. . . . . . "\u0417\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D \u0414\u044E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435 \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u0430\u0436\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u044B\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043F\u043E \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043C, \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043B\u043E, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043A \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B, \u0432 \u0442\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042D\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u044E \u043E\u0431\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043B \u041C\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0414\u044E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435, \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043B \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0442 \u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043E\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432 1950-\u0445 \u0438 1960-\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0445."@ru . "La legge di Duverger rileva, in linea di principio, una sostanziale coincidenza tra i sistemi maggioritari a turno unico e il bipartitismo, sostenendo che \"i paesi dualisti sono maggioritari e i paesi maggioritari sono dualisti\". La scoperta di questa tendenza \u00E8 attribuita a Maurice Duverger, un politologo francese, che osserv\u00F2 l'effetto e ne scrisse in diversi articoli pubblicati negli anni cinquanta e sessanta del XX secolo. Giovanni Sartori ha successivamente rilevato che tale legge non \u00E8 valida nei casi in cui esistano minoranze irriducibili e geograficamente concentrate, le quali sottrarrebbero seggi, in alcuni collegi, ai due partiti maggiori, impedendo potenzialmente la formazione di un governo guidato da un solo partito (come vorrebbe, fra l'altro, il sistema Westminster) e imponendo, quindi, un governo di coalizione."@it . . . . . . . "Hukum Duverger"@in . . "Lei de Duverger"@pt . . "1124334417"^^ . "\u675C\u4F5B\u5091\u5B9A\u5F8B\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ADuverger's law\uFF09\uFF0C\u7B80\u5355\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u662F\u6307\u7B80\u5355\u7684\u76F8\u5BF9\u591A\u6570\u9009\u4E3E\u5236\u5EA6\u4F1A\u4EA7\u751F\u4E24\u515A\u5236\uFF1B\u800C\u8D5E\u540C\u6295\u7968\u5236\u6709\u5229\u4E8E\u4EA7\u751F\u7B2C\u4E09\u5927\u515A\uFF0C\u6BD4\u4F8B\u4EE3\u8868\u5236\u6709\u5229\u4E8E\u4EA7\u751F\u5C0F\u515A\uFF08\u5747\u4E3A\u591A\u515A\u5236\uFF09\uFF0C\u7531\u6CD5\u56FD\u653F\u6CBB\u5B66\u5BB6\u83AB\u91CC\u65AF\u00B7\u675C\u4F5B\u5091\u6700\u5148\u63D0\u51FA\u3002"@zh . . . "\uB4A4\uBCA0\uB974\uC81C\uC758 \uBC95\uCE59\uC740 \u201C\uB2E8\uC21C\uB2E4\uC218\uB300\uD45C\uC81C\uAC00 \uC591\uB2F9\uC81C\uB97C \uAC00\uC838 \uC624\uACE0\u201D, \"\uBE44\uB840\uB300\uD45C\uC81C\uAC00 \uB2E4\uB2F9\uC81C\uB97C \uAC00\uC838\uC628\uB2E4\"\uB294 \uC815\uCE58\uD559\uC758 \uBC95\uCE59\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7F0 \uACBD\uD5A5\uC744 \uBC1C\uACAC\uD55C \uC0AC\uB78C\uC740 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uD559\uC790\uC774\uC790, \uBC95\uD559\uC790, \uC0AC\uD68C\uD559\uC790\uC778 \uBAA8\uB9AC\uC2A4 \uB4A4\uBCA0\uB974\uC81C\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC120\uAC70\uC81C\uB3C4\uAC00 \uC815\uB2F9\uCCB4\uC81C\uC5D0 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uBBF8\uCE5C\uB2E4\uB294 \uAC83\uC744 \uBC1C\uACAC\uD558\uACE0 1950-60\uB144\uB300 \uBA87\uBA87 \uB17C\uBB38\uACFC \uC800\uC11C\uC5D0 \uC774\uB97C \uBC1C\uD45C\uD588\uB2E4. \uD6C4\uC5D0 