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ニューヨーク市の建築 뉴욕의 건축 Arquitectura de Nova York Architecture of New York City Architetture di New York Architecture à New York Arquitectura de Nueva York
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Nelle architetture di New York la tipologia dell'edificio più strettamente associata è il grattacielo, che ha trasformato molti distretti commerciali e residenziali da edifici bassi a grattacieli. Circondata principalmente dall'acqua, la città ha accumulato una delle più grandi e variegate collezioni di grattacieli del mondo. 뉴욕의 건축의 두드러진 특징은 초고층 빌딩이 많다는 것이다. 초고층 빌딩의 출현과 확산에 의해 뉴욕은 유럽적인 저층 건축에서 건물들이 들어선 비즈니스 도시로 변모했다. 2008년 8월 기준으로 뉴욕에는 고층 빌딩이 5538채가 있다. 200m 이상의 고층 빌딩은 50채가 있다. 이 수는 미국 내에서 1위이며, 세계에서 홍콩에 이어 2위이다. 뉴욕에는 다양한 양식으로 지어진 건물이 많다. 1913년에 지어진 울워스 빌딩은 초기 고딕 리바이벌 건축의 고층 빌딩이며, 큼직하게 디자인된 고딕 양식의 장식은 200m 가까이 아래 거리에서도 볼 수 있다. 1930년 지어진 크라이슬러 빌딩은 아르데코풍의 디자인으로 상단면이 위로 향해 가늘어지고 있으며, 스틸 첨탑이 서 있다. 61층 모서리에 있는 독수리 머리 모형과, 첨탑 아래의 V자형 조명 등의 화려한 장식은 크라이슬러 빌딩은 많은 역사가와 건축가들은 뉴욕에서 가장 뛰어난 건축물로 평가하고 있다. 미국의 인터내셔널 스타일 건축의 예로서 큰 영향을 준 것이 1957년 완공된 시그램 빌딩이며, 전면에는 건물의 구조를 나타내는 청동 재료의 I 빔이 외부에서 보이게 되어있다. 2000년 완공된 콘데 내스트 빌딩은 녹색 디자인으로 지어진 건물의 중요한 예이다. Cet article traite de divers aspects de l'architecture de New York. Connue pour ses gratte-ciel de Manhattan, la ville de New York recèle bien d'autres formes d'architecture qui constituent un résumé de l'histoire de l'architecture américaine et de l'architecture contemporaine. La forma de construcción más estrechamente asociada con Nueva York es el rascacielos, que ha cambiado muchos distritos comerciales y residenciales de edificios bajos a edificios altos. Rodeada por los ríos Hudson y Este, la ciudad ha acumulado una de las colecciones de rascacielos más grandes y variadas del mundo.​ The building form most closely associated with New York City is the skyscraper, which has shifted many commercial and residential districts from low-rise to high-rise. Surrounded mostly by water, the city has amassed one of the largest and most varied collection of skyscrapers in the world. L'arquitectura de Nova York presenta un resum de la història de l' i de l' més enllà dels coneguts gratacels de Manhattan. ニューヨーク市の建築（ニューヨークしのけんちく）ではアメリカ合衆国ニューヨーク州ニューヨーク市における建築物について解説する。
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Nelle architetture di New York la tipologia dell'edificio più strettamente associata è il grattacielo, che ha trasformato molti distretti commerciali e residenziali da edifici bassi a grattacieli. Circondata principalmente dall'acqua, la città ha accumulato una delle più grandi e variegate collezioni di grattacieli del mondo. New York ha edifici architettonicamente significativi in un'ampia gamma di stili che abbracciano periodi storici e culturali distinti. Questi includono il Woolworth Building (1913), un grattacielo del primo revival gotico con dettagli architettonici gotici su larga scala. La risoluzione sulla zonizzazione del 1916 richiedeva una battuta d'arresto ai nuovi edifici e limitava le torri a una percentuale della superficie del lotto, per consentire alla luce solare di raggiungere le strade sottostanti. I design Art déco del Chrysler Building (1930) e dell'Empire State Building (1931), con i loro piani affusolati e le guglie in acciaio, riflettevano i requisiti di zonizzazione. Il Chrysler Building è considerato da molti storici e architetti uno dei più belli di New York, con i suoi ornamenti distintivi come gli inserti luminosi a forma di V sormontati da una guglia d'acciaio sulla sommità della torre. I primi esempi influenti dell'International Style negli Stati Uniti sono l'edificio al 330 West 42nd Street (1931) e il Seagram Building (1958). Il Condé Nast Building (2000) è un importante esempio di green design nei grattacieli statunitensi. Il carattere dei grandi quartieri residenziali di New York è spesso definito dalle eleganti case a schiera in arenaria e appartamenti che furono costruiti durante un periodo di rapida espansione dal 1870 al 1930. Al contrario, New