en Occident et qui eurent un impact important sur le d\u00E9veloppement de la m\u00E9decine, de la psychologie et de la parapsychologie."@fr . . "Magnetisme binatang (bahasa Prancis: magn\u00E9tisme animal; bahasa Latin: magnetismus animalis), dalam penggunaan modern, mengacu kepada daya tarik seksual seseorang atau kharisma. Awalnya istilah ini mengacu kepada cairan magnetik atau elemen klasik Aither yang berada dalam tubuh mahluk bernyawa atau bernapas, sebagaimana yang didalilkan oleh Franz Anton Mesmer. Oleh Mesmer,kondisi ini dinamai magnetisme binatang. Mesmer memilih istilah binatang untuk membedakan kekuatan magnetik yang dimaksudkannya dari acuan pada masa itu tentang magnetisme mineral, magnetisme kosmik, dan magnetisme planet."@in . . . "\uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758(\uB3C5\uC77C\uC5B4: Mesmerismus)\uB294 18\uC138\uAE30\uC758 \uB3C5\uC77C\uC778 \uC758\uC0AC \uD504\uB780\uCE20 \uC548\uD1A4 \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uAC00 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD55C \uC0DD\uAE30\uB860\uC801 \uC720\uC0AC\uACFC\uD559 \uCCB4\uACC4\uB2E4. \uBA54\uC2A4\uB108\uB294 \uC778\uAC04, \uB3D9\uBB3C, \uC2DD\uBB3C \uB4F1 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC5D0\uB294 \uBCF4\uC774\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB294 \uC0DD\uBA85\uC758 \uD798\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uBBFF\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8 \uD798\uC744 \uC0DD\uBA85\uC790\uAE30(\uB3C5\uC77C\uC5B4: Lebensmagnetismus)\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD88\uB800\uB2E4. \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uB294 \uADF8 \uD798\uC774 \uCE58\uC720\uB97C \uBE44\uB86F\uD55C \uBB3C\uB9AC\uC801 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB97C \uAC00\uC9C4\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC0DD\uAC01\uD588\uACE0, \uADF8\uAC83\uC744 \uB04A\uC784\uC5C6\uC774 \uC99D\uBA85\uD558\uB824 \uC2DC\uB3C4\uD588\uC73C\uB098 \uACFC\uD559\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC785\uC99D\uD558\uB294 \uB370\uB294 \uC2E4\uD328\uD588\uB2E4. \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758\uB294 19\uC138\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC720\uB7FD\uACFC \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD788 \uB9CE\uC740 \uCD94\uC885\uC790\uB97C \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8 \uCD94\uC885\uC790\uB4E4\uC744 \uC790\uAE30\uB860\uC790(magnetizers)\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD88\uB800\uB2E4. 1779\uB144 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD55C \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758\uB294 \uC774\uD6C4 \uC57D 75\uB144\uAC04 \uC758\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9C4\uC9C0\uD55C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB300\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uB2E4\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC84C\uACE0, \uADF8 \uC774\uD6C4 50\uC5EC\uB144\uAC04 \uC601\uD5A5\uB825\uC774 \uC794\uC874\uD574\uC11C \uB300\uB7B5 125\uB144\uAC04 \uC218\uBA85\uC774 \uC720\uC9C0\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1925\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC218\uBC31 \uAD8C\uC5D0 \uB2EC\uD558\uB294 \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758 \uCC45\uB4E4\uC774 \uCD9C\uAC04\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uB098, \uC624\uB298\uB0A0\uC740 \uAC70\uC758 \uC644\uC804\uD788 \uC78A\uD600\uC838 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC77C\uBD80 \uAD6D\uAC00\uC5D0\uC11C \uB300\uCCB4\uC758\uD559\uC758 \uC77C\uC885\uC73C\uB85C \uBA54\uC2A4\uBA38\uC8FC\uC758\uB97C \uC2DC\uC220\uD558\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0\uAC00 \uC5EC\uC804\uD788 \uB0A8\uC544 \uC788\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC8FC\uB958 \uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uB354\uC774\uC0C1 \uC0DD\uBA85\uC790\uAE30\uB860\uC744 \uBC1B\uC544\uB4E4\uC774\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB294\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . "41757248"^^ . "Magn\u00E9tisme animal"@fr . . "Biomagnetismus, p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B \u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FD magnetismus nebo anim\u00E1ln\u00ED magnetismus je nepotvrzen\u00FD jev, kter\u00FD m\u011Bl b\u00FDt vyu\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n p\u0159i l\u00E9\u010Den\u00ED. Takov\u00FD zp\u016Fsob l\u00E9\u010Dby se naz\u00FDv\u00E1 mesmerismus. Pojem \u201E\u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FD magnetismus\u201C poch\u00E1z\u00ED od Franze Antona Mesmera, kter\u00FD l\u00E9\u010Dil sv\u00E9 pacienty nejprve za pomoci permanentn\u00EDho magnetu, kter\u00E9 p\u0159ikl\u00E1dal na nemocn\u00E1 m\u00EDsta. Pozd\u011Bji stejn\u00FDch v\u00FDsledk\u016F dos\u00E1hl za pomoci sv\u00FDch rukou, co\u017E si vysv\u011Btlil tak, \u017Ee existuje jak\u00FDsi \u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FD magnetismus (francouzsky magn\u00E9tisme animal). \u017Divo\u010Di\u0161n\u00FD magnetismus podle n\u011Bho vypl\u0148oval cel\u00FD vesm\u00EDr. \u010Clov\u011Bk ho m\u016F\u017Ee z okol\u00ED z\u00EDsk\u00E1vat, hromadit v sob\u011B a p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B i p\u0159in\u00E9st na jin\u00E9ho \u010Dlov\u011Bka. \u00DAdajnou l\u00E9\u010Debnou s\u00EDlu vysv\u011Btloval tak, \u017Ee vyza\u0159ovan\u00FD magnetismus z jeho rukou m\u011Bl odstra\u0148ovat p\u0159ek\u00E1\u017Eky ve voln\u00E9m ob\u011Bhu tohoto magnetismu, kter\u00E9 m\u011Bly b\u00FDt podle jeho p\u0159ed"@cs . . "Animalischer Magnetismus"@de . . "Magnetismo animal"@pt . . "Dierlijk magnetisme"@nl . . . . . . . "\u52D5\u7269\u78C1\u6C17\u8AAC"@ja . . . "Il mesmerismo, o magnetismo animale, \u00E8 la terapia di malattie o disfunzioni basata sull'applicazione delle teorie di Franz Anton Mesmer, medico tedesco del Settecento."@it . "\u52D5\u7269\u78C1\u6C17\u8AAC\uFF08\u3069\u3046\u3076\u3064\u3058\u304D\u305B\u3064\u3001Animal magnetism\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EA\u30BA\u30E0\uFF08mesmerism\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u300118\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u4EBA\u533B\u5E2B\u306E\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30C4\u30FB\u30A2\u30F3\u30C8\u30F3\u30FB\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EB\u304C\u4E3B\u5F35\u3057\u305F\u3001\u4EBA\u9593\u3084\u52D5\u7269\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306B\u690D\u7269\u3082\u542B\u3081\u305F\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u751F\u7269\u304C\u6301\u3064\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u76EE\u306B\u898B\u3048\u306A\u3044\u81EA\u7136\u306E\u529B\uFF08Lebensmagnetismus\uFF09\u53CA\u3073\u3001\u305D\u308C\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305F\u533B\u7642\u6280\u8853\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u52D5\u7269\u78C1\u6027\u3068\u3082\u3002\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EB\u306F\u3001\u3053\u306E\u529B\u304C\u6CBB\u7652\u3092\u542B\u3080\u8089\u4F53\u3078\u306E\u5F71\u97FF\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3068\u