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rdfs:label: 経済工学 경제성공학 Engineering economics اقتصاديات الهندسة Ingeniería económica Ekonomika teknik 工程經濟 Engenharia económica
rdfs:comment: 工程經濟（Engineering Economics）是經濟學的一個分支學門，是在決定投資方案中擇一時，用以決定的經濟方法。通常包含以下主題： * 金錢的時間價值 * 投資方案的評估 * 損益平衡分析 * 折舊的影響 * 稅金的影響 * 通貨膨脹的影響 اقتصاديات الهندسة،(و قديما كانت تعرف بالاقتصاد الهندسي):هي فرع علم الاقتصاد الذي يُطبّق علي المشاريع الهندسية. وفيه يحاول المهندسون إيجاد حلول للمشاكل الهندسية مع الأخذ في الاعتبار كلا من الجدوى الاقتصادية لكل حل محتمل وكذلك الجوانب التقنية. 経済工学（けいざいこうがく）とは、学問の一つであり、現代社会が直面している経済的な事柄に関する諸問題を数理的・計量的な分析を試みることによって解決・改善するという形で社会に貢献することを目的としている。 For the application of engineering economics in the practice of civil engineering see Engineering economics (Civil Engineering). Engineering economics, previously known as engineering economy, is a subset of economics concerned with the use and "...application of economic principles" in the analysis of engineering decisions. As a discipline, it is focused on the branch of economics known as microeconomics in that it studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources. Thus, it focuses on the decision making process, its context and environment. It is pragmatic by nature, integrating economic theory with engineering practice. But, it is also a simplified application of microeconomic theory in that it assumes elements such as price Engenharia económica (português europeu) ou engenharia econômica (português brasileiro) é a tradução de engineering economy. Economia da engenharia é uma tradução alternativa de engineering economy, no Brasil. De acordo com o (IIE), a engenharia económica é definida como a aplicação da análise e síntese económica ou matemática às decisões de engenharia ou um corpo de conhecimentos e técnicas envolvidas na avaliação do valor de mercadorias e serviços relativamente ao custo e nos métodos de estimar os dados. Ekonomika teknik adalah penentuan faktor-faktor dan yang digunakan ketika satu atau lebih alternatif dipertimbangkan untuk dipilih dalam menyelesaikan suatu masalah di bidang teknik. Bisa juga dikatakan bahwa ekonomika teknik adalah sekumpulan yang menyederhanakan perbandingan ekonomi dalam suatu kasus di bidang teknik. Ilmu ekonomi tidak pernah lepas dari ilmu teknik, terutama dalam perancangan dan penerapannya di masyarakat. Dalam hal tersebut, selalu ada beberapa alternatif dalam pelaksanaannya yang masing-masing alternatif memiliki keuntungan dan kerugian yang berbeda-beda jenis dan jumlahnya. Namun penyelesaian masalah tersebut selalu memiliki kriteria ekonomi, dan kriteria tersebut digunakan untuk memilih satu dari banyak alternatif yang tersedia tersebut. La ingeniería económica conlleva la valoración sistemática de los resultados económicos de las soluciones sugeridas a cuestiones de ingeniería. Para que puedan aprobarse en lo económico, las resoluciones de los problemas deben impulsar un balance positivo del rendimiento a largo plazo, en relación con los costos a largo plazo y también deben promover el bienestar y la conservación de una organización, construir un cuerpo de técnicas e ideas creativas y renovadoras, permitir la fidelidad y la comprobación de los resultados que se esperan y llevar una idea hasta las últimas consecuencias en fines de un buen rendimiento (Sullivan et al., 2004, p.3). 공학경제(Engineering economics)로 알려진 경제성공학은 공학적 과제에 대한 적용을 위한 경제학의 한 부분이다. 공학자들은 문제들에 대한 해결책들을 찾고, 각각의 잠재적 해결책의 경제적 실행가능성은 보통 기술적 측면에 따라 고려된다. 제한된 목적을 성취하는 것에 대한 대안이 이용가능할 때 근본적으로 경제성공학은 공식화, 추정, 경제적 결과를 평가하는 것을 포함한다.