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC815\uCE58\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uAD00\uB828 \uC8FC\uC81C\uC5D0 \uB354 \uAE4A\uC740 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC774\uB7F0 \uACBD\uD5A5\uC744 \u201C\uBC95\uCE59\u201D\uC73C\uB85C \uBD80\uB974\uAE30 \uC2DC\uC791\uD588\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . "Duverger's law"@en . . . . . . "Duvergers Gesetz (Loi de Duverger), benannt nach dem franz\u00F6sischen Juristen und Politikwissenschaftler Maurice Duverger, ist die vermutete Gesetzm\u00E4\u00DFigkeit, nach der ein relatives Mehrheitswahlsystem zur Bildung eines Zweiparteiensystems f\u00FChrt. Im Umkehrschluss gelte, dass ein Verh\u00E4ltniswahlsystem zu einer Vielzahl von Parteien f\u00FChrt. Die Idee hinter diesen Vermutungen ist, dass in einem relativen Mehrheitswahlsystem in Einerwahlkreisen nur wenige Kandidaten eine realistische Chance haben, gew\u00E4hlt zu werden. Bei strategischer Wahl gibt ein rational denkender W\u00E4hler seine Stimme dann nicht dem Kandidaten der Partei, die er pers\u00F6nlich bevorzugt, sondern einem anderen Kandidaten, der gr\u00F6\u00DFere Erfolgsaussichten hat. So konzentrieren sich die Stimmen auf zwei Parteien, eine eher rechte und eine eher linke. Dieser Effekt wurde von Duverger in mehreren Aufs\u00E4tzen in den 1950er- und 1960er-Jahren formuliert und daraufhin allgemein als Duvergers Gesetz in die Fachliteratur \u00FCbernommen. Das Gesetz ist inzwischen jedoch vielfach kritisiert worden. Der Effekt komme nur zustande, wenn es wenige Konfliktlinien in der Gesellschaft gibt, typischerweise die zwischen Arm und Reich (Arbeit und Kapital). Das n\u00FCtze einer sozialdemokratischen Partei einerseits und einer konservativ-liberalen andererseits. In den meisten Gesellschaften kommen aber noch weitere Konfliktlinien hinzu, zum Beispiel konfessioneller, ideologischer oder kultureller Art. Wichtig ist auch, ob Minderheiten in einzelnen Regionen konzentriert wohnen (und folglich Wahlkreise erobern k\u00F6nnen) oder verstreut \u00FCber das Land. Als das klassische Beispiel von Duvergers Gesetz galt Gro\u00DFbritannien; 1974 und 2010 gelang es jedoch der Liberal Party bzw. den Liberal Democrats als dritte Partei eine mehrheitsentscheidende Anzahl von Parlamentspl\u00E4tzen zu erreichen. Die Regierungskoalition zwischen der Conservative Party und den Liberal Democrats in den Jahren 2010 bis 2015 kann als Gegenbeispiel f\u00FCr die unterstellte Gesetzm\u00E4\u00DFigkeit dienen. Ebenso w\u00E4hlt Indien auch nach Einerwahlkreisen, dort kommt eine Vielzahl von regionalen Kleinparteien ins Parlament. In den USA dagegen best\u00E4tigt sich das Gesetz, unter anderem unterst\u00FCtzt durch intensives Gerrymandering."@de . . "La legge di Duverger rileva, in linea di principio, una sostanziale coincidenza tra i sistemi maggioritari a turno unico e il bipartitismo, sostenendo che \"i paesi dualisti sono maggioritari e i paesi maggioritari sono dualisti\". La scoperta di questa tendenza \u00E8 attribuita a Maurice Duverger, un politologo francese, che osserv\u00F2 l'effetto e ne scrisse in diversi articoli pubblicati negli anni cinquanta e sessanta del XX secolo."@it . . . . . . "Dalam ilmu politik, hukum Duverger menyatakan bahwa pemilihan dengan aturan yang terstruktur dalam cenderung mendukung sistem dua partai, sedangkan \"sistem mayoritas pemungutan suara ganda dan representasi proporsional cenderung mendukung multipartisme\"."@in . "\u675C\u74E6\u6770\u5B9A\u5F8B"@zh . "La ley de Duverger es un principio que afirma que el sistema electoral mayoritario conduce a un sistema bipartidista. El descubrimiento de este principio se atribuye a Maurice Duverger, soci\u00F3logo y polit\u00F3logo franc\u00E9s que observ\u00F3 este efecto y dej\u00F3 constancia del mismo en diversos textos publicados en los a\u00F1os cincuenta y sesenta del siglo XX. Posteriormente otros polit\u00F3logos comenzaron a llamar \"ley\" a este efecto. Una consecuencia de la ley de Duverger es el efecto que se crea cuando el tercer candidato resta votos a uno solo de los candidatos principales."