York ha anche quartieri meno densamente popolati e caratterizzati da abitazioni indipendenti. Nei distretti esterni sono comuni grandi case unifamiliari in vari stili architettonici come revival Tudor e architettura vittoriana. Le case bifamiliari sono ampiamente disponibili anche nei distretti esterni, ad esempio nell'area di Flushing. Pietra e mattoni divennero i materiali da costruzione preferiti dalla città dopo che la costruzione di case con struttura in legno fu limitata all'indomani del Grande Incendio del 1835. A differenza di Parigi, che per secoli venne costruita sul proprio substrato roccioso calcareo, New York ha sempre ricavato la sua pietra da costruzione da una vasta rete di cave e i suoi edifici in pietra hanno una varietà di trame e sfumature. Una caratteristica distintiva di molti edifici della città è la presenza di torri d'acqua sormontate da un tetto in legno. Nel XIX secolo, la città ne richiedeva l'installazione su edifici più alti di sei piani per evitare la necessità di pressioni dell'acqua eccessivamente elevate a quote inferiori, che potevano far scoppiare le tubazioni idriche municipali. Gli appartamenti con giardino divennero popolari negli anni 1920 nelle zone periferiche, tra cui Jackson Heights nel Queens, che divenne più accessibile con l'espansione della metropolitana. L'arquitectura de Nova York presenta un resum de la història de l' i de l' més enllà dels coneguts gratacels de Manhattan. ニューヨーク市の建築（ニューヨークしのけんちく）ではアメリカ合衆国ニューヨーク州ニューヨーク市における建築物について解説する。 뉴욕의 건축의 두드러진 특징은 초고층 빌딩이 많다는 것이다. 초고층 빌딩의 출현과 확산에 의해 뉴욕은 유럽적인 저층 건축에서 건물들이 들어선 비즈니스 도시로 변모했다. 2008년 8월 기준으로 뉴욕에는 고층 빌딩이 5538채가 있다. 200m 이상의 고층 빌딩은 50채가 있다. 이 수는 미국 내에서 1위이며, 세계에서 홍콩에 이어 2위이다. 뉴욕에는 다양한 양식으로 지어진 건물이 많다. 1913년에 지어진 울워스 빌딩은 초기 고딕 리바이벌 건축의 고층 빌딩이며, 큼직하게 디자인된 고딕 양식의 장식은 200m 가까이 아래 거리에서도 볼 수 있다. 1930년 지어진 크라이슬러 빌딩은 아르데코풍의 디자인으로 상단면이 위로 향해 가늘어지고 있으며, 스틸 첨탑이 서 있다. 61층 모서리에 있는 독수리 머리 모형과, 첨탑 아래의 V자형 조명 등의 화려한 장식은 크라이슬러 빌딩은 많은 역사가와 건축가들은 뉴욕에서 가장 뛰어난 건축물로 평가하고 있다. 미국의 인터내셔널 스타일 건축의 예로서 큰 영향을 준 것이 1957년 완공된 시그램 빌딩이며, 전면에는 건물의 구조를 나타내는 청동 재료의 I 빔이 외부에서 보이게 되어있다. 2000년 완공된 콘데 내스트 빌딩은 녹색 디자인으로 지어진 건물의 중요한 예이다. 뉴욕의 대규모 주거 지역은 갈색 사암으로된 테라스 하우스, 타운하우스, 그리고 1870년부터 1930년까지의 급속한 개발기에 지어진 허름한 주택 단지로 경계가 나누어지는 경우가 많다. 1835년 뉴욕 대화재 후, 목조 건축의 건설이 제한되었으며, 돌과 벽돌을 주로 건축 자재로하여 집을 지었다. 몇 세기에 걸쳐 마을의 석회암 지반에서 건축 자재를 얻었던 파리와 달리, 뉴욕은 넓은 채석장에서 건축 자재를 얻어 석조 건물을 지었으며, 그 석조 건물을 구성하는 돌의 종류는 다양하다. 1800년대의 뉴욕은 6층보다 높은 건물은 급수탑을 설치하지 않으면, 낮은 층에서 지나치게 높은 수압을 걸어야하고, 그렇게 되면 수도관 파열의 위험이 있었다. 1920년대에는 중심부에서 떨어진 지역에서 전원 도시가 성행했으며, 퀸스 지역의 잭슨 하이츠는 전원 도시 중 하나이다. Cet article traite de divers aspects de l'architecture de New York. Connue pour ses gratte-ciel de Manhattan, la ville de New York recèle bien d'autres formes d'architecture qui constituent un résumé de l'histoire de l'architecture américaine et de l'architecture contemporaine. La forma de construcción más estrechamente asociada con Nueva York es el rascacielos, que ha cambiado muchos distritos comerciales y residenciales de edificios bajos a edificios altos. Rodeada por los ríos Hudson y Este, la ciudad ha acumulado una de las colecciones de rascacielos más grandes y variadas del mundo.​ Nueva York tiene edificios de gran importancia arquitectónica en una amplia gama de estilos que abarcan distintos períodos históricos y culturales. Estos incluyen el Woolworth Building (1913), un rascacielos de estilo neogótico temprano con detalles arquitectónicos góticos a gran escala. La Ley de Zonificación de 1916 requirió retranqueos en los edificios nuevos, y restringió las torres a un porcentaje del tamaño del lote, para permitir que la luz del sol llegara a las calles de abajo.​ El diseño art déco del Chrysler Building (1930) y del Empire State Building (1931), con sus remates cónicos y sus agujas de acero, respondían a los requisitos de zonificación. El Chrysler es considerado por muchos historiadores y arquitectos como uno de los mejores de Nueva York, con su ornamentación distintiva, como inserciones de iluminación en forma de V coronadas por una aguja de acero en la corona de la torre.