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تاريخ الولايات المتحدة Ιστορία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών Αμερικής アメリカ合衆国の歴史 História dos Estados Unidos Historio de Usono Dějiny Spojených států amerických Historia de los Estados Unidos USA:s historia Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten History of the United States 미국의 역사 美国历史 Historia Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako historia Sejarah Amerika Serikat Histoire des États-Unis История США Història dels Estats Units Історія США Storia degli Stati Uniti d'America
rdfs:comment
La història dels Estats Units és el conjunt d'esdeveniments ocorreguts al territori conegut com els Estats Units, des d'abans que tingués aquest nom (per tant l'època dels indis nadius i el colonialisme) fins a l'actualitat. Explica com la zona es va anar poblant i formant una cultura comuna, partint de la immigració i mestissatge de diversos pobles, fins a convertir-se en una superpotència. Es pot dir que la història dels Estats Units d'Amèrica va començar a partir de la colonització britànica d'Amèrica del Nord, protagonitzada per immigrants britànics que van fundar per onades, entre els segles XVII i XVIII, Tretze Colònies a la costa atlàntica del subcontinent nord-americà, situades a l'est dels Apalatxes, entre les possessions franceses del Quebec i la Louisiana. История Соединённых Штатов Америки начинается с заселения североамериканского континента человеком около 15 000 лет до н. э. Постепенно на континенте сформировались многочисленные индейские культуры. В 1492 году Христофор Колумб побывал на островах Вест-Индии и во время своего второго путешествия в 1493 году лично высаживался на острове Пуэрто-Рико, после чего о существовании Америки стало известно в Европе. В 1498 году морское путешествие к берегам современной Новой Англии совершил Джон Кабот, а в 1513 году испанский мореплаватель Хуан Понсе де Леон достиг берегов Флориды. С прибытием европейцев началась колониальная история Америки. Большинство колоний образовалось после 1600 года. Испанцы построили небольшие поселения во Флориде и на юго-западе, а французы — вдоль реки Миссисипи и побер Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako historia Ameriketako Estatu Batuen eraketa eta bertako gertaera nagusiak biltzen dituen prozesua da. Alde horretatik, prozesu hori europarren kolonizazioari lotuta ikusten dute historialari gehienek, XVI. mendetik aurrera eta 1776ko Independentzia Deklarazioaren aurretik zein ondoren, nahiz eta lehenagotik bertako biztanleak, amerindiarrak, bertan bizi. Errealitate politiko hori, gainera, lurralde hedakuntza baten historia da. Дата початку історії Сполучених Штатів є предметом гострих дебатів серед істориків. Старі підручники починаються, переважно, із прибуття Христофора Колумба 12 жовтня 1492 року і особливо підкреслюють європейський фон колонізації Америки. В останні десятиліття американські школи та університети, як правило, відійшли від традиційного опису, включивши в історіографію колоніального періоду минуле корінних американців. Historia Stanów Zjednoczonych – początki Stanów Zjednoczonych sięgają czasów prekolumbijskich. Współczesne państwo Stany Zjednoczone wywodzi się jednak z XVII-wiecznego osadnictwa europejskiego, podporządkowanego królowi Anglii. 1607년에 시작되는 영국 이주민이 차츰 세력범위를 넓혀 영국은 1733년까지 13개 식민지를 대서양 연안에 만들었다. 그러나 이들 식민지 주민들의 이민 동기가 남북간에 크게 달랐다. 북부지역은 종교의 자유를 찾아 떠나왔고 남부는 경제적인 부를 쫓아온 투자 이민이 다수를 이루었다. 유럽의 7년전쟁에서 프랑스를 이긴 영국이 식민지의 통제를 강화하자 13개 식민지가 조지 워싱턴을 중심으로 결속, 궐기하고 프랑스의 원조를 받아 대영 제국으로부터 독립하여 미국을 수립한 것이 국가로서 미국의 시초였다. 미국은 1776년 7월, 영국으로부터 독립을 선언하고 프랑스의 지원에 힘입어 1783년 영국으로부터 독립을 승인받았다. 제2차 세계 대전 이후 미국은 참전국 중에서 전화를 입지 않은 유일한 나라이며, 경제력은 비약적으로 확대되었기 때문에 전쟁 후에는 피폐한 여러 나라의 부흥과 후진국 원조 등에 적극적으로 간여하였다. 이후 소련과의 냉전 체제에서 급부상한 미국은 자본주의 진영을 이끈다. 1960~70년대 베트남 전쟁에 참전하여 미국 역사상 처음으로 대패를 기록한 뒤, 1990년대~2000년대에는 이라크, 아프가니스탄 등과 전쟁을 하였다. 美国历史由多個時代组成，美国原為英國殖民地，在独立之后後逐漸興起，成為当今世界上有较大影響力的超級大國。 Die Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten reicht von der Gründung der ersten Britischen Kolonien an der Ostküste Nordamerikas im 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart, in der die USA die führende Weltmacht darstellen. Die Kolonien erklärten 1776 ihre Unabhängigkeit vom Königreich Großbritannien. Mit dem Inkrafttreten der Verfassung 1788 wurde aus dem losen Staatenbund ein zentral regierter Bundesstaat. Infolge des Amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs von 1861 bis 1865, den die Union der Nordstaaten gegen die konföderierten Südstaaten gewann, schaffte das Land die Sklaverei auf seinem Territorium ab und schlug den Weg zum modernen Industriestaat ein. Mit der Westexpansion der weißen Siedler, die mit der Verdrängung der indianischen Urbevölkerung einher ging, wurden immer neue Territorien als Bundesstaaten سبق تاريخ الولايات المتحدة وصول الأمريكيين الأصليين إلى أمريكا الشمالية نحو عام 15000 قبل الميلاد. تشكلت العديد من الثقافات الأصلية، واختفى الكثير منها في القرن السادس عشر. مع وصول كريستوفر كولومبوس عام 1492 بدأ الاستعمار الأوروبي للأمريكتين. تشكلت معظم المستعمرات بعد عام 1600، وكانت الولايات المتحدة أول دولة تُسجّل أصولها بشكل كامل. بحلول القرن الثامن عشر، احتوت المستعمرات البريطانية الثلاثة عشر على 2.5 مليون شخص على طول الساحل الأطلسي شرق جبال الآبالاش. بعد هزيمة فرنسا، فرضت الحكومة البريطانية سلسلة من الضرائب، بما في ذلك قانون الطوابع لعام 1765، رافضة حجة المستعمرين الدستورية بأن الضرائب الجديدة تحتاج إلى موافقتهم. أدت مقاومة هذه الضرائب، وخاصة حزب بوسطن عام 1773، إلى إصدار البرلمان لقوانين تهدف إلى إنهاء الحكم الذاتي. بدأ الصراع المسلح في ولاية ماساتشوستس عام 1775. アメリカ合衆国の歴史（アメリカがっしゅうこくのれきし）では、アメリカ合衆国の歴史について述べる。 USA:s historia börjar traditionellt med självständighetsförklaring år 1776, men i området bodde sedan förhistorisk tid indianer och senare europeiska kolonisatörer som följde Christofer Columbus resor med början 1492. De största bosättningarna var engelska på östkusten, med början 1607. Från 1770-talet bestod de tretton kolonierna av 2,5 miljoner välmående människor och hade utvecklat sina egna politiska och juridiska system. Den brittiska regeringens hot mot amerikanskt självstyre ledde till krig 1775 och självständighetsförklaringen 1776. Med stort militärt och ekonomiskt stöd från Frankrike vann patrioterna den amerikanska revolutionen. År 1789 blev konstitutionen grunden för USA:s federala statsmakt och delstatsstyren med krigshjälten George Washington som USA:s första president. Den u The history of the lands that became the United States began with the arrival of the first people in the Americas around 15,000 BC. Numerous indigenous cultures formed, and many saw transformations in the 16th century away from more densely populated lifestyles and towards reorganized polities elsewhere. The European colonization of the Americas began in the late 15th century, however most colonies in what would later become the United States were settled after 1600. By the 1760s, the thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people and were established along the Atlantic Coast east of the Appalachian Mountains. After defeating France, the British government imposed a series of taxes, including the Stamp Act of 1765, rejecting the colonists' constitutional argument that new taxes nee A História dos Estados Unidos começa com diversas tribos de índios que habitavam a região que atualmente constitui os Estados Unidos muito tempo antes da chegada dos primeiros europeus, na época do "descobrimento" deste território. Durante o século XVI e XVII, estes territórios foram colonizados pela França, pela Inglaterra, pela Espanha e pela Holanda. Os britanicos colonizaram a região da costa atlântica, onde nos séculos XVII/XVIII fundadas as Treze Colónias Britânicas. Dějiny Spojených států amerických počínají příchodem prvních obyvatel z Asie přes Beringii nejméně 10 000 let před naším letopočtem. Některé archeologické objevy nasvědčují možnosti, že na Coloradské plošině žila neznámá lidská kultura už v době před asi 37 000 lety. Teritoriální expanze Spojených států 1776–1959. Rozdělení podle vstupu státu do unie. 1776–1790 1791–1799 1800–1819 1820–1839 1840–1859 1860–1879 1880–1899 1900–1950 1950–1959Animace časové osy vstupu států do unie Η ιστορία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών της Αμερικής, ξεκινά με την εγκατάσταση Ιθαγενών πληθυσμών στην Αμερική, χιλιάδες χρόνια πριν εμφανιστούν για πρώτη φορά οι Ευρωπαίοι στην ήπειρο. Το 1492, ο Χριστόφορος Κολόμβος, έφτασε για πρώτη φορά στην Αμερική. Το 1607, ιδρύθηκε η πρώτη αποικία των Άγγλων στο Τζέιμσταουν της Βιρτζίνια. Οι αμερικανικές αποικίες ήταν κυρίως εδάφη της Αγγλίας. Άνθρωποι από τη Γαλλία την Ισπανία αλλά και την Ολλανδία επίσης κατοίκησαν την περιοχή. Κατά τη διάρκεια της ανάπτυξης των αποικιών, πολλοί ιθαγενείς πέθαναν από αρρώστιες ή έχασαν την ιδιοκτησία τους. La fecha de comienzo de la historia de Estados Unidos es tema de debate entre los historiadores. Los libros de texto más antiguos comienzan con la llegada de Cristóbal Colón el 12 de octubre de 1492 o alrededor de 1600, con la llegada del navío Mayflower. No obstante, en las últimas décadas, las escuelas y universidades estadounidenses han retrocedido en el tiempo para incluir más información acerca de los nativos americanos. Lorsque les premiers colons anglais sont arrivés à Jamestown (Virginie) en 1607, le continent américain connaissait une faible densité de population depuis plusieurs millénaires, n'étant peuplé que par les Amérindiens. Le territoire américain fut ensuite colonisé à partir du XVIIe siècle par différentes puissances européennes (Espagne, Royaume-Uni, France (Nouvelle-France). Désireux de s'affranchir de la métropole britannique et de gouverner par eux-mêmes, les colons des Treize colonies proclamèrent leur