@es . . . "\u0421\u043E\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D \u0414\u044E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435 \u2014 \u0433\u0456\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430, \u0441\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443\u043B\u044C\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0414\u044E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044E\u0454 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u043E\u043C \u0432\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0447\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u0456\u043D \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0454, \u0449\u043E \u043C\u0430\u0436\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0454 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0443, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0438\u044F\u0454 \u0456\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0443 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u2014 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0443, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043D\u044E\u0454 \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044E. \u041D\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u043C\u043A\u0443 \u0414\u044E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0443\u0454: \u0431) \u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0447\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0433\u0430\u0454 \u0432 \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0446\u0456 \u0441\u0445\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0441\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0456 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u0431\u043E\u044E\u044E\u0447\u0438\u0441\u044C \u201C\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u201D \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0457\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0432."@uk . . "A lei de Duverger \u00E9 um princ\u00EDpio que afirma que o sistema eleitoral majorit\u00E1rio conduz a um sistema bipartid\u00E1rio enquanto o de representa\u00E7\u00E3o proporcional leva a um sistema multipartid\u00E1rio. A descoberta deste princ\u00EDpio \u00E9 atribu\u00EDda a Maurice Duverger, soci\u00F3logo franc\u00EAs que observou este efeito e deixou reflex\u00F5es sobre o mesmo em diversos textos publicados nas d\u00E9cadas de 50 e 60 do s\u00E9culo XX. Posteriormente outros polit\u00F3logos come\u00E7aram a chamar \"lei\" a este efeito. H\u00E1 muitos sistemas eleitorais majorit\u00E1rios com dois partidos, embora tamb\u00E9m haja v\u00E1rios exemplos que contradizem o modelo, como a Esc\u00F3cia. O Partido Liberal Democrata \u00E9 considerado por muitos um terceiro partido emergente do Reino Unido, depois das elei\u00E7\u00F5es gerais de 2005, o que faria supor a apari\u00E7\u00E3o de um sistema tripartid\u00E1rio. Canad\u00E1 e \u00CDndia t\u00EAm v\u00E1rios partidos regionais. Duverger n\u00E3o considerou o seu princ\u00EDpio como algo absoluto: sugeriu que o sistema majorit\u00E1rio atrasaria a apari\u00E7\u00E3o de novas for\u00E7as pol\u00EDtica e aceleraria o desaparecimento de for\u00E7as em decl\u00EDnio - o sistema proporcional teria efeito oposto. Al\u00E9m disso, notou que os partidos regionais podem distorcer o modelo, fazendo que haja mais de dois partidos importantes no pa\u00EDs, mesmo no caso de que s\u00F3 existam dois partidos