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rdfs:label: Héritage multiple Множинне успадкування Vícenásobná dědičnost Herencia múltiple Множественное наследование Mehrfachvererbung 多重继承 다중 상속 وراثة متعددة Herança múltipla Multiple inheritance Ereditarietà multipla
rdfs:comment: En informatique, l’héritage multiple est un mécanisme de programmation orientée objet dans lequel une classe peut hériter de comportements et de fonctionnalités de plus d'une super-classe. Il s'oppose à l'héritage simple, dans lequel une classe ne peut hériter que d'une seule super-classe. Il est supporté par certains langages de programmation, par exemple C++, Eiffel ou Python. Pouvant poser des problèmes, d’autres langages comme Ada, C#, Fortran, Java, Objective-C, Ruby, Swift ou Visual Basic ont préféré ne pas le proposer directement. Herança múltipla, em orientação a objetos, é o conceito de herança de duas ou mais classes. Ela é implementada nas linguagens de programação C++ e em Python, por exemplo. A linguagem Java possui apenas herança simples (uma classe possui no máximo uma classe pai), mas permite que uma classe implemente várias interfaces. O uso indiscriminado desta característica pode levar a uma codificação confusa que dificultaria a manutenção do código. Porém, uma interface pode sim ter mais de uma interface pai. Ex: interface X {} interface Y {} interface Z extends X, Y {} 다중상속(Multiple inheritance)이란 객체 지향 프로그래밍의 특징 중 하나이며, 어떤 클래스가 하나 이상의 상위 클래스로부터 여러 가지 행동이나 특징을 상속받을 수 있는 것을 말한다.다중 상속을 지원하는 언어는 다음과 같다: C++, (CLOS을 거쳐) Common Lisp, (The EuLisp Object System TELOS을 거쳐) EuLisp, Curl, Dylan, Eiffel, Logtalk, Object REXX, (mixin classes을 사용해서) 스칼라, Objective Caml, 펄, Perl 6, 파이썬, 그리고 Tcl (via ).비록 프로토콜 또는 "인터페이스"를 통해서 진정한 다중 상속의 몇 가지 기능을 제공하기는 하지만. 자바, 루비, 그리고 오브젝티브-C는 단일 상속만 구현했다. Herencia múltiple hace referencia a la característica de los lenguajes de programación orientada a objetos en la que una clase puede heredar comportamientos y características de más de una superclase. Esto contrasta con la herencia simple, donde una clase solo puede heredar de una superclase. Algunos lenguajes que soportan herencia múltiple en su mayor parte son: C++, Centura SQL Windows, CLOS, Eiffel, Object REXX, Perl y Python. Множи́нна спадко́вість — властивість деяких обʼєктно-орієнтованих мов програмування, в яких класи можуть успадкувати поведінку і властивості більш ніж від одного суперкласу (безпосереднього батьківського класу). Це відрізняється від простого спадкування, у випадку якого клас може мати тільки один суперклас. Мови програмування з підтримкою множинного спадкування: Eiffel, C++, Dylan, Python, Perl, Curl, Common Lisp (завдяки CLOS), OCaml, Tcl (завдяки ) та (завдяки використанню класів домішок). 物件導向程式設計中的多重繼承（英語：multiple inheritance，缩写：MI）指的是一個類別可以同時從多於一個父類繼承行為與特徵的功能。與單一繼承相對，單一繼承指一個類別只可以繼承自一個父類。 Vícenásobná dědičnost (někdy také označována jako mnohonásobná dědičnost) patří do funkcionality některých objektově orientovaných programovacích jazyků, kde třídy mohou dědit atributy a metody z více než jednoho předka. To představuje rozdíl od jednonásobné dědičnosti, kde třídy mohou mít pouze jednoho předka.Mnohonásobná dědičnost umožňuje třídě dědit datové atributy a implementaci z více rodičovských tříd. To však současně přináší určité negativní jevy. Nejznámějším příkladem takového problému je diamantový problém popsaný níže. Мно́жественное насле́дование — свойство, поддерживаемое частью объектно-ориентированных языков программирования, когда