indépendance en 1776. À la suite d'une guerre d'indépendance victorieuse, ils créèrent une nouvelle nation qu'ils baptisèrent les États-Unis d'Amérique, regroupant alors le New Hampshire, le Massachusetts, le Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, le New Jersey, la Pennsylvanie, le Delaware, La storia degli Stati Uniti d'America ha avuto formalmente inizio il 4 luglio 1776, giorno in cui venne approvata la Dichiarazione d'indipendenza degli Stati Uniti d'America, che segnò ufficialmente il distacco delle originarie tredici colonie britanniche dalla sovranità del Regno Unito. Tuttavia, molti eventi hanno preceduto tale data, costituendo di fatto le radici storiche degli Stati Uniti, da tenere in considerazione per un complessivo resoconto storico. La hodiaŭ nomita lando Usono (United States of America) ŝprucis de la brita kolonizado de Nord-Ameriko, ĉefrolita de britaj enmigrintoj kiu fondis per ondegoj, inter la 17-a kaj 18-a jarcentoj, dek tri koloniojn en la atlantika marbordo de la nordamerika subkontinento, lokitaj oriente de la Apalaĉoj. Ĉi tiuj kolonioj lokis inter la francaj posedoj de Kebekio kaj Luiziano. Amerika Serikat terletak di tengah-tengah benua Amerika Utara, dibatasi oleh Kanada di sebelah utara dan Meksiko di sebelah selatan. Negara Amerika Serikat terbentang dari Samudra Atlantik di pesisir timur hingga Samudra Pasifik di pesisir barat, termasuk kepulauan Hawaii di lautan Pasifik, negara bagian Alaska di ujung utara benua Amerika, dan beberapa teritori lainnya. Dit artikel behandelt de geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, de prehistorie van het gebied daarbij inbegrepen. De geschiedenis in strikte zin begint met de komst van Europeanen in de 16e eeuw. De Spanjaarden, Engelsen en Fransen stichtten vervolgens een aantal koloniën in Noord-Amerika. De Verenigde Staten bevochten hun politieke zelfstandigheid tijdens de Amerikaanse Revolutie (1775-1783). De Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog (1861-1865) was een duidelijke breuk in de ontwikkeling van de jonge natie.
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La storia degli Stati Uniti d'America ha avuto formalmente inizio il 4 luglio 1776, giorno in cui venne approvata la Dichiarazione d'indipendenza degli Stati Uniti d'America, che segnò ufficialmente il distacco delle originarie tredici colonie britanniche dalla sovranità del Regno Unito. Tuttavia, molti eventi hanno preceduto tale data, costituendo di fatto le radici storiche degli Stati Uniti, da tenere in considerazione per un complessivo resoconto storico. L'arrivo di popolazioni umane nell'America del Nord è datato circa al 15.000 a.C. Numerose furono le civiltà e culture indigene che nacquero, molte delle quali scomparvero a partire dal '500. L'arrivo di Cristoforo Colombo nel 1492, infatti, diede avvio alla colonizzazione europea delle Americhe. Il territorio in questione venne toccato dagli esploratori europei già nel 1513, durante una spedizione guidata da Juan Ponce de León. Gli esploratori e coloni europei successivamente approdati sul continente nordamericano incontrarono numerose popolazioni di nativi americani (denominati poi impropriamente indiani o indiani d'America), che vennero decimati nel corso della colonizzazione promossa da varie potenze europee cui parteciparono, tra gli altri, britannici, francesi, olandesi, portoghesi e spagnoli. La maggior parte delle colonie si formarono dopo il 1600. Gli scritti e i resoconti del colonizzatore John Winthrop fanno degli Stati Uniti la prima nazione le cui origini sono pienamente documentate. Intorno al 1760 le Tredici colonie britanniche contavano una popolazione di circa 2,5 milioni di abitanti, stanziati lungo la costa atlantica del continente, a est degli Appalachi. Dopo aver sconfitto la Francia nella guerra franco-indiana, il governo inglese approvò una serie di provvedimenti che aggravarono la tassazione delle popolazioni coloniali, tra cui la Stamp Act del 1765, ignorando le numerose contestazioni dei coloni, secondo i quali qualsiasi nuova imposizione fiscale richiedesse necessariamente la loro approvazione. Le proteste contro le nuove tasse, tra cui il Boston Tea Party del 1773, condussero il Parlamento inglese ad approvare una serie di leggi a carattere punitivo con lo scopo di porre fine all'autonomia governativa del Massachusetts. Un conflitto armato, passato alla storia come rivoluzione americana, scoppiò nel 1775. Nel 1776, a Filadelfia, il secondo congresso continentale dichiarò ufficialmente l'indipendenza delle colonie. Sotto la guida di George Washington, gli Stati Uniti vinsero la guerra d'indipendenza americana, con l'importante sostegno della Francia e aiuti dalla Spagna e dai Paesi Bassi. Il trattato di Parigi del 1783, che pose fine al conflitto, conferì le terre a est del Mississippi (comprese porzioni del Canada, ma non la Florida) alle colonie indipendenti. Gli Articoli della Confederazione, che andarono a regolare i rapporti tra le colonie, previdero un governo centrale, di fatto però incapace di garantire una certa stabilità, avendo poteri limitati. Nel 1787, la Convenzione di Philadelphia redasse la Costituzione degli Stati Uniti, ratificata nel 1789. Nel 1791, venne aggiunto il cosiddetto "Bill of Rights" (la Carta dei Diritti) al fine di garantire i diritti inalienabili della persona. Con la presidenza di George Washington e il contributo di Alexander Hamilton, venne creato un forte governo centrale. L'acquisto dei territori della Louisiana francese nel 1802 permise agli Stati Uniti di raddoppiare il proprio territorio ad ovest. Una seconda e ultima guerra con l'Inghilterra fu combattuta nel 1812, ma non portò a cambiamenti. Seguendo la concezione del Destino manifesto, l'espansionismo statunitense si spinse fino alle coste dell'Oceano Pacifico. Pur avendo un vasto territorio in espansione, la popolazione statunitense nel 1790 ammontava solo a circa 4 milioni di abitanti. Nonostante ciò, una rapida crescita della popolazione seguì negli anni successivi: nel 1810 arrivò a 7,2 milioni, nel 1860 a 32 milioni, 76 milioni nel 1900, 132 milioni nel 1940 e 321 milioni nel 2015. L'ampio ricorso alla schiavitù divenne sempre più controverso e diede luogo a battaglie politiche di carattere costituzionale, che si risolsero per mezzo di compromessi. Alla fine del 1804, la schiavitù era stata abolita in tutti gli Stati federati a nord della Linea Mason-Dixon, mentre negli Stati del sud essa era ancora ampiamente utilizzata, in particolare per la produzione di cotone. Nel 1860 fu eletto presidente il repubblicano Abraham Lincoln, il quale aveva proposto un programma volto a fermare l'espansione della schiavitù. Sette stati del sud si ribellarono contro tale politica e crearono la Confederazione. Il suo attacco contro Fort Sumter e le forze dell'Unione nel 1861 diede avvio alla guerra civile, anche conosciuta come "guerra di secessione". La sconfitta dei confederati nel 1865 condusse ad un impoverimento del sud e alla definitiva abolizione della schiavitù. Seguì l'era della ricostruzione, in cui venne esteso il diritto di voto agli schiavi liberati. Il governo nazionale ne uscì rafforzato e grazie al XIV emendamento si impose ai singoli Stati di garantire la stessa protezione legale a tutte le persone sottoposte alla loro giurisdizione. Ciononostante, quando nel 1877 i Democratici ritornarono al potere nel sud, sopprimendo di fatto il diritto di voto mediante azioni paramilitari, essi riuscirono ad approvarono le cosiddette leggi Jim Crow, al fine di tutelare la supremazia dei bianchi, e nuove costituzioni volte ad impedire legalmente l'esercizio del diritto di voto alle comunità afroamericane. Queste pratiche proseguirono fino alle conquiste ottenute dal movimento per i diritti civili degli anni '60. Gli Stati Uniti divennero la prima potenza industriale agli inizi del XX secolo grazie alla nascita di numerose imprese, all'industrializzazione del Stati del nord-est e del Midwest e all'arrivo di milioni di immigrati dall'Europa. Una rete stradale nazionale venne completata e furono aperte grandi miniere e fabbriche. Una generale insoddisfazione contro la corruzione, l'inefficienza e la politica tradizionale portò alla nascita dell'era progressista. Tale periodo si caratterizzò per le numerose riforme, tra cui il proibizionismo, il suffragio femminile e l'introduzione del XVI e XVII emendamento, che permisero l'istituzione di un tributo federale sui redditi e l'elezione diretta dei senatori. Dopo un iniziale periodo di neutralità, gli Stati Uniti presero parte alla prima guerra mondiale, dichiarando guerra alla Germania nel 1917, e contribuì alla vittoria degli Alleati l'anno seguente. Le donne ottennero il diritto di voto nel 1920. I nativi americani ottennero la cittadinanza e il diritto di voto nel 1924. Dopo un decennio di prosperità, il Martedì nero alla Borsa di New York nel 1929 segnò l'inizio della Grande Depressione, grave crisi economica che segnò il decennio successivo. Nel 1932 il presidente democratico Franklin D. Roosevelt riuscì a conquistare la Casa Bianca, ponendo fine alla supremazia repubblicana, e implementò il New Deal, un piano di riforme economico-sociali che introdussero, tra gli altri, sussidi ai disoccupati, sostegno agli agricoltori, un sistema di previdenza sociale (Social Security Act) e un salario minimo. Il New Deal finì per influenzare in modo decisivo il liberalismo americano moderno. Dopo l'attacco giapponese a Pearl Harbour nel 1941, gli Stati Uniti presero parte alla seconda guerra mondiale, finanziando gli sforzi bellici degli Alleati e contribuendo in modo decisivo alla sconfitta della Germania nazista e dell'Italia fascista nel teatro europeo. Il suo coinvolgimento culminò con l'utilizzo delle prime armi