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dbo:abstract: Ekonomika teknik adalah penentuan faktor-faktor dan yang digunakan ketika satu atau lebih alternatif dipertimbangkan untuk dipilih dalam menyelesaikan suatu masalah di bidang teknik. Bisa juga dikatakan bahwa ekonomika teknik adalah sekumpulan yang menyederhanakan perbandingan ekonomi dalam suatu kasus di bidang teknik. Ilmu ekonomi tidak pernah lepas dari ilmu teknik, terutama dalam perancangan dan penerapannya di masyarakat. Dalam hal tersebut, selalu ada beberapa alternatif dalam pelaksanaannya yang masing-masing alternatif memiliki keuntungan dan kerugian yang berbeda-beda jenis dan jumlahnya. Namun penyelesaian masalah tersebut selalu memiliki kriteria ekonomi, dan kriteria tersebut digunakan untuk memilih satu dari banyak alternatif yang tersedia tersebut. Misal, dalam penerapan mekanisasi di suatu lahan perkebunan tebu, ada banyak alternatif yang tersedia. Apakah penerapan mekanisasinya secara menyeluruh atau hanya sebagian saja (misalnya hanya pada bagian permesinan, irigasi, atau saja), dan dana yang tersedia terbatas. Dan mekanisasi yang diterapkan itu harus memberikan tambahan profit yang sebesar-besarnya bagi perkebunan tersebut. Jika perkebunan menetapkan untuk memilih mekanisasi permesinannya saja karena dianggap dapat meningkatkan efisiensi kerja lebih besar, maka muncul alternatif lagi, apakah perkebunan akan menerapkan permesinan di fasilitas pengolahan batang tebu, pengolahan lahan, atau pemanenan. Bahkan jika sudah ditetapkan demikian, perkebunan masih harus memilih tipe mesin apa yang akan dibeli karena menyangkut daya tahan, kinerja mesin, dan kesesuaian dengan perkebunan tersebut. Semua itu harus diperhitungkan secara ekonomi dan matematis dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan hasil dan keuntungan yang sebesar-besarnya, atau kerugian yang sekecil-kecilnya. Tahapan analisis ekonomika teknik: * Definisikan masalah dan tujuannya * Mengumpulkan informasi yang relevan terkait kasus yang sedang dipelajari * Memunculkan alternatif-alternatif * Evaluasi masing-masing alternatif * Penentuan alternatif terbaik dengan beberapa kriteria * Menerapkan hasilnya dan memantau kerjanya Dalam mengevaluasi beberapa alternatif yang tersedia, ekonomika teknik biasanya mempertimbangkan , estimasi pendapatan dan biaya, strategi keuangan, inflasi, depresiasi, ketidakpastian, pajak, undang-undang kebijakan, periode perencanaan, tingkat , perhitungan nilai dan harga, hingga rate of return. Rate of return adalah seberapa besar tingkat pengembalian biaya setelah alternatif dilaksanakan. Dalam kurikulum ilmu teknik di berbagai negara, ekonomika teknik sering diikutsertakan dalam beberapa SKS. 工程經濟（Engineering Economics）是經濟學的一個分支學門，是在決定投資方案中擇一時，用以決定的經濟方法。通常包含以下主題： * 金錢的時間價值 * 投資方案的評估 * 損益平衡分析 * 折舊的影響 * 稅金的影響 * 通貨膨脹的影響 공학경제(Engineering economics)로 알려진 경제성공학은 공학적 과제에 대한 적용을 위한 경제학의 한 부분이다. 공학자들은 문제들에 대한 해결책들을 찾고, 각각의 잠재적 해결책의 경제적 실행가능성은 보통 기술적 측면에 따라 고려된다. 제한된 목적을 성취하는 것에 대한 대안이 이용가능할 때 근본적으로 경제성공학은 공식화, 추정, 경제적 결과를 평가하는 것을 포함한다. Engenharia económica (português europeu) ou engenharia econômica (português brasileiro) é a tradução de engineering economy. Economia da engenharia é uma tradução alternativa de engineering economy, no Brasil. De acordo com o (IIE), a engenharia económica é definida como a aplicação da análise e síntese económica ou matemática às decisões de engenharia ou um corpo de conhecimentos e técnicas envolvidas na avaliação do valor de mercadorias e serviços relativamente ao custo e nos métodos de estimar os dados. Entre os livros pioneiros de engenharia económica são de referir: The Economic Theory of Railway Location de A. M. Wellington (1877) e Principles of Engineering Economy de Eugene L. Grant (1930) que, no prefácio, se refere a um corpo de princípios que governam os aspectos económicos das decisões de engenharia, tal como acontece com as características físicas.». O grande desenvolvimento da engenharia económica ocorreu na segunda metade do século XX. é a única revista científica dedicada à disciplina de engenharia económica. Nos problemas de engenharia económica considera-se que todos os pagamentos ou séries de pagamentos futuros que reembolsem uma quantia presente com juros são equivalentes entre si, podendo esses valores ser calculados por fórmulas adequadas, que se podem representar por factores. É, assim, possível comparar alternativas de investimento com diferentes séries prospectivas de receitas e despesas utilizando os métodos do , valor presente, taxa de rendimento e/ou . Estes métodos, quando utilizados correctamente, permitem chegar a conclusões idênticas. اقتصاديات الهندسة،(و قديما كانت تعرف بالاقتصاد الهندسي):هي فرع علم الاقتصاد الذي يُطبّق علي المشاريع الهندسية. وفيه يحاول المهندسون إيجاد حلول للمشاكل الهندسية مع الأخذ في الاعتبار كلا من الجدوى الاقتصادية لكل حل محتمل وكذلك الجوانب التقنية. La ingeniería económica conlleva la valoración