класс может иметь более одного суперкласса (непосредственного класса-родителя), интерфейсы поддерживают множественное наследование во многих языках программирования. Эта концепция является расширением «простого (или одиночного) наследования» (англ. single inheritance), при котором класс может наследоваться только от одного суперкласса. Bei der Objektorientierten Programmierung handelt es sich um Mehrfachvererbung, wenn eine abgeleitete Klasse direkt von mehr als einer Basisklasse erbt. Ein sequentielles, mehrstufiges Erben wird dagegen nicht als Mehrfachvererbung bezeichnet. Ein Anwendungsbeispiel hierfür ist die Modellierung eines Amphibienfahrzeugs, das sowohl die Attribute von Landfahrzeug als auch die von Wasserfahrzeug erbt. Damit besitzt Amphibienfahrzeug sowohl eine Räderzahl als auch einen Tiefgang. Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class. وراثة متعددة (بالإنجليزية: Multiple inheritance)‏ هو سمة من سمات بعض لغات البرمجة كائنية التوجه التي هي عبارة عن وراثة الكائن أو الصنف لخصائص وسمات من كائن أو أكثر من الكائنات الأصل أو الأصناف الأصل. وهي تختلف عن الوراثة الفردية، حيث قد يرث كائن أو صنف فقط من كائن أو صنف معين. Alcuni linguaggi di programmazione permettono di utilizzare l'ereditarietà multipla, in cui una classe può ereditare funzionalità e caratteristiche da più di una . Questa tecnica si contrappone all'ereditarietà singola, in cui una classe può ereditare da una, e solo una, classe base. Per esempio: supponiamo di aver creato una classe: Mammifero dotata di funzionalità come mangiare, respirare, riprodursi, ecc.. Possiamo definire un'altra classe: Topo Personaggi di Ratatouille oppure Vettori di malattie mortali
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dbo:abstract: 物件導向程式設計中的多重繼承（英語：multiple inheritance，缩写：MI）指的是一個類別可以同時從多於一個父類繼承行為與特徵的功能。與單一繼承相對，單一繼承指一個類別只可以繼承自一個父類。 Мно́жественное насле́дование — свойство, поддерживаемое частью объектно-ориентированных языков программирования, когда класс может иметь более одного суперкласса (непосредственного класса-родителя), интерфейсы поддерживают множественное наследование во многих языках программирования. Эта концепция является расширением «простого (или одиночного) наследования» (англ. single inheritance), при котором класс может наследоваться только от одного суперкласса. В список языков, поддерживающих множественное наследование, входят: Io, Eiffel, C++, Dylan, Python, некоторые реализации классов JavaScript (например, dojo.declare), Perl 6, Curl, Common Lisp (благодаря CLOS), OCaml, Tcl (благодаря Incremental Tcl), а также Object REXX (за счёт использования классов-примесей). Bei der Objektorientierten Programmierung handelt es sich um Mehrfachvererbung, wenn eine abgeleitete Klasse direkt von mehr als einer Basisklasse erbt. Ein sequentielles, mehrstufiges Erben wird dagegen nicht als Mehrfachvererbung bezeichnet. Ein Anwendungsbeispiel hierfür ist die Modellierung eines Amphibienfahrzeugs, das sowohl die Attribute von Landfahrzeug als auch die von Wasserfahrzeug erbt. Damit besitzt Amphibienfahrzeug sowohl eine Räderzahl als auch einen Tiefgang. Nur wenige Programmiersprachen bieten die Möglichkeit der Mehrfach-Klassenvererbung, zum Beispiel C++, CLOS, Eiffel, Perl und Python. Als Einwand gegen Mehrfach-Klassenvererbung wird häufig genannt, dass sie das Design unnötig kompliziert und undurchsichtig machen kann. So kann es dadurch zu Mehrdeutigkeiten im Rahmen des Diamond-Problems kommen. Bei einigen Programmiersprachen, wie zum Beispiel Oberon und dessen