atomiche mai costruite dall'uomo e la conseguente totale distruzione delle città giapponesi di Hiroshima e Nagasaki, che portò alla resa dell'Impero giapponese e, quindi, alla vittoria nella Guerra del Pacifico. Dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, gli Stati Uniti e l'Unione Sovietica emersero come superpotenze rivali. La guerra fredda segnò un periodo di scontro indiretto nell'ambito della corsa agli armamenti, della corsa allo spazio, della propaganda e di scontri armati a carattere locale contro l'espansione della sfera sovietica (guerra di Corea e guerra del Vietnam). Negli anni '60, grazie al fondamentale contributo del movimento per i diritti civili, un'ulteriore ondata di riforme sociali fu approvata, andando a rafforzare i diritti costituzionalmente garantiti degli afroamericani (tra cui il diritto di voto e la libertà di movimento). La guerra fredda si concluse con la dissoluzione dell'Unione sovietica nel 1991, evento che lasciò gli Stati Uniti come unica superpotenza al mondo. Dopo la fine della rivalità con l'URSS, la politica estera degli Stati Uniti si concentrò sui conflitti armati nel Medio Oriente. L'inizio del XXI secolo è stato segnato dagli attacchi terroristici dell'11 settembre 2001, compiuti dall'organizzazione terroristica islamica Al-Qaeda, seguiti da conflitti armati in Afghanistan ed in Iraq (guerra al terrorismo). Nel 2007 gli Stati Uniti hanno visto l'inizio della peggior crisi economica dalla Grande Depressione, seguita da anni di lenta crescita economica. Sia il livello di crescita sia il livello di disoccupazione tornarono a risalire nel corso degli anni successivi. Tuttavia, questi dati positivi si sono interrotti bruscamente a seguito degli effetti dello scoppio della pandemia di COVID-19. 1607년에 시작되는 영국 이주민이 차츰 세력범위를 넓혀 영국은 1733년까지 13개 식민지를 대서양 연안에 만들었다. 그러나 이들 식민지 주민들의 이민 동기가 남북간에 크게 달랐다. 북부지역은 종교의 자유를 찾아 떠나왔고 남부는 경제적인 부를 쫓아온 투자 이민이 다수를 이루었다. 유럽의 7년전쟁에서 프랑스를 이긴 영국이 식민지의 통제를 강화하자 13개 식민지가 조지 워싱턴을 중심으로 결속, 궐기하고 프랑스의 원조를 받아 대영 제국으로부터 독립하여 미국을 수립한 것이 국가로서 미국의 시초였다. 미국은 1776년 7월, 영국으로부터 독립을 선언하고 프랑스의 지원에 힘입어 1783년 영국으로부터 독립을 승인받았다. 이어서 1787년에 〈미합중국 헌법〉이 발포되고, 1789년에는 초대 대통령 조지 워싱턴의 지도 아래 연방국가가 발족하였다. 미국은 독립 후에도 프랑스·에스파냐 등으로부터 영토를 획득하여, 1848년에는 31개의 주로 거의 현재의 규모로까지 발전하였다. 원주민 인디언을 몰아내고 서부를 개척해 나갔다. 이 과정에서 볼 수 있었던 서쪽으로의 발전은 이른바 프론티어 운동으로서 알려져 있다. 그러나 이렇게 발전한 신세계의 내부에서는 식민지 건설 당시부터 싹터온 남북의 대립이 급속히 확대되었다. 미국의 남부와 북부는 식민지 초기 시대부터 종교나 경제 체제를 달리하고 있었는데, 그 후 이 차이는 양립할 수 없을 정도로 확대되고, 노예제 문제 등으로 갈등이 깊어진 미국은 1861년 남북 전쟁이라는 내전을 치르게 된다. 남북 간의 내전은 1865년에 북부의 승리로 끝났는데, 이것은 북부의 생산력, 특히 공업력이 남부의 농업에 대하여 거둔 승리(초기에는 남부가 우세하였으나 언론, 유럽 국가들의 지원으로 북부가 우세해졌다)이기도 하였다. 미국의 산업혁명은 19세기 중엽까지로 끝나고, 남북 전쟁 후는 국내 자원의 개발과 교통기관의 발달에 힘입어 미국의 산업자본주의는 약진을 이룩하였으며, 급속히 독점화의 경향을 보였다. 산업이 발달한 결과 각지에 공업도시가 발달하였으며, 현저한 빈부의 격차, 슬럼가나 범죄의 발생이 사회문제로 떠오르고 노동운동이 거세어졌다. 제1차 세계 대전 때에는, 멕시코 전쟁으로 얻었던 땅을 뺏길 위험에 처하자 독일 등에 선전포고를 하고, 전승국이 되었다. 제1차 세계 대전의 결과 세계 최고의 부를 쌓게 된 미국은 전쟁 후에도 번영을 유지하였으나, 공업의 번영에 비하여 농촌은 불황으로 허덕였으며, 유럽 여러 나라의 전후 불황과 더불어 1929년에는 대공황이 엄습하였다. 1932년에 대통령이 된 루스벨트(1882∼1945)는 경기를 회복하기 위하여 국고금을 대량 사용하는 뉴딜 정책을 채택하여 불황으로부터 탈출하는 데 성공하였다. 그리고 이들 새로운 정책을 통해서 연방정부의 권한은 크게 확대되고, 미국의 자본주의는 차츰 변질하기에 이르렀다. 일본의 진주만 공격을 계기로 제2차 세계 대전에 참전하여 역시 전승국이 되었다. 제2차 세계 대전 이후 미국은 참전국 중에서 전화를 입지 않은 유일한 나라이며, 경제력은 비약적으로 확대되었기 때문에 전쟁 후에는 피폐한 여러 나라의 부흥과 후진국 원조 등에 적극적으로 간여하였다. 이후 소련과의 냉전 체제에서 급부상한 미국은 자본주의 진영을 이끈다. 1960~70년대 베트남 전쟁에 참전하여 미국 역사상 처음으로 대패를 기록한 뒤, 1990년대~2000년대에는 이라크, 아프가니스탄 등과 전쟁을 하였다. 2001년에는 이슬람 테러리스트에 의해 세계 무역 센터가 테러를 당했다. 2009년 최초의 흑인 대통령 오바마가 취임했다. 오바마는 2013년에 다시 대통령으로 당선되었다. 2017년에는 최초의 재벌 대통령 도널드 트럼프가 출범했다. История Соединённых Штатов Америки начинается с заселения североамериканского континента человеком около 15 000 лет до н. э. Постепенно на континенте сформировались многочисленные индейские культуры. В 1492 году Христофор Колумб побывал на островах Вест-Индии и во время своего второго путешествия в 1493 году лично высаживался на острове Пуэрто-Рико, после чего о существовании Америки стало известно в Европе. В 1498 году морское путешествие к берегам современной Новой Англии совершил Джон Кабот, а в 1513 году испанский мореплаватель Хуан Понсе де Леон достиг берегов Флориды. С прибытием европейцев началась колониальная история Америки. Большинство колоний образовалось после 1600 года. Испанцы построили небольшие поселения во Флориде и на юго-западе, а французы — вдоль реки Миссисипи и побережья Мексиканского залива. К 1770-м годам население тринадцати британских колоний вдоль атлантического побережья к востоку от Аппалачей составляло 2,5 миллиона человек. На заре своей независимости США в 1776 году состояли лишь из тринадцати провинций, которые были частью британской Северной Америки. После провозглашения независимости в 1776 году им пришлось дважды воевать с Великобританией в Войне за независимость и в Войне 1812 года. Согласно Парижскому мирному договору 1783 года, Великобритания официально признала независимость США, но до окончания второй англо-американской войны в 1815 году ещё продолжала оказывать поддержку союзным индейским племенам, сопротивлявшимся армии США. Сразу по окончании Войны за независимость началась экспансия Соединённых Штатов в западном направлении, поддерживавшаяся верой американцев в Явное предначертание, согласно которому Бог предопределил существование в Америке их государства на территории от Атлантического океана до Тихого. Основная территория США сложилась к 1912 году, когда в их континентальной части образовался последний штат, Аризона. К этому времени территория штатов Аляска и Гавайи тоже уже принадлежала США, но в статусе штатов они были приняты в Союз в 1959 году. Основу Конституции США составляет текст, утверждённый в 1788 году, в который вошла Декларация независимости США. Высшим органом власти, поддерживающим конституционное право в США, является Верховный суд. В дальнейшем к основному закону был принят ряд поправок, которыми, в частности, было запрещено рабство (Тринадцатая поправка к Конституции США, 1865 г.) и предоставлено право голоса женщинам (Девятнадцатая поправка, 1920 г.). Запрещение рабства было болезненным процессом, который затрагивал интересы многих граждан и обширных регионов американского Юга, что спровоцировало в 1861—1865 годах распад государства и гражданскую войну. За ней последовал длительный период Реконструкции. Несмотря на запрещение рабства, итоги Реконструкции были компромиссными, и до середины XX в. США оставались страной, в которой господствовала расовая сегрегация. После гражданской войны США переживали бурный экономический рост, подъём уровня жизни и эру прогрессивизма. Она завершилась наступлением в 1929 г. эпохи Великой депрессии. Меры, принятые правительством, поддерживали граждан, пострадавших в период экономического упадка, что стало новым этапом в создании в США социального государства. Оздоровлению американской экономики способствовали военные заказы правительства, которые резко увеличились с началом Второй мировой войны, а затем и холодной войны, что привело к превращению США в мировую сверхдержаву. La història dels Estats Units és el conjunt d'esdeveniments ocorreguts al territori conegut com els Estats Units, des d'abans que tingués aquest nom (per tant l'època dels indis nadius i el colonialisme) fins a l'actualitat. Explica com la zona es va anar poblant i formant una cultura comuna, partint de la immigració i mestissatge de diversos pobles, fins a convertir-se en una superpotència. Es pot dir que la història dels Estats Units d'Amèrica va començar a partir de la colonització britànica d'Amèrica del Nord, protagonitzada per immigrants britànics que van fundar per onades, entre els segles XVII i XVIII, Tretze Colònies a la costa atlàntica del subcontinent nord-americà, situades a l'est dels Apalatxes, entre les possessions franceses del Quebec i la Louisiana. Després d'un desenvolupament més aviat pacífic dels colons, les guerres contra els francesos al nord van obligar la creació de cossos d'exèrcit colonials, una de les primeres expressions d'identitat nacional. Més tard, i fomentats per les idees dels enciclopedistes francesos, van venir les revoltes com el Motí del te al port de Boston (1773). Les mesures repressives del govern anglès van provocar l'inici de la Guerra d'Independència. Els colons van formar un exèrcit de milicians que es van posar sota el comandament de George Washington, qui va tenir problemes per equipar als seus homes amb armes i municions, a més de no disposar d'una armada per combatre la de l'imperi britànic, pel que va demanar ajuda a França, país que recentment sortia de la Guerra dels Set Anys i que va accedir a ajudar a les colònies britàniques en la seva emancipació. Es creu que al voltant de l'any 1000 un grup de vikings establerts a Groenlàndia van navegar cap a la costa oriental d'Amèrica del Nord sota el comandament de Leif Eriksson, arribant a un lloc que van anomenar Vinland. A la província canadenca de Terranova s'han trobat irrefutables vestigis d'una colònia vikinga, a L'Anse aux Meadows. És probable que els vikings també visitessin Nova Escòcia i Nova Anglaterra, però, no van aconseguir fundar colònies permanents i aviat van perdre contacte amb el nou continent. Cinc segles més tard, la necessitat d'incrementar el comerç i un error de navegació van propiciar una nova trobada amb el continent americà. A la fi del segle xv hi havia a Europa una gran demanda d'espècies, sedes i tints d'Àsia. Cristòfor Colom va creure erròniament que podria arribar a l'Extrem Orient navegant 6.400 quilòmetres cap a l'oest partint des d'Europa. El 1492 va persuadir als reis d'Espanya perquè li financessin el viatge. Colom va navegar cap a occident però no va arribar a l'Àsia, sinó a l'illa de Guanahani al Carib, el 12 d'octubre de 1492. Colom va arribar a explorar la major part de l'àrea del Carib; mai