competitivos em cada c\u00EDrculo eleitoral, como, por exemplo, no Canad\u00E1. A lei de Duverger n\u00E3o se cumpre em sentido contr\u00E1rio, j\u00E1 que tamb\u00E9m outros sistemas podem gerar sistemas bipartid\u00E1rios est\u00E1veis. Isto \u00E9 particularmente certo no caso de pa\u00EDses que sem utilizar o first past the post, tamb\u00E9m n\u00E3o incorporam representa\u00E7\u00E3o proporcional. Por exemplo, Malta tem um sistema de voto transfer\u00EDvel e um sistema est\u00E1vel de dois partidos. A Austr\u00E1lia utiliza tamb\u00E9m o voto \u00FAnico transfer\u00EDvel e, embora n\u00E3o se trate de um sistema bipartid\u00E1rio, est\u00E1 dominado por um partido principal (o Trabalhista) e uma coliga\u00E7\u00E3o (a Coliga\u00E7\u00E3o Nacional, National coalition, de car\u00E1cter liberal). Embora haja quem defenda que um sistema bipartid\u00E1rio n\u00E3o \u00E9 necessariamente nocivo, investigadores e matem\u00E1ticos t\u00EAm-se dedicado a elaborar sistemas eleitorais aos quais n\u00E3o se aplique a lei de Duverger. H\u00E1 alguns sistemas que t\u00EAm uma probabilidade maior de criar bipartidarismo que o sistema maiorit\u00E1rio: as elei\u00E7\u00F5es em Gibraltar utilizam um sistema de voto por blocos num \u00FAnico c\u00EDrculo eleitoral, pelo que o terceiro partido tem muito poucas probabilidades de ganhar algum assento. Uma consequ\u00EAncia da lei de Duverger \u00E9 o efeito que se cria quando o terceiro candidato entrega os votos a um s\u00F3 dos candidatos principais."@pt . . . . "\u0417\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D \u0414\u044E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435"@ru . "\u0417\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D \u0414\u044E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435"@uk . . "Dalam ilmu politik, hukum Duverger menyatakan bahwa pemilihan dengan aturan yang terstruktur dalam cenderung mendukung sistem dua partai, sedangkan \"sistem mayoritas pemungutan suara ganda dan representasi proporsional cenderung mendukung multipartisme\"."@in . . "37553"^^ . "Duvergerovy z\u00E1kony"@cs . . . . 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"Prawo Duvergera \u2212 regu\u0142a sformu\u0142owana w latach 50. XX wieku przez Maurice'a Duvergera m\u00F3wi\u0105ca, \u017Ce wybory wi\u0119kszo\u015Bci\u0105 wzgl\u0119dn\u0105 prowadz\u0105 do systemu dwupartyjnego z wymieniaj\u0105cymi si\u0119 wielkimi i niezale\u017Cnymi partiami. W 1986 r. Duverger sprowadzi\u0142 wyniki swych bada\u0144 do \u201Eroboczych hipotez\u201D, podkre\u015Bli\u0142, \u017Ce nie nale\u017Cy ich rozumie\u0107 jako praw deterministycznych, bowiem dany system wyborczy niekoniecznie musi zawsze prowadzi\u0107 do okre\u015Blonego systemu partyjnego, na kt\u00F3rego kszta\u0142t wp\u0142ywa wi\u0119cej czynnik\u00F3w."@pl . . . "A lei de Duverger \u00E9 um princ\u00EDpio que afirma que o sistema eleitoral majorit\u00E1rio conduz a um sistema bipartid\u00E1rio enquanto o de representa\u00E7\u00E3o proporcional leva a um sistema multipartid\u00E1rio. A descoberta deste princ\u00EDpio \u00E9 atribu\u00EDda a Maurice Duverger, soci\u00F3logo franc\u00EAs que observou este efeito e deixou reflex\u00F5es sobre o mesmo em diversos textos publicados nas d\u00E9cadas de 50 e 60 do s\u00E9culo XX. Posteriormente outros polit\u00F3logos come\u00E7aram a chamar \"lei\" a este efeito."@pt . "Duvergerovy z\u00E1kony jsou t\u0159i hypot\u00E9zy francouzsk\u00E9ho politologa a sociologa Maurice Duvergera, kter\u00E9 se t\u00FDkaj\u00ED vztahu volebn\u00EDch a stranick\u00FDch syst\u00E9m\u016F. 1. \n* Pom\u011Brn\u00E1 volba vede k v\u00EDcestranick\u00E9mu syst\u00E9mu s tuh\u00FDmi, nez\u00E1visl\u00FDmi a stabiln\u00EDmi stranami (s v\u00FDjimkou n\u00E1hle vzplanuv\u0161\u00EDch hnut\u00ED). 