Weiterentwicklungen, wurde daher bewusst auf die Möglichkeit der mehrfachen Implementationsvererbung verzichtet, was durch die Verwendung von Zwillingsklassen kompensiert werden kann. Hingegen ist Mehrfach-Schnittstellenvererbung unproblematisch. In Java, Object Pascal (Delphi), C# und VB.NET kann eine Klasse beliebig viele Schnittstellen erben. Damit verpflichtet sich diese Klasse, die Methoden der Schnittstelle zur Verfügung zu stellen, und stellt damit auch etwas Ähnliches wie die Ist-ein-Beziehung, die Verhält-sich-wie-Beziehung, her. Mit einfacher Klassenvererbung und mehrfacher Schnittstellenvererbung sind die meisten Anforderungen an ein Software-Design realisierbar, ohne die Nachteile der uneingeschränkten Mehrfachvererbung in Kauf nehmen zu müssen. Wegen der Probleme, die bei Mehrfachvererbung auftreten können, unterstützen einige objektorientierte Programmiersprachen keine Mehrfachvererbung. Teilweise werden Alternativkonzepte angeboten, wie zum Beispiel die Konstruktion von Zwillingsklassen. Die Programmiersprache Eiffel bietet Konstrukte zur transparenten Auflösung der bei Mehrfachvererbung auftretenden Namenskonflikte. Smalltalk und Oberon verbieten Mehrfachvererbung. Java, die .NET-Sprachen oder auch Object Pascal lassen keine Mehrfachvererbung zu, bieten jedoch einen speziellen Typ der abstrakten Klasse an, das Interface, von dem mehrfach geerbt werden kann. Im Unterschied zur Vererbung von Klassen wird hier nur die Deklaration vererbt, nicht die Implementierung der Funktionen und vor allem keine Membervariablen. Ab Java 8 kann ein Interface auch Methoden beinhalten, jedoch können diese keine Membervariablen verwenden. C++ bietet das Konzept der virtuellen Basisklasse, wodurch eine Replikation der Member der Basisklasse in der abgeleiteten Klasse vermieden wird. PHP benutzt unter dem Begriff „horizontal reuse“ (Horizontale Wiederverwendung) ab der Version 5.4 sogenannte Traits, welche lose Klassenfragmente sind und in andere Klassen eingebunden werden können. Herencia múltiple hace referencia a la característica de los lenguajes de programación orientada a objetos en la que una clase puede heredar comportamientos y características de más de una superclase. Esto contrasta con la herencia simple, donde una clase solo puede heredar de una superclase. Algunos lenguajes que soportan herencia múltiple en su mayor parte son: C++, Centura SQL Windows, CLOS, Eiffel, Object REXX, Perl y Python. La herencia múltiple permite a una clase tomar funcionalidades de otras clases, como permitir a una clase llamada MusicoEstudiante heredar de una clase llamada Persona, una clase llamada Músico, y una clase llamada Trabajador. Esto puede ser abreviado como MusicoEstudiante : Persona, Músico, Trabajador. En informatique, l’héritage multiple est un mécanisme de programmation orientée objet dans lequel une classe peut hériter de comportements et de fonctionnalités de plus d'une super-classe. Il s'oppose à l'héritage simple, dans lequel une classe ne peut hériter que d'une seule super-classe. Il est supporté par certains langages de programmation, par exemple C++, Eiffel ou Python. Pouvant poser des problèmes, d’autres langages comme Ada, C#, Fortran, Java, Objective-C, Ruby, Swift ou Visual Basic ont préféré ne pas le proposer directement. 다중상속(Multiple inheritance)이란 객체 지향 프로그래밍의 특징 중 하나이며, 어떤 클래스가 하나 이상의 상위 클래스로부터 여러 가지 행동이나 특징을 상속받을 수 있는 것을 말한다.