4FE1\u3058\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u4F55\u5EA6\u3082\u305D\u306E\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u7ACB\u8A3C\u3092\u8A66\u307F\u305F\u304C\u5931\u6557\u306B\u7D42\u308F\u3063\u305F\u3002\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EB\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u305D\u306E\u3082\u306E\u306F\u5F53\u6642\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u65E2\u306B\u5426\u5B9A\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u304C\u3001\u6CBB\u7642\u8853\u81EA\u4F53\u306F\u4F55\u3089\u304B\u306E\u6210\u679C\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3068\u898B\u306A\u3055\u308C\u3066\u7814\u7A76\u306F\u7D9A\u304D\u3001\u3084\u304C\u3066\u50AC\u7720\u8853\u3084\u50AC\u7720\u7642\u6CD5\u3078\u3068\u767A\u5C55\u3059\u308B\u3002 19\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u751F\u6C17\u8AD6\uFF08vitalism\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u6B27\u7C73\u3067\u591A\u6570\u306E\u4FE1\u5949\u8005\u3092\u751F\u307F\u51FA\u3057\u666E\u53CA\u3057\u305F\u3002\u5C02\u9580\u533B\u306F\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EA\u30B9\u30C8\uFF08mesmerists\uFF09\u3088\u308A\u3082\u30DE\u30B0\u30CD\u30BF\u30A4\u30B6\u30FC\uFF08magnetizers\u3001\uFF1D\u78C1\u6C17\u5E2B\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u304B\u3063\u305F\u30021779\u5E74\u306B\u767B\u5834\u3057\u3066\u304B\u3089\u7D0475\u5E74\u9593\u3001\u533B\u5B66\u306E\u91CD\u8981\u306A\u5C02\u9580\u5206\u91CE\u3068\u307F\u306A\u3055\u308C\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306B50\u5E74\u9593\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\u3092\u6301\u3061\u7D9A\u3051\u305F\u30021766\u5E74\u304B\u30891925\u5E74\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u4F55\u767E\u518A\u3082\u306E\u5C02\u9580\u66F8\u304C\u520A\u884C\u3055\u308C\u305F\u304C\u3001\u4ECA\u65E5\u3067\u306F\u307B\u3068\u3093\u3069\u5FD8\u308C\u53BB\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u90E8\u306E\u56FD\u3067\u306F\u30E1\u30B9\u30E1\u30EA\u30BA\u30E0\u306F\u4F9D\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4EE3\u66FF\u533B\u7642\u306E\u4E00\u5F62\u614B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5B9F\u8DF5\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u304C\u3001\u533B\u5B66\u7684\u306B\u306F\u8A8D\u3081\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u306A\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . "El mesmerismo (en franc\u00E9s mesm\u00E9risme), tambi\u00E9n conocido como la doctrina del \u00ABmagnetismo animal\u00BB, se refiere a un supuesto fluido invisible que permite el funcionamiento del cuerpo humano, pero cuya distribuci\u00F3n err\u00F3nea o un desequilibrio en el cuerpo es la causa de las enfermedades. Fue postulado junto con el met\u00F3do terap\u00E9utico por primera vez en el mundo occidental por el m\u00E9dico Franz Mesmer (1734-1815), proveniente de Alemania\u200B. Fue un t\u00E9rmino muy usado en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX."@es . . . . . . . . . "Animal magnetism, eller mesmerism, \u00E4r en term f\u00F6r den l\u00E4kedomsteori, som l\u00E4karen Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) lanserade. Kosmisk magnetism, h\u00E4vdade han, \u00E4r en hemlighetsfull kraft, ett , som finns \u00F6verallt och som p\u00E5verkar djur och m\u00E4nniskor. Det kan \u00F6verf\u00F6ras via h\u00E4nderna fr\u00E5n en individ till en annan och p\u00E5 s\u00E5 s\u00E4tt kan sjuka organ l\u00E4kas. Behandlingen vilade delvis p\u00E5 hypnos. Mesmer utvisades av de \u00F6sterrikiska myndigheterna ur landet och 