2. \n* V\u011Bt\u0161inov\u00FD syst\u00E9m s u\u017E\u0161\u00ED volbou (tedy s druh\u00FDm kolem voleb, resp. syst\u00E9m po\u017Eaduj\u00EDc\u00ED pro zvolen\u00ED absolutn\u00ED v\u011Bt\u0161inu hlas\u016F) vede k v\u00EDcestranick\u00E9mu syst\u00E9mu pru\u017En\u00FDmi, z\u00E1visl\u00FDmi a relativn\u011B stabiln\u00EDmi stranami, a to ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00EDpadech. 3. \n* Jednoduch\u00E1 v\u011Bt\u0161inov\u00E1 volba vede k syst\u00E9mu dvou stran s navz\u00E1jem se st\u0159\u00EDdaj\u00EDc\u00EDmi velk\u00FDmi, nez\u00E1visl\u00FDmi stranami. Tyto z\u00E1kony byly zpo\u010D\u00E1tku \u0161iroce p\u0159ij\u00EDm\u00E1ny, postupn\u011B se ale st\u00E1valy p\u0159edm\u011Btem kritiky a s\u00E1m Duverger p\u0159iznal, \u017Ee se jedn\u00E1 sp\u00ED\u0161e o jist\u00E9 tendence, kter\u00E9 maj\u00ED vliv na stranick\u00FD syst\u00E9m, ne\u017E o obecn\u011B platn\u00E9 z\u00E1kony. Mezi odp\u016Frce Duvergerov\u00FDch z\u00E1kon\u016F pat\u0159\u00ED zejm\u00E9na Arend Lijphart nebo Giovanni Sartori."@cs . . . . . "Prawo Duvergera \u2212 regu\u0142a sformu\u0142owana w latach 50. XX wieku przez Maurice'a Duvergera m\u00F3wi\u0105ca, \u017Ce wybory wi\u0119kszo\u015Bci\u0105 wzgl\u0119dn\u0105 prowadz\u0105 do systemu dwupartyjnego z wymieniaj\u0105cymi si\u0119 wielkimi i niezale\u017Cnymi partiami. W 1986 r. Duverger sprowadzi\u0142 wyniki swych bada\u0144 do \u201Eroboczych hipotez\u201D, podkre\u015Bli\u0142, \u017Ce nie nale\u017Cy ich rozumie\u0107 jako praw deterministycznych, bowiem dany system wyborczy niekoniecznie musi zawsze prowadzi\u0107 do okre\u015Blonego systemu partyjnego, na kt\u00F3rego kszta\u0142t wp\u0142ywa wi\u0119cej czynnik\u00F3w."@pl . . "La ley de Duverger es un principio que afirma que el sistema electoral mayoritario conduce a un sistema bipartidista. El descubrimiento de este principio se atribuye a Maurice Duverger, soci\u00F3logo y polit\u00F3logo franc\u00E9s que observ\u00F3 este efecto y dej\u00F3 constancia del mismo en diversos textos publicados en los a\u00F1os cincuenta y sesenta del siglo XX. Posteriormente otros polit\u00F3logos comenzaron a llamar \"ley\" a este efecto. Existen muchos sistemas electorales mayoritarios con dos partidos, aunque tambi\u00E9n se dan muchos ejemplos que contradicen el modelo: Escocia. Muchos consideran que el Partido Liberal Dem\u00F3crata del Reino Unido es un tercer partido emergente, tras las elecciones generales de 2005, lo que supondr\u00EDa la aparici\u00F3n de un sistema tripartidista. Canad\u00E1 y la India tienen varios partidos regionales. Duverger no consider\u00F3 su principio como algo absoluto: sugiri\u00F3 que el sistema mayoritario retrasar\u00EDa la aparici\u00F3n de una nueva fuerza pol\u00EDtica y acelerar\u00EDa la desaparici\u00F3n de una fuerza que estuviera debilit\u00E1ndose - el tendr\u00EDa el efecto opuesto. Adem\u00E1s, advirti\u00F3 que los partidos regionales pueden distorsionar el modelo, haciendo que haya m\u00E1s de dos partidos importantes en el pa\u00EDs, incluso en el caso de que s\u00F3lo se den dos partidos competitivos en cada distrito. Se\u00F1al\u00F3 como ejemplo a Canad\u00E1. La ley de Duverger no se cumple en sentido contrario, ya que tambi\u00E9n otros sistemas pueden generar sistemas bipartidistas estables. Esto es particularmente cierto en el caso de pa\u00EDses que sin utilizar el first past the post, tampoco incorporan representaci\u00F3n proporcional. Por ejemplo, Malta tiene un sistema de voto transferible y un sistema estable de dos partidos. Australia utiliza tambi\u00E9n el voto \u00FAnico transferible y, aunque no se trata de un sistema bipartidista, est\u00E1 dominado por un partido principal (el Laborista) y una coalici\u00F3n (la