va aconseguir arribar a l'Extrem Orient, però en canvi va tornar a Europa amb or, i en el lapse de 60 anys els aventurers espanyols havien conquerit un enorme imperi a l'Amèrica Central i a l'Amèrica del Sud. Els espanyols també van fundar algunes de les primeres colònies nord-americanes: Sant Agustí a Florida (1565), Santa Fe a Nou Mèxic - (1609), i San Diego a Califòrnia - (1769). Historia Stanów Zjednoczonych – początki Stanów Zjednoczonych sięgają czasów prekolumbijskich. Współczesne państwo Stany Zjednoczone wywodzi się jednak z XVII-wiecznego osadnictwa europejskiego, podporządkowanego królowi Anglii. Dit artikel behandelt de geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, de prehistorie van het gebied daarbij inbegrepen. De geschiedenis in strikte zin begint met de komst van Europeanen in de 16e eeuw. De Spanjaarden, Engelsen en Fransen stichtten vervolgens een aantal koloniën in Noord-Amerika. De Verenigde Staten bevochten hun politieke zelfstandigheid tijdens de Amerikaanse Revolutie (1775-1783). De Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog (1861-1865) was een duidelijke breuk in de ontwikkeling van de jonge natie. Van een agrarisch land bestaande uit los met elkaar verbonden deelstaten zijn de Verenigde Staten sinds de Tweede Wereldoorlog het rijkste en machtigste land ter wereld geworden. De opkomst van de Verenigde Staten als wereldmacht begon in het midden van de 19e eeuw met de expansie naar het westen toe en na de Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog werd deze uitbreiding doorgezet. De instroom van immigranten voedde ook de economische expansie van het land. Met de interventies in de Eerste en Tweede Wereldoorlog was de positie van de Verenigde Staten als wereldmacht verzekerd. USA:s historia börjar traditionellt med självständighetsförklaring år 1776, men i området bodde sedan förhistorisk tid indianer och senare europeiska kolonisatörer som följde Christofer Columbus resor med början 1492. De största bosättningarna var engelska på östkusten, med början 1607. Från 1770-talet bestod de tretton kolonierna av 2,5 miljoner välmående människor och hade utvecklat sina egna politiska och juridiska system. Den brittiska regeringens hot mot amerikanskt självstyre ledde till krig 1775 och självständighetsförklaringen 1776. Med stort militärt och ekonomiskt stöd från Frankrike vann patrioterna den amerikanska revolutionen. År 1789 blev konstitutionen grunden för USA:s federala statsmakt och delstatsstyren med krigshjälten George Washington som USA:s första president. Den unga nationen fortsatte att kämpa med statens omfattning och med europeiskt inflytande och skapade de första , och utkämpade ett andra självständighetskrig år 1812. Amerikanskt territorium expanderade västerut över kontinenten, avfärdade indianer och Mexiko, och övervann modernizers som ville fördjupa ekonomin snarare än utöka geografin. Slaveriet över afrikaner avskaffades i norr, men tunga internationella efterfrågningar på bomull lät det blomstra i sydstaterna. Valet av Abraham Lincoln 1860, som inte längre krävde en expansion av slaveriet, utlöste en kris då elva slavstater utträdde för att grunda Amerikas konfedererade stater 1861. Det blodiga amerikanska inbördeskriget (1861-1865) omdefinierade nationen och förblev den centrala ikoniska händelsen. Södern besegrades och i rekonstruktionstiden avslutades det amerikanska slaveriet, rättigheter utökades för afroamerikaner och separatistiska delstater återtogs med lojala styren. Den federala statsmakten var mycket starkare och hade nu en formell skyldighet att skydda individer. Rekonstruktionen återställdes av det vita syd som lämnade svarta i en värld av Jim Crow-politisk, social och ekonomisk underlägsenhet. Hela södern förblev fattig medan nord och väst växte snabbt. Tack vare ett utbrott av entreprenörskap i norr och ankomsten av miljontals immigranter från Europa, blev USA den ledande industriella makten år 1900. Avsky mot korruption, förspill och traditionell politik stimulerade den progressiva rörelsen 1890-1920-talet, vilket drev på reformer inom industri och politik och införande av kvinnlig rösträtt och förbud av alkohol (det senare upphävdes 1933) i konstitutionen. USA var från början neutrala i första världskriget men förklarade krig mot Tyskland 1917 och finansierade de allierades seger. Nationen vägrade följa president Woodrow Wilsons ledning och gick aldrig med i Nationernas förbund. Efter ett blomstrande decennium på 1920-talet markerade Wall Street-kraschen 1929 starten på den tioåriga världsomspännande stora depressionen. En politisk omläggning uteslöt republikanerna från makten och installerade demokraten Franklin D. Roosevelt och hans utarbetade och dyra New Deal-program för lättnader, återhämtning och reformer. Roosevelts , som bestod av etniciteter i norr, fackföreningar, storstadsmaskiner, intellektuella och det vita syd, dominerade nationspolitiken till 1960-talet. Efter den japanska attacken mot Pearl Harbor i december 1941 trädde USA in i andra världskriget tillsammans med de allierade och hjälpte besegra Nazityskland i Europa och med detonationen av nyuppfunna atombomben, Kejsardömet Japan i Asien och Stillahavsområdet. Sovjetunionen och USA utkom som motsatta supermakter efter kriget och började kalla kriget och konfronterade indirekt i en kapprustning och rymdkapplöpning och intervention i Europa och östra Asien. Liberalism avspeglades i medborgarrättsrörelsen och opposition mot kriget i Vietnam var som störst under 1960-70-talet innan de gav vika till konservatism i början av 1980-talet. Det kalla kriget slutade när Sovjetunionen upplöstes år 1991, vilket fick USA:s ekonomi att frodas i den blomstrande som fick en skjuts, åtminstone delvis, av informationsteknik. Internationella konflikter och ekonomisk osäkerhet förstärktes år 2001 genom 11 september-attackerna och det efterföljande kriget mot terrorismen och sena 2000-talets lågkonjunktur. A História dos Estados Unidos começa com diversas tribos de índios que habitavam a região que atualmente constitui os Estados Unidos muito tempo antes da chegada dos primeiros europeus, na época do "descobrimento" deste território. Durante o século XVI e XVII, estes territórios foram colonizados pela França, pela Inglaterra, pela Espanha e pela Holanda. Os britanicos colonizaram a região da costa atlântica, onde nos séculos XVII/XVIII fundadas as Treze Colónias Britânicas. Estas colónias, inicialmente muito diferentes e afastadas politicamente e culturalmente entre si, uniram-se e declararam a sua independência em 4 de julho de 1776, tendo esta independência sido reconhecida pelo Reino Unido após o fim da Revolução Americana de 1776, em 1783, sob os termos do Tratado de Paris. Desde então, os Estados Unidos tornou-se gradualmente uma superpotência, passando a exercer crescente influência político-econômica, militar e cultural no panorama mundial. Dějiny Spojených států amerických počínají příchodem prvních obyvatel z Asie přes Beringii nejméně 10 000 let před naším letopočtem. Některé archeologické objevy nasvědčují možnosti, že na Coloradské plošině žila neznámá lidská kultura už v době před asi 37 000 lety. První lidské populace se postupně rozčlenily na stovky kmenů a komunit a osídlili celé severoamerické území. Po prvních průzkumných cestách Evropanů v 15. a 16. století sem v 17. století začali přijíždět evropští, především angličtí, kolonisté. Kromě Angličanů na severovýchodě sem přicházeli Španělé, budující malé osady na Floridě a jihozápadě, dále Francouzi, kteří se usazovali podél řeky Mississippi a na pobřeží Mexického zálivu a v menších počtech i Nizozemci a Švédové. Do sedmdesátých let 18. století žilo ve třinácti britských koloniích dva a půl milionu lidí. Po skončení francouzsko-indiánské války v šedesátých letech 18. století britská vláda uložila řadu nových daní. Odpor vůči těmto daním, zejména Bostonské pití čaje (1773), vedl anglický parlament k vyhlášení trestních zákonů, které měly ukončit samosprávu kolonií. Američtí (jak se sami nazývali) se naproti tomu přiklonili k politické ideologii zvané republikánství, která zdůrazňovala občanskou povinnost, ctnost a vyhraňovala se vůči korupci, luxusu a aristokracii. Ozbrojený konflikt začal roku 1775, kdy Patrioti začali pořádat masová shromáždění a vypudili ze všech kolonií královské úředníky. Roku 1776 vyhlásil Druhý kontinentální kongres nový nezávislý útvar, Spojené státy americké. S pomocí rozsáhlé finanční a vojenské pomoci Francie a pod vedením generála George Washingtona zvítězili američtí Patrioti ve válce za nezávislost. Pařížská smlouva z roku 1783 přisoudila novému státu území na východ od řeky Mississippi, s výjimkou Floridy a Kanady. Centrální vláda zřízená články Konfederace však nedokázala zajistit stabilitu, protože nedisponovala pravomocí vybírat daně a neměla žádného výkonného představitele. Roku 1787 Kongres svolal Ústavní konvent ve Filadelfii. Ten vytvořil novou ústavu, ratifikovanou v roce 1789. Roku 1791 ji doplnila Listina práv, zaručující občanům nezcizitelná práva. Vznikla silná ústřední vláda s Washingtonem jako prvním prezidentem a Alexandrem Hamiltonem, jeho hlavním politickým a finančním poradcem. Třetí prezident Thomas Jefferson zakoupil od Francie , čímž se velikost Spojených států zdvojnásobila. Druhá a poslední válka s Británií proběhla v letech 1812–1815. Pod vlivem přesvědčení o „zjevném předurčení“ (Manifest Destiny) se federální území začalo rozšiřovat na západ, k Pacifiku. Území Spojených států bylo vždy rozsáhlé, naproti tomu počet obyvatel byl zpočátku poměrně malý, pouze 4 miliony v roce 1790. Populace však rychle rostla, v roce 1810 dosáhla 7,2 milionu, v roce 1860 32 milionů, v roce 1900 76 milionů, 132 milionů v roce 1940 a 321 milionů v roce 2015. Hospodářský