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Surface charge 表面电荷 Gouy-Chapman-Doppelschicht
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表面电荷即在界面处存在的电荷。有很多过程可以使表面带电，比如离子吸附、质子化或去质子化、表面的化学基团发生电离、外加电场。表面电荷会产生电场，使粒子之间有排斥或吸引的相互作用，这是很多胶体性质的成因。 物体处于流体中一般都會带上电荷。几乎所有的流体都会含有离子，包括正离子（阳离子）和负离子（阴离子），离子与表面會有相互作用，导致有离子吸附到物体表面。 另外一个表面电荷的机制是，表面的化学基团发生电离。 Surface charge is a two-dimensional surface with non-zero electric charge. These electric charges are constrained on this 2-D surface, and surface charge density, measured in coulombs per square meter (C•m−2), is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface. The electric potential is continuous across a surface charge and the electric field is discontinuous, but not infinite; this is unless the surface charge consists of a dipole layer. In comparison, the potential and electric field both diverge at any point charge or linear charge. Das Modell der Gouy-Chapman-Doppelschicht ist eine Weiterentwicklung des einfachen Modells einer elektrischen Doppelschicht nach Helmholtz.Neu ist hierbei, dass die thermische Bewegung der Lösungsmittelmoleküle sowie der Ionen berücksichtigt wird, welche die Vorstellung einer starren Ionenschicht des helmholtzschen Modells widerlegen. Diese thermische Bewegung führt dazu, dass sich eine diffuse Schicht bildet, die ausgedehnter ist als eine Moleküllage. Dabei wird eine statistische Verteilung der Ionen angenommen, wie sie später auch in der Debye-Hückel-Theorie (Debye-Hückel-Onsagerschen Theorie) postuliert wurde. Entsprechend diesen Überlegungen ergibt sich über die diffuse Schicht hinweg ein exponentieller Abfall des Potentials. Da die Ionen in dieser Theorie als punktförmig angenommen we
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Das Modell der Gouy-Chapman-Doppelschicht ist eine Weiterentwicklung des einfachen Modells einer elektrischen Doppelschicht nach Helmholtz.Neu ist hierbei, dass die thermische Bewegung der Lösungsmittelmoleküle sowie der Ionen berücksichtigt wird, welche die Vorstellung einer starren Ionenschicht des helmholtzschen Modells widerlegen. Diese thermische Bewegung führt dazu, dass sich eine diffuse Schicht bildet, die ausgedehnter ist als eine Moleküllage. Dabei wird eine statistische Verteilung der Ionen angenommen, wie sie später auch in der Debye-Hückel-Theorie (Debye-Hückel-Onsagerschen Theorie) postuliert wurde. Entsprechend diesen Überlegungen ergibt sich über die diffuse Schicht hinweg ein exponentieller Abfall des Potentials. Da die Ionen in dieser Theorie als punktförmig angenommen werden, können sie beliebig nahe an die Oberfläche der betreffenden Phase gelangen. Mit dieser Beschreibung wird dem realen Fall von Ionen mit eigener Ausdehnung nicht genüge getan. Eine Weiterentwicklung der Doppelschicht-Theorie, die diesen Fall berücksichtigt, ist die Stern-Doppelschicht nach Otto Stern. Die Gouy-Chapman-Doppelschicht ist nach dem französischen Physiker Louis Georges Gouy und dem britischen Physikochemiker David Leonard Chapman benannt. Gouy, der schon 1888 eine detaillierte Studie über die Brownsche Bewegung veröffentlicht hatteund daher mit der Bewegung der Moleküle und Ionen in Lösungen vertraut war, veröffentlichte seinen Artikel über die Doppelschicht 1909/1910.Chapman veröffentlichte seine Arbeit 1913. 表面电荷即在界面处存在的电荷。有很多过程可以使表面带电，比如离子吸附、质子化或去质子化、表面的化学基团发生电离、外加电场。表面电荷会产生电场，使粒子之间有排斥或吸引的相互作用，这是很多胶体性质的成因。 物体处于流体中一般都會带上电荷。几乎所有的流体都会含有离子，包括正离子（阳离子）和负离子（阴离子），离子与表面會有相互作用，导致有离子吸附到物体表面。 另外一个表面电荷的机制是，表面的化学基团发生电离。 Surface charge is a two-dimensional surface with non-zero electric charge. These electric charges are constrained on this 2-D surface, and surface charge density, measured in coulombs per square meter (C•m−2), is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface. The electric potential is continuous across a surface charge and the electric field is discontinuous, but not infinite; this is unless the surface charge consists of a dipole layer. In comparison, the potential and electric field both diverge at any point charge or linear charge. In physics, at equilibrium, an ideal conductor has no charge on its interior; instead, the entirety of the charge of the conductor resides on the surface. However, this only applies to the ideal case of infinite electrical conductivity; The majority of the charge of an actual conductor resides within the skin depth of the conductor's surface. For dielectric materials, upon the application of an external electric field, the positive charges and negative charges in the material will slightly move in opposite directions, resulting in polarization density in the bulk body and bound charge at the surface. In chemistry, there are many different processes which can lead to a surface being charged, including adsorption of ions, protonation/deprotonation, and, as discussed above, the application of an external electric field. Surface charge emits an electric field, which causes particle repulsion and attraction, affecting many colloidal properties. Surface charge practically always appears on the particle surface when it is placed into a fluid. Most fluids contain ions, positive (cations) and negative (anions). These ions interact with the object surface. This interaction might lead to the adsorption of some of them onto the surface. If the number of adsorbed cations exceeds the number of adsorbed anions, the surface would have a net positive electric charge. Dissociation of the surface chemical group is another possible mechanism leading to surface charge.
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