​ Un ejemplo influyente temprano del estilo internacional en los Estados Unidos es el Seagram Building (1958), distintivo por su fachada que usa vigas en I visibles en tonos bronce para evocar la estructura del edificio. El 4 Times Square es un ejemplo importante de diseño sostenible en los rascacielos estadounidenses.​ El carácter de los grandes distritos residenciales de Nueva York a menudo se define por las elegantes casas en hilera, casas adosadas y viviendas de piedra rojiza que se construyeron durante un período de rápida expansión desde 1870 hasta 1930.​ En contraste, Nueva York también tiene vecindarios que están menos densamente poblados y cuentan con viviendas independientes. En los distritos exteriores, las grandes casas unifamiliares son comunes en varios estilos arquitectónicos, como neotudor y victoriano.​​​ Las casas divididas para dos familias también están ampliamente disponibles en los distritos exteriores, por ejemplo, en el área de Flushing. La piedra y el ladrillo se convirtieron en los materiales de construcción preferidos de la ciudad después de que la construcción de casas con estructura de madera se limitara a raíz del Gran incendio de 1835.​​ A diferencia de París, que durante siglos se construyó a partir de su propio lecho de piedra caliza, Nueva York siempre ha extraído su piedra de construcción de una extensa red de canteras y sus edificios de piedra tienen una variedad de texturas y matices.​ Una característica distintiva de muchos de los edificios de la ciudad es la presencia de torres de agua montadas en techos de madera. En el siglo XIX, la ciudad requirió su instalación en edificios de más de seis pisos para evitar la necesidad de presiones de agua excesivamente altas en elevaciones más bajas, que podrían reventar las tuberías de agua municipales.​ Los apartamentos con jardín se hicieron populares durante la década de 1920 en áreas periféricas, incluido Jackson Heights en Queens, que se hizo más accesible con la expansión del metro. ​ The building form most closely associated with New York City is the skyscraper, which has shifted many commercial and residential districts from low-rise to high-rise. Surrounded mostly by water, the city has amassed one of the largest and most varied collection of skyscrapers in the world. New York has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early Gothic revival skyscraper with large-scale gothic architectural detail. The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setback in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco design of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The Chrysler Building is considered by many historians and architects to be one of New York's finest, with its distinctive ornamentation such as V-shaped lighting inserts capped by a steel spire at the tower's crown. Early influential examples of the International Style in the United States are 330 West 42nd Street (1931) and the Seagram Building (1958). The Condé Nast Building (2000) is an important example of green design in American skyscrapers. The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In the outer boroughs, large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Split two-family homes are also widely available across the outer boroughs, for example in the Flushing area. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. Unlike Paris, which for centuries was built from its own limestone bedrock, New York has always drawn its building stone from a far-flung network of quarries and its stone buildings have a variety of textures and hues. A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the presence of wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 19th century, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could burst municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, including Jackson Heights in Queens, which became more accessible with expansion of the subway.
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