růst z hlediska celkového HDP byl ještě rychlejší. Ovšem ve srovnání s evropskými mocnostmi zůstávala vojenská síla Spojených států relativně omezená, a to prakticky až do počátku druhé světové války. Teritoriální expanzi motivovalo úsilí o získání levné půdy pro svobodné farmáře a otrokáře a zakládala se na dobývání či odkupu území od zde žijících indiánských kmenů. Stále kontroverznější šíření otrokářství začalo vyvolávat politické a ústavní rozepře, které se řešily různými kompromisy. Otroctví bylo do roku 1804 zrušeno ve všech státech severně od Masonovy-Dixonovy linie, ale Jih pokračoval v profitování z práce černých otroků, především kvůli vysoce ziskovému vývozu bavlny do Evropy. Roku 1860 byl zvolen prezidentem republikán Abraham Lincoln, který svou kampaň postavil na tématu omezení šíření otrokářství a jeho postupné likvidaci. Sedm jižních států, závislých na produkci bavlny, se čtyři měsíce před Lincolnovou inaugurací odtrhlo a později založilo konfederaci, která však nedosáhla diplomatického uznání od žádného státu. Útokem Konfederace na pevnost Sumter začala dlouhá a vyčerpávající americká občanská válka (1861–1865). Bojovalo se z velké části na území Jihu a ohromné materiální a lidské zdroje Severu se ukázaly v opotřebovávací válce jako rozhodující. Výsledkem konfliktu bylo obnovení Unie, zbídačení Jihu a zrušení otroctví. V následné éře rekonstrukce (1863–1877) byla zákonná a hlasovací práva rozšířena na osvobozené otroky. Federální vláda získala mnohem větší moc a díky čtrnáctému dodatku Ústavy v roce 1868 obdržela výslovnou povinnost chránit individuální práva. Když však v 70. letech 19. století bílí demokraté znovu získali moc na jihu, často díky zastrašování černých voličů polovojenskými skupinami, došlo tam k přijetí tzv. „zákonů Jima Crowa“, zachovávajících nadřazenost bílého obyvatelstva a přijetí ustanovení, zbavujících volebního práva většinu černochů a mnoho chudých bělochů. Tato situace pokračovala po celá desetiletí až do vzniku hnutí občanských práv v šedesátých letech 20. století a přijetí federální legislativy k prosazování ústavních práv. Na přelomu 20. století se Spojené státy staly přední světovou průmyslovou velmocí díky prudkému rozvoji podnikání na severovýchodě a středozápadě a příchodu milionů přistěhovaleckých dělníků a zemědělců z Evropy. Za pomoci práce čínských přistěhovalců byla dokončena celostátní železniční síť, rozsáhlé těžební a průmyslové podniky industrializovaly severovýchod a středozápad. Masová nespokojenost s korupcí, neefektivností a tradicionalistickou politikou dala vzniknout , které během 90. let 19. století až 20. let 20. století iniciovalo mnoho sociálních a politických reforem. Příkladem jsou 16. a 17. dodatek Ústavy z roku 1913, které stanovily první národní daň z příjmů a přímou volbu amerických senátorů do Kongresu. Devatenáctý dodatek z roku 1920 zaručil volební právo žen. Během první světové války byly Spojené státy zpočátku neutrální, v roce 1917 však vyhlásily válku Německu a přispěly k vítězství Dohody v následujícím roce. Éra prosperity 20. let skončila krachem na newyorské burze v říjnu 1929 a následným nástupem celosvětové hospodářské krize trvající celé další desetiletí. Demokratický prezident Franklin D. Roosevelt ukončil období republikánské dominance v Bílém domě a realizoval svoje programy zvané „Nový úděl“ pro pomoc, obnovu a reformu. Nový úděl, který definoval moderní americký liberalismus, zahrnoval pomoc pro nezaměstnané, podpory pro zemědělce, systém sociálního zabezpečení a minimální mzdu. Po japonském útoku na Pearl Harbor v prosinci 1941 vstoupily Spojené státy do druhé světové války po bok Británie, Sovětského svazu, Číny a dalších spojeneckých národů. USA financovaly spojenecké vojenské úsilí a pomohly porazit nacistické Německo na evropském bojišti. Válečné úsilí vyvrcholilo užitím nově vynalezených jaderných zbraní na japonská města, což přispělo k porážce císařského Japonska. Spojené státy a Sovětský svaz vyšly z druhé světové války jako vzájemně soupeřící supervelmoci. Během studené války se USA a SSSR nepřímo konfrontovaly v závodech ve zbrojení, vesmírném závodě, různých zástupných válkách a propagandistických kampaních. Americká zahraniční politika byla během studené války založena na podpoře Západní Evropy a Japonska spolu s , která měla bránit šíření komunismu. To byl i hlavní důvod vstupu Spojených států do válek v Koreji a ve Vietnamu. V šedesátých letech, z velké části díky síle hnutí za občanská práva, byla přijata další vlna sociálních reforem prosazováním ústavních práv volby a svobody pohybu pro Afroameričany a jiné rasové menšiny. Studená válka skončila s rozpadem Sovětského svazu v roce 1991 a Spojené státy zůstaly jedinou světovou supervelmocí. Po studené válce se Spojené státy zaměřily na mezinárodní konflikty na Blízkém východě v reakci na válku v Zálivu na počátku 90. let. Počátek 21. století poznamenaly útoky Al-Kajdy z 11. září 2001, které následovaly války vedené USA v Iráku a Afghánistánu. V roce 2008 postihla Spojené státy nejhorší hospodářská krize od dob Velké krize 30. let, po níž následuje období pomalejšího tempa růstu ekonomiky v průběhu 10. let 21. století. Teritoriální expanze Spojených států 1776–1959. Rozdělení podle vstupu státu do unie. 1776–1790 1791–1799 1800–1819 1820–1839 1840–1859 1860–1879 1880–1899 1900–1950 1950–1959Animace časové osy vstupu států do unie Die Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten reicht von der Gründung der ersten Britischen Kolonien an der Ostküste Nordamerikas im 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart, in der die USA die führende Weltmacht darstellen. Die Kolonien erklärten 1776 ihre Unabhängigkeit vom Königreich Großbritannien. Mit dem Inkrafttreten der Verfassung 1788 wurde aus dem losen Staatenbund ein zentral regierter Bundesstaat. Infolge des Amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs von 1861 bis 1865, den die Union der Nordstaaten gegen die konföderierten Südstaaten gewann, schaffte das Land die Sklaverei auf seinem Territorium ab und schlug den Weg zum modernen Industriestaat ein. Mit der Westexpansion der weißen Siedler, die mit der Verdrängung der indianischen Urbevölkerung einher ging, wurden immer neue Territorien als Bundesstaaten in die Union aufgenommen. Durch ihr Eingreifen in den Ersten und den Zweiten Weltkrieg stiegen die Vereinigten Staaten zur Supermacht auf. Heute sind sie der flächenmäßig drittgrößte Staat, die größte Volkswirtschaft und die größte Militärmacht der Erde. Amerika Serikat terletak di tengah-tengah benua Amerika Utara, dibatasi oleh Kanada di sebelah utara dan Meksiko di sebelah selatan. Negara Amerika Serikat terbentang dari Samudra Atlantik di pesisir timur hingga Samudra Pasifik di pesisir barat, termasuk kepulauan Hawaii di lautan Pasifik, negara bagian Alaska di ujung utara benua Amerika, dan beberapa teritori lainnya. Penetap pertama wilayah yang kini menjadi Amerika Serikat berasal dari Asia sekitar 15.000 tahun yang lalu. Mereka menyeberangi jembatan darat Bering ke Alaska. Selanjutnya, penduduk asli Amerika bermukim di wilayah tersebut selama ribuan tahun sebelum kedatangan para kolonis Eropa. Pada tahun 1492, Christopher Columbus berhasil mencapai Amerika. Orang-orang Inggris lalu bermukim di Jamestown, Virginia pada tahun 1607. Permukiman ini dianggap sebagai permukiman pertama di Amerika Serikat. Selanjutnya, Amerika Serikat terus didatangi oleh orang-orang Inggris. Orang Prancis, Spanyol, dan Belanda juga bermukim di sebagian Amerika Serikat. Pada tahun 1770-an, tiga belas koloni Inggris meliputi dua setengah juta penduduk. Koloni-koloni ini tumbuh dan berkembang dengan pesat, serta mengembangkan sistem politik dan hukum sendiri. Meskipun demikian, perkembangan koloni-koloni Inggris berakhir tidak baik bagi penduduk asli Amerika, karena banyak dari mereka yang tewas akibat penyakit, dan mereka kehilangan negeri mereka. Parlemen Inggris menegakkan otoritasnya atas koloni-koloni ini dengan menetapkan pajak baru, yang dianggap inkonstitusional oleh orang Amerika karena mereka tidak terwakili di Parlemen. Konflik yang memanas berujung pada perang penuh yang dimulai pada April 1775. Setelah melalui Revolusi Amerika, koloni-koloni menyatakan kemerdekaan dari Kerajaan Britania Raya pada tanggal 4 Juli 1776 dan mendirikan Amerika Serikat. Dengan dukungan militer dan keuangan berskala besar dari Prancis serta kepemimpinan Jenderal George Washington, Pasukan Patriot memenangkan Perang Revolusi dan perdamaian disepakati pada tahun 1783. Selama dan setelah perang, 13 negara bersatu di bawah pemerintah federal yang ditetapkan melalui Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi. Ketika dokumen ini tak lagi bekerja dengan baik, Konstitusi baru ditetapkan pada tahun 1789 dan hingga ini menjadi dasar bagi pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat, dan kemudian hari meliputi pula . Dengan Washington sebagai presiden pertama dan Alexander Hamilton sebagai kepala penasihat keuangannya, pemerintahan nasional yang kuat pun dibentuk. Pada , dua partai politik nasional berkembang mendukung atau menolak kebijakan Hamilton. Ketika Thomas Jefferson menjadi presiden, ia membeli dari Prancis, menggandakan luas wilayah Amerika. Perang kedua dan terakhir melawan Inggris berlangsung pada tahun 1812. Hasil utama dari perang tersebut adalah berakhirnya dukungan Eropa bagi serangan suku Indian terhadap para pemukim barat. Di bawah dukungan dan , Amerika Serikat meluas melalui pembelian Louisiana hingga sejauh California dan Oregon, serta pencarian lahan murah untuk para petani dan pemilik budak yang mempromosikan demokrasi dan perluasan, yang harus dibayar dengan kekerasan dan kebencian terhadap kebudayaan Eropa. Perluasan ini, di bawah Manifest