sistemática de los resultados económicos de las soluciones sugeridas a cuestiones de ingeniería. Para que puedan aprobarse en lo económico, las resoluciones de los problemas deben impulsar un balance positivo del rendimiento a largo plazo, en relación con los costos a largo plazo y también deben promover el bienestar y la conservación de una organización, construir un cuerpo de técnicas e ideas creativas y renovadoras, permitir la fidelidad y la comprobación de los resultados que se esperan y llevar una idea hasta las últimas consecuencias en fines de un buen rendimiento (Sullivan et al., 2004, p.3). Mientras tanto, la ingeniería económica es la rama que calcula las unidades monetarias, las determinaciones que los ingenieros toman y aconsejan a su labor para lograr que una empresa sea altamente rentable y competitiva en el mercado económico. “La misión de la ingeniería económica consiste en balancear dichas negociaciones de la forma más económica” (Sullivan et al., 2004, p.3). Principalmente la ingeniería económica propone formular, estimar y calcular los productos económicos cuando existen opciones disponibles para proceder con un propósito definido. En resumen, es un grupo de métodos matemáticos que facilitan las comparaciones económicas (Blank y Tarquin, 2006, p.6). 経済工学（けいざいこうがく）とは、学問の一つであり、現代社会が直面している経済的な事柄に関する諸問題を数理的・計量的な分析を試みることによって解決・改善するという形で社会に貢献することを目的としている。 For the application of engineering economics in the practice of civil engineering see Engineering economics (Civil Engineering). Engineering economics, previously known as engineering economy, is a subset of economics concerned with the use and "...application of economic principles" in the analysis of engineering decisions. As a discipline, it is focused on the branch of economics known as microeconomics in that it studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources. Thus, it focuses on the decision making process, its context and environment. It is pragmatic by nature, integrating economic theory with engineering practice. But, it is also a simplified application of microeconomic theory in that it assumes elements such as price determination, competition and demand/supply to be fixed inputs from other sources. As a discipline though, it is closely related to others such as statistics, mathematics and cost accounting. It draws upon the logical framework of economics but adds to that the analytical power of mathematics and statistics. Engineers seek solutions to problems, and along with the technical aspects, the economic viability of each potential solution is normally considered from a specific viewpoint that reflects its economic utility to a constituency. Fundamentally, engineering economics involves formulating, estimating, and evaluating the economic outcomes when alternatives to accomplish a defined purpose are available. In some U.S. undergraduate civil engineering curricula, engineering economics is a required course. It is a topic on the Fundamentals of Engineering examination, and questions might also be asked on the Principles and Practice of Engineering examination; both are part of the Professional Engineering registration process. Considering the time value of money is central to most engineering economic analyses. Cash flows are discounted using an interest rate, except in the most basic economic studies. For each problem, there are usually many possible alternatives. One option that must be considered in each analysis, and is often the choice, is the do nothing alternative. The opportunity cost of making one choice over another must also be considered. There are also non-economic factors to be considered, like color, style, public image, etc.; such factors are termed attributes. Costs as well as revenues are considered, for each alternative, for an analysis period that is either a fixed number of years or the estimated life of the project. The salvage value is often forgotten, but is important, and is either the net cost or revenue for decommissioning the project. Some other topics that may be addressed in engineering economics are inflation, uncertainty, replacements, depreciation, resource depletion, taxes, tax credits, accounting, cost estimations, or capital financing. All these topics are primary skills and knowledge areas in the field of cost engineering. Since engineering is an important part of the manufacturing sector of the economy, engineering industrial economics is an important part of industrial or business economics. Major topics in engineering industrial economics are: * The economics of the management, operation, and growth and profitability of engineering firms; * Macro-level engineering economic trends and issues; * Engineering product markets and demand influences; and * The development, marketing, and financing of new engineering technologies and products. * Benefit–cost ratio
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