1778 flyttade han till Paris. De magnetiska kurerna mot olika sjukdomstillst\u00E5nd hade en enorm dragningskraft p\u00E5 parisarna och var sin tids fr\u00E4msta samtals\u00E4mne. Han orsakade stor uppst\u00E5ndelse d\u00E4r och \u00E4ven sedan han fyttat till Spa i Belgien. Inte minst d\u00E5 patienter fick kramper och anfall efter hans behandling. Mesmers metoder granskades 1784 av en kommission under ledning av Benjamin Franklin (som vid denna tid var USA:s ambassad\u00F6r i Frankrike). Kommissionen kunde snart konstatera att det inte fanns n\u00E5gon magnetism eller elektricitet i metallr\u00F6ren. Inte heller blev de skeptiska kommission\u00E4rerna n\u00E4mnv\u00E4rt p\u00E5verkade av att sj\u00E4lva genomg\u00E5 behandlingen. F\u00F6r att kunna f\u00F6rklara de dramatiska reaktioner som m\u00E5nga patienter uppvisade inleddes en serie experiment, d\u00E4r n\u00E5gra av Mesmers patienter som sades vara s\u00E4rskilt mottagliga f\u00F6r magnetism ingick. I ett av experimenten togs f\u00F6rs\u00F6kspersonerna till en tr\u00E4dg\u00E5rd, d\u00E4r de fick veta att ett av tr\u00E4den i f\u00F6rv\u00E4g hade blivit magnetiserat. Med f\u00F6rbundna \u00F6gon leddes nu f\u00F6rs\u00F6kspersonerna in i tr\u00E4dg\u00E5rden och uppvisade tydliga symptom vid flera olika tr\u00E4d. I rapporten skrevs senare att effekten av Mesmers metod inte var att h\u00E4nf\u00F6ra till den p\u00E5st\u00E5dda animala magnetismen, utan m\u00E5ste anses vara ett utslag av patienternas egen fantasi \u2013 d v s deras inlevelse i och tro p\u00E5 att behandlingen skulle medf\u00F6ra en symptomlindring, en tidig f\u00F6rst\u00E5else av det som inom modern socialpsykologi kallas f\u00F6r f\u00F6rv\u00E4ntanseffekt, eller inom medicin placeboeffekt. Mesmer hade nu avf\u00E4rdats som en bedragare och kvacksalvare. Han flackade d\u00E4refter Europa runt p\u00E5 jakt efter rikedom och slutade sina dagar i hemtrakterna kring Konstanz. Metoden fick ett uppsving i flera europeiska l\u00E4nder under f\u00F6rsta halvan av 1800-talet. I Sverige gav l\u00E4karen Pehr Gustaf Cederschi\u00F6ld 1815\u20131821 ut tidskriften Journal f\u00F6r animal magnetism och skrev flera b\u00F6cker i \u00E4mnet. Mesmers liv och verk ligger till grund f\u00F6r P.O. Enquists 1964 utgivna roman Magnetis\u00F6rens femte vinter och gav inspiration till Edgar Allan Poes 1845 utgivna novell Fakta i fallet Valdemar. Mesmer r\u00E4knas i dag vanligen som den f\u00F6rste som lyckades anv\u00E4nda hypnos som behandlingsmetod, \u00E4ven om han sj\u00E4lv kanske trodde att han uppt\u00E4ckt hur man p\u00E5 olika s\u00E4tt kunde p\u00E5verka kroppens magnetiska energi. Vidare anser vetenskapen att Mesmers klienter i stor utstr\u00E4ckning bestod av hysteripatienter."@sv . "Dierlijk magnetisme was een vermeende kracht die alle levende wezens zouden bezitten. Franz Anton Mesmer introduceerde dit idee in 1775 en het bleef zo'n 75 jaar invloedrijk. In zijn proefschrift De planetarum influxu in corpus humanum uit 1766 had Mesmer al voorgesteld dat de wederzijdse zwaartekracht van de planeten wordt uitgeoefend via een fijn golvende vloeistof. In 1774 hoorde hij van het geneeskundige werk van Maximilian Hell die met magneten een genezende werking op dierlijke en menselijke organismen zou hebben weten te bereiken. Na enkele experimenten kwam Mesmer tot de conclusie dat de genezingen niet door de magneten, maar door zijn eigen fysieke invloed werden veroorzaakt. In Sendschreiben an einen ausw\u00E4rtigen Arzt \u00FCber die Magnetkur en Sendschreiben \u00FCber die Magnetkur uit 1775"@nl . . . "Magnetyzm zwierz\u0119cy, \u201Euniwersalny fluid\u201D \u2013 hipotetyczna \u201Esi\u0142a magnetyczna\u201D, w kt\u00F3rej Franz Anton Mesmer widzia\u0142 mo\u017Cliwo\u015B\u0107 oddzia\u0142ywania lekarza na pacjenta w czasie rozwini\u0119tych w ko\u0144cu XVIII wieku praktyk terapeutycznych, nazywanych mesmeryzmem. W 1784 roku komisje lekarskie w Pary\u017Cu i Berlinie pot\u0119pi\u0142y mesmeryzm jako metod\u0119 pozbawion\u0105 podstaw naukowych (pseudonauka), jednak budzi\u0142 on du\u017Ce zainteresowanie do ko\u0144ca XIX wieku. Uwa\u017Ca si\u0119, \u017Ce sta\u0142 si\u0119 \u017Ar\u00F3d\u0142em teorii hipnozy i hipnologii (zob. te\u017C trans)."@pl . . . . . . . . . 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"Magnetismo animal ou mesmerismo (em alem\u00E3o: lebensmagnetismus) foi o nome dado pelo m\u00E9dico alem\u00E3o Franz Mesmer, no s\u00E9culo XVIII, ao que ele acreditava ser uma for\u00E7a natural invis\u00EDvel possu\u00EDda por todos os seres vivos/animados (humanos, animais, vegetais, etc.). Ele acreditava que tal for\u00E7a poderia ter efeitos f\u00EDsicos, incluindo propriedades de cura. Ele tentou persistentemente, mas sem nenhum sucesso alcan\u00E7ar reconhecimento cient\u00EDfico de suas ideias. Mesmer foi in\u00FAmeras vezes acusado de charlatanismo. O mesmerismo exerceu grande influ\u00EAncia no desenvolvimento da doutrina esp\u00EDrita."@pt . . . . . "Magnetisme binatang"@in . . 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"Le magn\u00E9tisme animal, aussi appel\u00E9 mesm\u00E9risme, est un ensemble d'anciennes th\u00E9ories et pratiques th\u00E9rapeutiques qui se d\u00E9velopp\u00E8rent de la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle \u00E0 la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle en Occident et qui eurent un impact important sur le d\u00E9veloppement de la m\u00E9decine, de la psychologie et de la parapsychologie. Le m\u00E9decin allemand Franz-Anton Mesmer, qui postulait l'existence d'un fluide magn\u00E9tique universel dont on pouvait faire une utilisation th\u00E9rapeutique, introduisit l'expression \u00AB magn\u00E9tisme animal \u00BB en 1773. Il avait l'ambition de donner une interpr\u00E9tation rationnelle \u00E0 des ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes que l'on peut d\u00E9crire sous le terme g\u00E9n\u00E9ral de \u00AB transe \u00BB et qui, tels quels, semblent d\u00E9signer l'irrationnel ou la magie. Alors qu'il se voulait fondateur de science, ramenant ce qui relevait jusque-l\u00E0 du surnaturel \u00E0 l'\u00E9tude des propri\u00E9t\u00E9s d'un fluide naturel, il est devenu l'arch\u00E9type du charlatan et le magn\u00E9tisme animal l'arch\u00E9type d'une pseudo-science. V\u00E9ritable ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne de soci\u00E9t\u00E9, le magn\u00E9tisme animal a fait l'objet de nombreuses pol\u00E9miques, notamment en France, o\u00F9 la facult\u00E9 de m\u00E9decine a condamn\u00E9 cette pratique pour les m\u00E9decins d\u00E8s 1784. Cela n'a pas emp\u00EAch\u00E9 le magn\u00E9tisme animal de continuer \u00E0 se r\u00E9pandre sous diverses formes, certains magn\u00E9tiseurs continuant \u00E0 attribuer ses effets au fluide de Mesmer, d'autres les attribuant \u00E0 la volont\u00E9 ou \u00E0 l'imagination du magn\u00E9tiseur et du magn\u00E9tis\u00E9. Ces derniers sont \u00E0 l'origine de th\u00E9ories sur l'hypnose d\u00E9velopp\u00E9es par des m\u00E9decins comme James Braid ou Ambroise-Auguste Li\u00E9beault. D'autres encore expliquent les ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes magn\u00E9tiques par un contact privil\u00E9gi\u00E9 avec des \u00AB esprits \u00BB."@fr . "Biomagnetismus"@cs . . . . . . . .