Coalici\u00F3n Nacional, National coalition, de car\u00E1cter liberal). Aunque hay quien defiende que un sistema bipartidista no es necesariamente nocivo, investigadores y matem\u00E1ticos se han dedicado a elaborar sistemas electorales a los que no pueda afectar la ley de Duverger. Hay algunos sistemas que tienen una probabilidad mayor de crear bipartidismo que el sistema mayoritario: las elecciones en Gibraltar utilizan un sistema de voto por bloque en una \u00FAnica circunscripci\u00F3n, por lo que el tercer partido tiene muy pocas probabilidades de ganar alg\u00FAn esca\u00F1o. Una consecuencia de la ley de Duverger es el efecto que se crea cuando el tercer candidato resta votos a uno solo de los candidatos principales."@es . . . . . . . "In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system. The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. In the course of further research, other political scientists began calling the effect a \"law\" or principle. In recent years the validity of this law has come under increasing quantitative scrutiny."@en . "\uB4A4\uBCA0\uB974\uC81C\uC758 \uBC95\uCE59"@ko . "\u0417\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D \u0414\u044E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435 \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u0430\u0436\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u044B\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043F\u043E \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043C, \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043B\u043E, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043A \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B, \u0432 \u0442\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042D\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u044E \u043E\u0431\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043B \u041C\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0414\u044E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435, \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043B \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0442 \u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043E\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432 1950-\u0445 \u0438 1960-\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0445."@ru . "Duvergers Gesetz (Loi de Duverger), benannt nach dem franz\u00F6sischen Juristen und Politikwissenschaftler Maurice Duverger, ist die vermutete Gesetzm\u00E4\u00DFigkeit, nach der ein relatives Mehrheitswahlsystem zur Bildung eines Zweiparteiensystems f\u00FChrt. Im Umkehrschluss gelte, dass ein Verh\u00E4ltniswahlsystem zu einer Vielzahl von Parteien f\u00FChrt."@de . . . . . . . . . "Legge di Duverger"@it . . . . . . . "\uB4A4\uBCA0\uB974\uC81C\uC758 \uBC95\uCE59\uC740 \u201C\uB2E8\uC21C\uB2E4\uC218\uB300\uD45C\uC81C\uAC00 \uC591\uB2F9\uC81C\uB97C \uAC00\uC838 \uC624\uACE0\u201D, \"\uBE44\uB840\uB300\uD45C\uC81C\uAC00 \uB2E4\uB2F9\uC81C\uB97C \uAC00\uC838\uC628\uB2E4\"\uB294 \uC815\uCE58\uD559\uC758 \uBC95\uCE59\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7F0 \uACBD\uD5A5\uC744 \uBC1C\uACAC\uD55C \uC0AC\uB78C\uC740 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uD559\uC790\uC774\uC790, \uBC95\uD559\uC790, \uC0AC\uD68C\uD559\uC790\uC778 \uBAA8\uB9AC\uC2A4 \uB4A4\uBCA0\uB974\uC81C\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC120\uAC70\uC81C\uB3C4\uAC00 \uC815\uB2F9\uCCB4\uC81C\uC5D0 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uBBF8\uCE5C\uB2E4\uB294 \uAC83\uC744 \uBC1C\uACAC\uD558\uACE0 1950-60\uB144\uB300 \uBA87\uBA87 \uB17C\uBB38\uACFC \uC800\uC11C\uC5D0 \uC774\uB97C \uBC1C\uD45C\uD588\uB2E4. \uD6C4\uC5D0 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC815\uCE58\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uAD00\uB828 \uC8FC\uC81C\uC5D0 \uB354 \uAE4A\uC740 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC774\uB7F0 \uACBD\uD5A5\uC744 \u201C\uBC95\uCE59\u201D\uC73C\uB85C \uBD80\uB974\uAE30 \uC2DC\uC791\uD588\uB2E4."