Destiny, adalah penolakan terhadap saran Partai Whig yang ingin meningkatkan dan memodernisasi ekonomi dan masyarakat alih-alih memperluas wilayah. Perbudakan dihapuskan di semua negara bagian di Utara (sebelah utara garis Mason-Dixon yang memisahkan Pennsylvania dan Maryland) pada tahun 1804, namun tetap berlangsung di negara-negara bagian di Selatan karena tingginya permintaan kapas dari Eropa. Setelah tahun 1820, serangkaian kompromi menunda pertikaian mengenai masalah perbudakan. Pada pertengahan tahun 1850-an, kekuatan Republik merebut kendali politik atas Utara dan berjanji untuk menghentikan perluasan perbudakan, yang mengindikasikan penghapusan perbudakan. yang dimenangkan oleh Abraham Lincoln dari partai Republik membuat sebelas melepaskan diri dan mendirikan Konfederasi pada tahun 1861. Setelah empat tahun pertumpahan darah, Uni, di bawah Presiden Lincoln dan Ulysses S. Grant sebagai jendera panglima mengalahkan Selatan dengan Robert E. Lee sebagai jenderalnya yang paling terkenal. Akhirnya perbudakan dihapuskan dan Selatan menjadi miskin. Pada era Rekontsruksi (1863–77), Amerika Serikat mengakhiri perbudakan dan memperluas hak hukum dan hak suara untuk mantan budak (Orang Afrika Amerika yang pernah menjadi budak). Pemerintah nasional menjadi lebih kuat, dan karena , pemerintah kini memiliki tugas nyata untuk melindungi hak individu. Rekonstruksi berakhir pada 1877 dan sejak tahun 1890-an hingga 1960-an sistem Jim Crow (segregasi) membuat orang kulit hitam berada dalam inferioritas politik, sosial, dan ekonomi. Seluruh Selatan mengalami kemiskinan hingga paruh kedua abad ke-20, ketika Utara dan Barat berkembang dan makmur dengan cepat. Amerika Serikat menjadi kekuatan industri yang unggul pada awal abad ke-20 akibat ledakan jumlah wirausahawan di Utara dan kedatangan jutaan pekerja imigran serta petani dari Eropa. Jaringan rel kereta nasional diselesaikan, dan pertambangan serta pabrik berskala besar mengindustrialisasi kawasan Timur Laut dan Barat Tengah. Ketidakpuasan kelas menengah atas korupsi, inefisiensi, dan politik tradisional memicu sejak tahun 1890-an hingga 1920-an, yang mendorong terjadinya reformasi dan memungkinkan hak suara perempuan serta pelarangan alkohol (yang dicabut pada 1933). Meskipun pada awalnya netral dalam Perang Dunia I, Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1917, dan mendanai Sekutu hingga meraih kemenangan setahun kemudian. Setelah dekade kemakmuran pada tahun 1920-an, runtuhnya Wall Street 1929 menandani dimulainya yang mendunia selama sedasawarsa. Franklin D. Roosevelt yang Demokrat menjadi presiden dan menerapkan program barunya, New Deal, untuk bantuan, pemulihan, dan reformasi, yang mendefinisikan . Setelah serangan Jepang ke Pearl Harbor pada 7 Desember 1941, Amerika Serikat memasuki Perang Dunia II bersama Sekutu dan membantu mengalahkan Jerman Nazi di Eropa dan mengalahkan Jepang di Timur Jauh. Setelah Perang Dunia II, Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet muncul sebagai negara adidaya yang saling bersaing dan memulai Perang Dingin. Kedua negara ini saling bertikai secara tak langsung dalam dan perlombaan angkasa. Kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat selama Perang Dingin dipusatkan pada pembendungan Komunisme, dan negara ini ikut serta dalam perang di Korea dan Vietnam untuk mencapai tujuan ini. memperoleh banyak kemenangan pada masa New Deal dan juga pada pertengahan 1960-an, khususnya dalam kesuksesan , namun kembali berkembang pada tahun 1980-an di bawah Ronald Reagan. Perang Dingin berakhir setelah bubarnya Uni Soviet pada tahun 1991, menjadikan Amerika Serikat sebagai satu-satunya negara adikuasa. Memasuki abad ke-21, konflik internasional berpusat di sekitar Timur Tengah dan meningkat tajam menyusul serangan 11 September serta yang dideklarasikan setelahnya. Amerika Serikat mengalami pada akhir tahun 2000-an, yang disusul oleh melambatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi selama tahun 2010-an. La fecha de comienzo de la historia de Estados Unidos es tema de debate entre los historiadores. Los libros de texto más antiguos comienzan con la llegada de Cristóbal Colón el 12 de octubre de 1492 o alrededor de 1600, con la llegada del navío Mayflower. No obstante, en las últimas décadas, las escuelas y universidades estadounidenses han retrocedido en el tiempo para incluir más información acerca de los nativos americanos. Lorsque les premiers colons anglais sont arrivés à Jamestown (Virginie) en 1607, le continent américain connaissait une faible densité de population depuis plusieurs millénaires, n'étant peuplé que par les Amérindiens. Le territoire américain fut ensuite colonisé à partir du XVIIe siècle par différentes puissances européennes (Espagne, Royaume-Uni, France (Nouvelle-France). Désireux de s'affranchir de la métropole britannique et de gouverner par eux-mêmes, les colons des Treize colonies proclamèrent leur indépendance en 1776. À la suite d'une guerre d'indépendance victorieuse, ils créèrent une nouvelle nation qu'ils baptisèrent les États-Unis d'Amérique, regroupant alors le New Hampshire, le Massachusetts, le Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, le New Jersey, la Pennsylvanie, le Delaware, le Maryland, la Virginie, la Caroline du Nord, la Caroline du Sud et la Géorgie. Par la suite, le territoire des États-Unis s'agrandit en incorporant de nouveaux États (ex : achat de la Louisiane, guerre américano-mexicaine, achat de l'Alaska, , etc.) et cela jusqu'au XXe siècle. Bien qu'ayant traversé une guerre civile au début des années 1860, la jeune république s'est développée rapidement grâce à l'afflux d'immigrés européens au XIXe siècle. À l'issue de la Première Guerre mondiale, les États-Unis sont devenus la plus grande puissance mondiale, devançant les grands pays d'Europe. Ils n'ont plus quitté ce rang par la suite, prenant la tête du « monde libre » après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cependant, la défaite subie à la fin de la longue guerre du Viêt Nam en 1975 a remis en cause les certitudes américaines même si la désagrégation du bloc soviétique au début des années 1990 a favorisé le maintien de leur prédominance internationale et leur statut de superpuissance. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako historia Ameriketako Estatu Batuen eraketa eta bertako gertaera nagusiak biltzen dituen prozesua da. Alde horretatik, prozesu hori europarren kolonizazioari lotuta ikusten dute historialari gehienek, XVI. mendetik aurrera eta 1776ko Independentzia Deklarazioaren aurretik zein ondoren, nahiz eta lehenagotik bertako biztanleak, amerindiarrak, bertan bizi. Errealitate politiko hori, gainera, lurralde hedakuntza baten historia da. Gaur egungo Estatu Batuetako lurraldea duela milaka urte okupatu zuten Asiatik heldutako gizakiek, egungo amerindiarrek. Gero, ehunka hizkuntza eta kulturatan banatu ziren. Arrasto gutxi utzi dute, batez ere herri nomadek. The history of the lands that became the United States began with the arrival of the first people in the Americas around 15,000 BC. Numerous indigenous cultures formed, and many saw transformations in the 16th century away from more densely populated lifestyles and towards reorganized polities elsewhere. The European colonization of the Americas began in the late 15th century, however most colonies in what would later become the United States were settled after 1600. By the 1760s, the thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people and were established along the Atlantic Coast east of the Appalachian Mountains. After defeating France, the British government imposed a series of taxes, including the Stamp Act of 1765, rejecting the colonists' constitutional argument that new taxes needed their approval. Resistance to these taxes, especially the Boston Tea Party in 1773, led to Parliament issuing punitive laws designed to end self-government. Armed conflict began in Massachusetts in 1775. In 1776, in Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the "United States". Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War. The peace treaty of 1783 established the borders of the new sovereign state. The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789 and a Bill of Rights was added in 1791 to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny, the United States expanded to the Pacific Coast. While the nation was large in terms of area, its population in 1790 was only four million. Westward expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners. The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles, which were resolved by compromises. Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason–Dixon line by 1804, but states in the south continued the institution, to support the kinds of large scale agriculture that dominated the southern economy. The division of the country along these lines formed the major political issue of the first eight decades of the growth of the United States. Precipitated by the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860, the Civil War began as the southern states seceded from the Union to form their own pro-slavery country, the Confederate States of America. The defeat of the Confederates in 1865 led to the abolition of slavery. In the Reconstruction era following the war, legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves. The national government emerged much stronger, and gained explicit duty to protect individual rights. However, when white southern Democrats regained their political power in the South in 1877, often by paramilitary suppression of voting, they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy, as well as new state constitutions that legalized discrimination based on race and prevented most African Americans from participating in public life. The United States became the world's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century, due to an outburst of entrepreneurship and industrialization and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers. A national railroad network was completed and large-scale mines and factories were established. Mass dissatisfaction with corruption, inefficiency, and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement, from the 1890s to the 1920s, leading to reforms, including the federal income tax, direct election of Senators, granting of citizenship to many indigenous people, alcohol prohibition, and women's suffrage. Initially neutral during World War I, the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and funded the Allied victory the following year. After the prosperous Roaring Twenties, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide Great Depression. President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented his New Deal programs, including relief for the unemployed, support for farmers, social security, and a minimum wage. The New Deal defined modern American liberalism. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort, and helped defeat Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in the European theater. Its involvement culminated in using newly American invented nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific War. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II. During the Cold War, the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race, the Space Race, propaganda campaigns, and localized wars against communist expansion. In the 1960s, in large part due to the strength of the civil rights movement, another wave of social reforms was enacted which enforced the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African Americans. The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved, leaving the United States as the world's sole superpower. Foreign policy after the Cold War has often focused on many modern conflicts in the Middle East, especially in response to the September 11 attacks. Early in the 21st century, the United States experienced the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a negative effect on the local economy. Дата початку історії Сполучених Штатів є предметом гострих дебатів серед істориків. Старі підручники починаються, переважно, із прибуття Христофора Колумба 12 жовтня 1492 року і особливо підкреслюють європейський фон колонізації Америки. В останні десятиліття американські школи та університети, як правило, відійшли від традиційного опису, включивши в історіографію колоніального періоду минуле корінних американців. Корінні мешканці жили на території сучасних Сполучених Штатів протягом кількох тисяч років, перш ніж перші європейські колоністи ступили на відкритий континент. Перші поселенці прибули в основному з Англії, початком їх переселення стала подорож до берегів сучасної Нової Англії Джона Кабота, який знаходився на англійській службі. Інший великий мореплавець Хуан Понсе де Леон започаткував колонізацію Америки іспанськими колоністами. Вони заснували невеликі поселення у Флориді і на південному заході США. Французи оселились уздовж річки Міссісіпі і узбережжя Мексиканської затоки. До 1770-х років тринадцять британських колоній від Нью-Гемпшира на півночі до Джорджії на півдні нараховували вже два з половиною мільйони чоловік, що проживали уздовж Атлантичного узбережжя на схід від Аппалачів. Після закінчення франко-індіанських воєн 1760-х років метрополія наклала на переселенців ряд нових податків, відкинувши аргументи колоністів про те, що будь-які нові збори повинні схвалюватись ними. Податковий опір, зокрема Бостонське чаювання (1773), призвів до прийняття британським парламентом законів про покарання («Нестерпні закони»), покликаних покласти край самоврядуванню в штаті Массачусетс. Незабаром після цього між Англією та її колоніями в 1775 році спалахнула революційна війна. Погано забезпечені і слабо навчені американці протистояли чисельнішим і краще озброєним англійським військам. Під час війни спалахнула велика епідемія натуральної віспи. Переломним моментом у війні стала поразка британської армії в битві під Саратогою. Завдяки широкомасштабній військовій та фінансовій підтримці з боку Франції і талановитому командуванню генерала Джорджа Вашингтона, американські патріоти здобули в 1781 остаточну перемогу. Незадовго до цього 4 липня 1776 року Другий Континентальний конгрес прийняв Декларацію незалежності Сполучених Штатів, якою підтвердив існування не простої сукупності розрізнених колоній, а єдиної американської нації. Мирний договір 1783 року змусив Велику Британію визнати незалежність нової держави. Однак центральний уряд новоствореної Конфедерації виявився неефективним у забезпеченні стабільності, оскільки не мав достатніх повноважень. Скликана Філадельфійська конвенція прийняла нову Конституцію, яка набрала чинності в 1789 році. У 1791 до неї був доданий Білль про права, який містив гарантії невід'ємних свобод. За президентства Вашингтона було створено сильний центральний уряд, а в роки правління Томаса Джеферсона США викупили у Франції Луїзіану, подвоївши таким чином розміри країни. Підтримувані вірою в явне призначення американці поступово розширили свою територію до Тихого океану. Швидкими темпами йшло зростання населення, досягнувши 7,2 мільйона в 1810 році, 32 млн. в 1860 році, 76 млн. в 1900 році, 132 млн. в 1940 році і 321 мільйона у 2015 році. Економічний ріст за обсягом ВВП відбувався ще швидше. Розширення території було обумовлене пошуками недорогих земель для фермерів і рабовласників. Питання рабства ставало все більш суперечливим і слугувало причиною політичних і конституційних суперечок. Після того як в 1860 році президентом обрали Авраама Лінкольна, який виступав за скасування рабовласництва, 11 південних штатів вийшли з Союзу і заявили про свою незалежність, оголосивши себе Конфедеративними Штатами Америки. Жодна держава ніколи не визнала Конфедерацію, але саме вона розпочала громадянську війну, напавши на Форт-Самтер у 1861 році. Спочатку успіх був на боці армії південних штатів, її командири, особливо генерал Роберт Лі, виявилися блискучими тактиками. Бойові дії велись переважно на Півдні, величезні матеріальні та трудові ресурси Півночі стали вирішальними в кровопролитному протистоянні. Результатом війни стало відновлення єдності США, зубожіння Півдня і ліквідація рабства. Через кілька років після закінчення громадянської війни Сполучені Штати висунулися в число провідних індустріальних держав. У 1869 році завершилося будівництво першої трансконтинентальної залізниці. Бурхливо розвивалася нафтова і електрична промисловість, виникали текстильні фабрики. У повсякденне життя американців увійшли нові винаходи: телефон, електрична лампочка, грамофони і трансформатори, а також кінематограф. На рубежі 20-го століття Сполучені Штати стали провідною промисловою державою світу через спалах підприємництва на північному сході і середньому Заході й приїзду мільйонів робітників-іммігрантів та фермерів з Європи. Масове невдоволення корупцією й неефективністю традиційної політики стимулювало поширення прогресивного руху, що призвело до проведення багатьох соціальних і політичних реформ. У 1920 році 19-а поправка до Конституції гарантувала виборче право жінок, а 16 й 17 поправки встановили національний прибутковий податок і прямі вибори сенаторів США до Конгресу.У 1914 році, коли в Європі вибухнула Перша світова війна, президент Вудро Вільсон виступив за політику суворого нейтралітету Америки. Однак така позиція стала неможливою, коли Німеччина оголосила тотальну війну проти всіх суден, що прямували в порти країн-союзників. В 1917 році США вступили у війну на боці країн Антанти, зробивши істотний внесок у перемогу. Підписаний повоєнний Версальський договір включав пропозицію про створення Ліги Націй, але Сенат США відмовився ратифікувати договір, тому Сполучені Штати не взяли участі в діяльності міжнародної організації. Після благополучного десятиліття загального економічного процвітання крах Уолл-стріта ознаменував початок десятирічної всесвітньої Великої депресії. Прихід президента-демократа Франкліна Рузвельта завершив період знаходження при владі у Білому Домі республіканців. Новий американський лідер реалізував власну програму реформ. Отримавши назву «Новий курс», президентські зміни включали допомогу безробітним, підтримку фермерів й упровадження соціального забезпечення. «Новий курс» Рузвельта не зміг покласти край депресії, але економіка стала зростати. Однак по-справжньому економічне покращення відновилося лише напередодні вступу країни в Другу світову війну. Американська земля зазнала першого удару під час японської атаки на Перл-Гарбор 7 грудня 1941 року. Разом з Великою Британією, Радянським Союзом, Китаєм та іншими державами Антигітлерівської коаліції США внесли істотний внесок у перемогу над нацистською Німеччиною. Бойові дії проти Японії завершились у серпні 1945 року, коли президент Гаррі Трумен віддав розпорядження про нанесення атомних ударів по містах Хіросіма і Нагасакі. Після війни США стали співзасновником нової міжнародної організації — Організації Об'єднаних Націй. У повоєнний час Сполучені Штати і Радянський Союз стали конкуруючими наддержавами у Холодній війні, протистоявши один одному і в гонці озброєнь, і в космічній гонці, й ідеологічній та пропагандистській конфронтації. Зовнішня політика США будувалася навколо підтримки країн Західної Європи і Японії поряд з політикою стримування комунізму. США взяли участь в Корейській і В'єтнамській війнах, намагаючись зупинити поширення радянського впливу. У 1960-ті роки, багато в чому завдяки руху за громадянські права, пройшла хвиля соціальних реформ, що забезпечила дотримання конституційних прав на голосування і свободу пересування афроамериканців та інших расових меншин. Завдяки переговорам з СРСР, ініційованими Рональдом Рейганом, а згодом і Джорджом Бушом, що зайняв пост президента в 1989, настала локалізація глобального протистояння. Холодна війна закінчилася повним колапсом соціалістичного ладу і розпадом Радянського Союзу в 1991 році, залишивши Сполучені Штати єдиною наддержавою у світі. У 1990-ті США зосередилися на міжнародних конфліктах навколо Близького Сходу. Початок 21-го століття ознаменувався терористичними атаками «Аль-Каїди» 11 вересня 2001 року, після чого країна взяла участь у війнах в Іраку та Афганістані. У 2008 році США пережили найгіршу економічну кризу з часів Великої депресії. За роки правління президента Барака Обами, першого афроамериканця на даній посаді, було впроваджено реформи по охороні здоров'я і банківській діяльності. 