@ko . . . "\u30C7\u30E5\u30F4\u30A7\u30EB\u30B8\u30A7\u306E\u6CD5\u5247\uFF08\u30C7\u30E5\u30F4\u30A7\u30EB\u30B8\u30A7\u306E\u307B\u3046\u305D\u304F\u3001Duverger's law\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u9078\u6319\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u5019\u88DC\u8005\u6570\u304C\u6B21\u7B2C\u306B\u53CE\u675F\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304F\u3068\u3059\u308B\u6CD5\u5247\u3002"@ja . "Loi de Duverger"@fr . . "In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system. The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. In the course of further research, other political scientists began calling the effect a \"law\" or principle. As a corollary to the law, Duverger also asserted that proportional representation favors multi-partyism, as does the plurality system with runoff elections. Duverger's law draws from a model of causality from the electoral system to a party system. A proportional representation (PR) system creates electoral conditions that foster the development of many parties, whereas a plurality system marginalizes smaller political parties, generally resulting in a two-party system. Most countries with plurality voting have representation in their legislatures by more than two parties. While the United States is very much a two-party system, the United Kingdom, Canada and India have consistently had multiparty parliaments. However, only the two dominant parties of their times have formed governments in the United Kingdom and Canada. Eric Dickson and Kenneth Scheve argue that there is a counter force to Duverger's law, that on the national level a plurality system encourages two parties, but in the individual constituencies supermajorities will lead to the vote fracturing. Steven R. Reed has shown Duverger's law to work in Japan and Italy. In recent years the validity of this law has come under increasing quantitative scrutiny."@en . . "Duvergerovy z\u00E1kony jsou t\u0159i hypot\u00E9zy francouzsk\u00E9ho politologa a sociologa Maurice Duvergera, kter\u00E9 se t\u00FDkaj\u00ED vztahu volebn\u00EDch a stranick\u00FDch syst\u00E9m\u016F. 1. \n* Pom\u011Brn\u00E1 volba vede k v\u00EDcestranick\u00E9mu syst\u00E9mu s tuh\u00FDmi, nez\u00E1visl\u00FDmi a stabiln\u00EDmi stranami (s v\u00FDjimkou n\u00E1hle vzplanuv\u0161\u00EDch hnut\u00ED). 2. \n* V\u011Bt\u0161inov\u00FD syst\u00E9m s u\u017E\u0161\u00ED volbou (tedy s druh\u00FDm kolem voleb, resp. syst\u00E9m po\u017Eaduj\u00EDc\u00ED pro zvolen\u00ED absolutn\u00ED v\u011Bt\u0161inu hlas\u016F) vede k v\u00EDcestranick\u00E9mu syst\u00E9mu pru\u017En\u00FDmi, z\u00E1visl\u00FDmi a relativn\u011B stabiln\u00EDmi stranami, a to ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00EDpadech. 3. \n* Jednoduch\u00E1 v\u011Bt\u0161inov\u00E1 volba vede k syst\u00E9mu dvou stran s navz\u00E1jem se st\u0159\u00EDdaj\u00EDc\u00EDmi velk\u00FDmi, nez\u00E1visl\u00FDmi stranami."@cs . . . "La loi de Duverger est un principe \u00E9tudi\u00E9 en science politique concernant les syst\u00E8mes \u00E9lectoraux et leurs effets sur les syst\u00E8mes partisans. Elle affirme que le scrutin majoritaire uninominal \u00E0 un tour tend \u00E0 favoriser un syst\u00E8me bipartite. Selon Duverger, il existe un lien \u00E9troit entre un syst\u00E8me politique et son syst\u00E8me \u00E9lectoral. Les syst\u00E8mes \u00E9lectoraux d\u00E9terminent le nombre de si\u00E8ges obtenus par chaque parti lors d'une \u00E9lection."@fr . . . . . . . . . . "La loi de Duverger est un principe \u00E9tudi\u00E9 en science politique concernant les syst\u00E8mes \u00E9lectoraux et leurs effets sur les syst\u00E8mes partisans. Elle affirme que le scrutin majoritaire uninominal \u00E0 un tour tend \u00E0 favoriser un syst\u00E8me bipartite. Selon Duverger, il existe un lien \u00E9troit entre un syst\u00E8me politique et son syst\u00E8me \u00E9lectoral. Les syst\u00E8mes \u00E9lectoraux d\u00E9terminent le nombre de si\u00E8ges obtenus par chaque parti lors d'une \u00E9lection. Cette loi s'exprime en deux temps. Elle d\u00E9fend en premier lieu que le scrutin uninominal \u00E0 un tour favorise le bipartisme. Elle d\u00E9fend en second lieu que le scrutin proportionnel plurinominal et le scrutin \u00E0 plusieurs tours favorisent le multipartisme. Selon cette loi, la repr\u00E9sentation proportionnelle tendrait \u00E0 un syst\u00E8me de partis multiples, rigides, ind\u00E9pendants et stables (des mouvements passionnels pouvant toutefois bouleverser cette logique) alors que le scrutin majoritaire uninominal \u00E0 un tour tendrait plut\u00F4t \u00E0 un syst\u00E8me dualiste, avec alternance de grands partis ou coalitions ind\u00E9pendants les uns des autres. La d\u00E9couverte de cette tendance est attribu\u00E9e \u00E0 Maurice Duverger, un professeur de droit et politologue fran\u00E7ais qui a observ\u00E9 les effets de ce syst\u00E8me de vote et les d\u00E9crit dans plusieurs articles publi\u00E9s dans les ann\u00E9es 1950 et 1960. Dans ses \u00E9crits, Duverger pr\u00E9sente les effets m\u00E9caniques et les effets psychologiques du mode de scrutin uninominal \u00E0 un tour. La loi de Duverger a \u00E9t\u00E9 pr\u00E9sent\u00E9e comme une loi scientifique. C'est la premi\u00E8re loi \u00E0 s'int\u00E9resser aux cons\u00E9quences partisanes des syst\u00E8mes \u00E9lectoraux. Les principes de Duverger ont ouvert la voie \u00E0 un sous-champ massif de la discipline, celui des \u00E9tudes \u00E9lectorales. Son statut de loi scientifique est d\u00E9battu en raison de plusieurs contre-exemples. Il y a maintenant un consensus chez plusieurs politologues qui affirment que le principe d\u00E9fendu par Duverger est une hypoth\u00E8se \u00E0 tendance g\u00E9n\u00E9ralisable plut\u00F4t qu'une loi en tant que telle. Les effets du m\u00E9canisme que Duverger tente de d\u00E9montrer sont probables, mais ils ne surviennent pas dans chaque situation. Le terme loi est encore utilis\u00E9 par tradition."@fr . "\u675C\u4F5B\u5091\u5B9A\u5F8B\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ADuverger's law\uFF09\uFF0C\u7B80\u5355\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u662F\u6307\u7B80\u5355\u7684\u76F8\u5BF9\u591A\u6570\u9009\u4E3E\u5236\u5EA6\u4F1A\u4EA7\u751F\u4E24\u515A\u5236\uFF1B\u800C\u8D5E\u540C\u6295\u7968\u5236\u6709\u5229\u4E8E\u4EA7\u751F\u7B2C\u4E09\u5927\u515A\uFF0C\u6BD4\u4F8B\u4EE3\u8868\u5236\u6709\u5229\u4E8E\u4EA7\u751F\u5C0F\u515A\uFF08\u5747\u4E3A\u591A\u515A\u5236\uFF09\uFF0C\u7531\u6CD5\u56FD\u653F\u6CBB\u5B66\u5BB6\u83AB\u91CC\u65AF\u00B7\u675C\u4F5B\u5091\u6700\u5148\u63D0\u51FA\u3002"@zh . . . . "24878"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\u30C7\u30E5\u30F4\u30A7\u30EB\u30B8\u30A7\u306E\u6CD5\u5247\uFF08\u30C7\u30E5\u30F4\u30A7\u30EB\u30B8\u30A7\u306E\u307B\u3046\u305D\u304F\u3001Duverger's law\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u9078\u6319\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u5019\u88DC\u8005\u6570\u304C\u6B21\u7B2C\u306B\u53CE\u675F\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304F\u3068\u3059\u308B\u6CD5\u5247\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "Ley de Duverger"@es . . "\u30C7\u30E5\u30F4\u30A7\u30EB\u30B8\u30A7\u306E\u6CD5\u5247"@ja . . . "Duvergers Gesetz"@de . . . . . "Prawo Duvergera"@pl . . . .