20 січня 2017 року склав присягу 45-й президент Сполучених Штатів Дональд Трамп, обрання і президентство якого викликали певні суперечності серед громадян США. 美国历史由多個時代组成，美国原為英國殖民地，在独立之后後逐漸興起，成為当今世界上有较大影響力的超級大國。 سبق تاريخ الولايات المتحدة وصول الأمريكيين الأصليين إلى أمريكا الشمالية نحو عام 15000 قبل الميلاد. تشكلت العديد من الثقافات الأصلية، واختفى الكثير منها في القرن السادس عشر. مع وصول كريستوفر كولومبوس عام 1492 بدأ الاستعمار الأوروبي للأمريكتين. تشكلت معظم المستعمرات بعد عام 1600، وكانت الولايات المتحدة أول دولة تُسجّل أصولها بشكل كامل. بحلول القرن الثامن عشر، احتوت المستعمرات البريطانية الثلاثة عشر على 2.5 مليون شخص على طول الساحل الأطلسي شرق جبال الآبالاش. بعد هزيمة فرنسا، فرضت الحكومة البريطانية سلسلة من الضرائب، بما في ذلك قانون الطوابع لعام 1765، رافضة حجة المستعمرين الدستورية بأن الضرائب الجديدة تحتاج إلى موافقتهم. أدت مقاومة هذه الضرائب، وخاصة حزب بوسطن عام 1773، إلى إصدار البرلمان لقوانين تهدف إلى إنهاء الحكم الذاتي. بدأ الصراع المسلح في ولاية ماساتشوستس عام 1775. في عام 1776، في فيلادلفيا، أعلن المؤتمر القاري الثاني استقلال المستعمرات باسم الولايات المتحدة بقيادة الجنرال جورج واشنطن في الحرب الثورية. أنشأت معاهدة السلام لعام 1783 حدود الدولة الجديدة. أنشأ الاتحاد حكومة مركزية، لكنها لم تكن فعالة في توفير الاستقرار لأنها لا تستطيع تحصيل الضرائب وليس لديها مسؤول تنفيذي. كتبت الاتفاقية دستورًا جديدًا في عام 1789 وأضيف قانون الحقوق في عام 1791 لضمان الحقوق غير القابلة للتعديل. مع واشنطن كأول رئيس وألكسندر هاملتون كبير مستشاريه، تشكلت حكومة مركزية قوية. ضاعف شراء إقليم لويزيانا من فرنسا عام 1803 من حجم الولايات المتحدة. توسعت الولايات المتحدة إلى ساحل المحيط الهادئ، بينما كانت الأمة كبيرة من حيث المساحة، كان عدد سكانها في عام 1790 يبلغ 4 ملايين فقط. نما السكان بسرعة وكان النمو الاقتصادي أكبر. بالمقارنة مع القوى الأوروبية، كانت القوة العسكرية للأمة محدودة نسبيًا في وقت السلم قبل عام 1940. كان التوسع غربًا مدفوعًا بالسعي للحصول على أرض رخيصة للمزارعين ومالكي العبيد. كان توسع الرق مثيرًا للجدل على نحو متزايد وغذّى المعارك السياسية والدستورية، التي حُلّت عن طريق التنازلات. أُلغيت العبودية في جميع الولايات الواقعة شمال خط ماسون - ديكسون بحلول عام 1804، لكن الجنوب استمر في هذه المؤسسة، لإنتاج القطن. انتُخب أبراهام لنكولن رئيسًا في عام 1860 على أساس برنامج لوقف توسع الرق. تمردت سبع ولايات جنوبية على العبودية وخلقت الأساس للكونفدرالية، التي بدأت هجومها عام 1861 وأدت إلى حرب أهلية. أدت هزيمة الكونفدرالية عام 1865 إلى إلغاء العبودية. في عصر إعادة الإعمار الذي أعقب الحرب، أُعطيت الحقوق القانونية وحقوق التصويت للعبيد المحررين. ظهرت الحكومة الوطنية أقوى بكثير، واكتسبت واجبًا واضحًا لحماية الحقوق الفردية. ومع ذلك، عندما استعاد الجنوبيون البيض سلطتهم في الجنوب في عام 1877، غالبًا عن طريق قمع شبه عسكري للتصويت، أصدروا قوانين جيم كرو للحفاظ على تفوق البيض، بالإضافة إلى دساتير الدولة الجديدة التي حرمت من حق التصويت والتي منعت معظم الأمريكيين الأفارقة والعديد من الفقراء البيض من التصويت. أصبحت الولايات المتحدة القوة الصناعية الرائدة في العالم في مطلع القرن العشرين، بسبب فورة ريادة الأعمال والتصنيع ووصول ملايين العمال والمزارعين المهاجرين. أُنهيت شبكة السكك الحديدية الوطنية وأُنشئت مناجم ومصانع واسعة النطاق. أدى الاستياء الجماعي من الفساد وعدم الكفاءة والسياسات التقليدية إلى تحفيز الحركة التقدمية، من تسعينيات القرن التاسع عشر إلى عشرينيات القرن الماضي ما أدى إلى إصلاحات، بما في ذلك ضريبة الدخل الفيدرالية، والانتخاب المباشر لأعضاء مجلس الشيوخ، وحظر الكحول، وحق المرأة في التصويت. في البداية كانت محايدة خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى، أعلنت الولايات المتحدة الحرب على ألمانيا في عام 1917 وموّلت انتصار الحلفاء في العام التالي. بعد عشرينيات القرن الماضي المزدهرة شهد انهيار وول ستريت عام 1929 بداية الركود الكبير الذي دام عقدًا من الزمن في جميع أنحاء العالم. نفّذ الرئيس فرانكلين روزفلت برامجه الجديدة، بما في ذلك إغاثة العاطلين عن العمل، ودعم المزارعين، والضمان الاجتماعي، والحد الأدنى للأجور. بعد الهجوم الياباني على بيرل هاربور في عام 1941، دخلت الولايات المتحدة الحرب العالمية الثانية وموّلت جهود الحلفاء الحربية، وساعدت على هزيمة ألمانيا النازية وإيطاليا الفاشية في المسرح الأوروبي. توجت مشاركتها لاحقًا في استخدام أسلحة نووية اختُرعت حديثًا في مدينتين يابانيتين لهزيمة الإمبراطورية اليابانية في حرب المحيط الهادئ. ظهرت الولايات المتحدة والاتحاد السوفيتي كقوتين عظميين متنافسين في أعقاب الحرب العالمية الثانية. خلال الحرب الباردة، واجه البلدان بعضهما البعض بشكل غير مباشر في سباق التسلح وسباق الفضاء والحملات الدعائية والحروب المحلية ضد التوسع الشيوعي. في الستينيات، ظهرت موجة أخرى من الإصلاحات الاجتماعية التي فرضت الحقوق الدستورية للتصويت وحرية الحركة للأمريكيين الأفارقة والأقليات العرقية الأخرى بسبب قوة حركة الحقوق المدنية الكبيرة. انتهت الحرب الباردة بتفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي في عام 1991، وتركت الولايات المتحدة القوة العظمى الوحيدة في العالم. ركزت السياسة الخارجية بعد الحرب الباردة على الصراعات الحديثة في الشرق الأوسط، لا سيما ردًا على هجمات 11 سبتمبر وصعود الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام. في بداية القرن الحادي والعشرين، دخلت الولايات المتحدة فترة الكساد الكبير ووباء كوفيد-19، وكلاهما تلاهما معدلات نمو اقتصادي أبطأ من المعتاد. La hodiaŭ nomita lando Usono (United States of America) ŝprucis de la brita kolonizado de Nord-Ameriko, ĉefrolita de britaj enmigrintoj kiu fondis per ondegoj, inter la 17-a kaj 18-a jarcentoj, dek tri koloniojn en la atlantika marbordo de la nordamerika subkontinento, lokitaj oriente de la Apalaĉoj. Ĉi tiuj kolonioj lokis inter la francaj posedoj de Kebekio kaj Luiziano. アメリカ合衆国の歴史（アメリカがっしゅうこくのれきし）では、アメリカ合衆国の歴史について述べる。 Η ιστορία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών της Αμερικής, ξεκινά με την εγκατάσταση Ιθαγενών πληθυσμών στην Αμερική, χιλιάδες χρόνια πριν εμφανιστούν για πρώτη φορά οι Ευρωπαίοι στην ήπειρο. Το 1492, ο Χριστόφορος Κολόμβος, έφτασε για πρώτη φορά στην Αμερική. Το 1607, ιδρύθηκε η πρώτη αποικία των Άγγλων στο Τζέιμσταουν της Βιρτζίνια. Οι αμερικανικές αποικίες ήταν κυρίως εδάφη της Αγγλίας. Άνθρωποι από τη Γαλλία την Ισπανία αλλά και την Ολλανδία επίσης κατοίκησαν την περιοχή. Κατά τη διάρκεια της ανάπτυξης των αποικιών, πολλοί ιθαγενείς πέθαναν από αρρώστιες ή έχασαν την ιδιοκτησία τους. Έως το 1773 είχαν ιδρυθεί 13 αποικίες. Το 1775 στο Λέξινγκτον και το Κόνκορντ ξεκίνησε ένας πόλεμος μεταξύ των αποικιών και της Αγγλίας που έμεινε γνωστός ως ο Αμερικανικός Πόλεμος της Ανεξαρτησίας. Αυτός ο πόλεμος ξέσπασε επειδή οι Αμερικάνοι άποικοι δεν είχαν ίση αντιμετώπιση με τους Άγγλους. Στις 4 Ιουλίου του 1776, άνδρες από τις 13 πολιτείες σύναψαν τη συνθήκη της Αμερικανικής Ανεξαρτησίας. Ένα ηγετικό πρόσωπο στη διαμάχη αυτή ήταν ο Τζορτζ Ουάσινγκτον. Μετά την Επανάσταση οι ηγέτες των Πολιτειών έγραψαν το σύνταγμα της νέας χώρας το 1787 και τη διακήρυξη των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων το 1791. Αυτά βασίστηκαν στις ιδέες του κοινωνικού συμβολαίου του Τζον Λοκ και άλλων. Στην αρχές του 19ου αιώνα το κράτος αντιμετώπισε πλήθος εσωτερικών προβλημάτων όπως αυτό της σκλαβιάς. Στα μέσα του αιώνα η χώρα επεκτάθηκε στη Δύση και ξεκίνησε η εκβιομηχάνιση της. Το 1861 μερικές πολιτείες στον Νότο αποσχίστηκαν από το κράτος για να ιδρύσουν μία νέα χώρα τις Συνομόσπονδες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής. Από το 1861 έως το 1865, ο Βορράς και ο Νότος έκαναν έναν πόλεμο, γνωστό ως ο Αμερικανικός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος, αίτια του οποίου ήταν κυρίως η σκλαβιά και άλλες αποφάσεις που καθόριζαν το μέλλον της χώρας. Μετά τη νίκη του Βορρά στη διαμάχη, η χώρα διαπέρασε μία ανασυγκρότηση. Στα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα, οι ΗΠΑ δέχτηκαν ένα μεγάλο μεταναστευτικό ρεύμα ανθρώπων από την Ευρώπη που εργάζονταν σε εργοστάσια. Αυτή η περίοδος σηματοδότησε την άνοδο των πλούσιων επιχειρηματιών. Στις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα, οι Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες έγιναν παγκόσμια υπερδύναμη και ήταν μία από τις μεγαλύτερες οικονομίες του κόσμου. Οι Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες συμμετείχαν στον Α΄ και τον Β΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο. Αυτή την περίοδο ξεκίνησε και η Μεγάλη Ύφεση, η οποία τελείωσε με τη λήξη του Β΄ Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου. Μετά το τέλος του πολέμου οι ΗΠΑ και η ΕΣΣΔ συμμετείχαν σε μία διαμάχη γνωστή ως Ψυχρός Πόλεμος. Κατά τη διάρκεια του πολέμου οι ΗΠΑ σπατάλησαν πολλά λεφτά στην άμυνα του κράτους. Πολέμησαν στην Κορέα και το Βιετνάμ. Έστειλαν τον Νηλ Άρμστρονγκ και άλλους αστροναύτες στο διάστημα. Οι Αφροαμερικανοί και άλλες μειονότητες πολέμησαν για τα δικαιώματα τους. Την περίοδο 1970 έως 1980 ελαττώθηκε η βιομηχανική παραγωγή στη χώρα. Ο Ψυχρός Πόλεμος έληξε το 1991, όταν η Σοβιετική Ένωση διαλύθηκε. Η Μέση Ανατολή έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στην εξωτερική πολιτική του κράτους, ιδιαίτερα μετά τις Επιθέσεις της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2001.
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