다중 상속을 지원하는 언어는 다음과 같다: C++, (CLOS을 거쳐) Common Lisp, (The EuLisp Object System TELOS을 거쳐) EuLisp, Curl, Dylan, Eiffel, Logtalk, Object REXX, (mixin classes을 사용해서) 스칼라, Objective Caml, 펄, Perl 6, 파이썬, 그리고 Tcl (via ).비록 프로토콜 또는 "인터페이스"를 통해서 진정한 다중 상속의 몇 가지 기능을 제공하기는 하지만. 자바, 루비, 그리고 오브젝티브-C는 단일 상속만 구현했다. Множи́нна спадко́вість — властивість деяких обʼєктно-орієнтованих мов програмування, в яких класи можуть успадкувати поведінку і властивості більш ніж від одного суперкласу (безпосереднього батьківського класу). Це відрізняється від простого спадкування, у випадку якого клас може мати тільки один суперклас. Мови програмування з підтримкою множинного спадкування: Eiffel, C++, Dylan, Python, Perl, Curl, Common Lisp (завдяки CLOS), OCaml, Tcl (завдяки ) та (завдяки використанню класів домішок). Herança múltipla, em orientação a objetos, é o conceito de herança de duas ou mais classes. Ela é implementada nas linguagens de programação C++ e em Python, por exemplo. A linguagem Java possui apenas herança simples (uma classe possui no máximo uma classe pai), mas permite que uma classe implemente várias interfaces. O uso indiscriminado desta característica pode levar a uma codificação confusa que dificultaria a manutenção do código. Porém, uma interface pode sim ter mais de uma interface pai. Ex: interface X {} interface Y {} interface Z extends X, Y {} Alcuni linguaggi di programmazione permettono di utilizzare l'ereditarietà multipla, in cui una classe può ereditare funzionalità e caratteristiche da più di una . Questa tecnica si contrappone all'ereditarietà singola, in cui una classe può ereditare da una, e solo una, classe base. Nella programmazione orientata agli oggetti, l'ereditarietà descrive una relazione gerarchica fra due classi, nella quale una (quella che eredita) è chiamata "classe derivata" (o "classe figlia", o "sottotipo"), e l'altra (quella da cui si eredita) è chiamata "classe genitrice" (o "classe base", o "superclasse"). Le funzionalità ereditate dalla "figlia" permettono agli oggetti istanziati su di essa di condividere le funzionalità della "genitrice", cioè della classe base. Per esempio: supponiamo di aver creato una classe: Mammifero dotata di funzionalità come mangiare, respirare, riprodursi, ecc.. Possiamo definire un'altra classe: Topo che eredita tutte le funzionalità di Mammifero senza doverle ridefinire, in quanto, essendo il topo un mammifero, ne condivide tutte le caratteristiche. A queste funzionalità la nuova classe ne aggiunge altre, possedute dai "topi" e non comuni a tutti i mammiferi, come, ad esempio raccogliere spazzatura. Oltre che avere le caratteristiche comuni a tutti i mammiferi, tuttavia, i topi condividono altre caratteristiche e funzionalità con altre "classi" di oggetti, come, ad esempio: Personaggi di Ratatouille oppure Vettori di malattie mortali Quindi è molto comodo, per la classe Topo, poter ereditare anche le caratteristiche e le funzionalità di queste classi, senza doverle ridefinire. وراثة متعددة (بالإنجليزية: Multiple inheritance)‏ هو سمة من سمات بعض لغات البرمجة كائنية التوجه التي هي عبارة عن وراثة الكائن أو الصنف لخصائص وسمات من كائن أو أكثر من الكائنات الأصل أو الأصناف الأصل. وهي تختلف عن الوراثة الفردية، حيث قد يرث كائن أو صنف فقط من كائن أو صنف معين. لقد كان الميراث المتعدد مسألة حساسة لسنوات عديدة، حيث أشار المعارضون إلى زيادة تعقيدها وغموضها في حالات مثل «مشكلة الألماس» diamond problem، حيث قد تكون غامضة حول من أي صنف من الأصناف الأصل تورث الميزة معينة ما إذا كان هناك أكثر من صنف من الأصناف الأصل تنفذ الميزة المذكورة. يمكن معالجة ذلك بطرق مختلفة، بما في ذلك استخدام الوراثة الافتراضية. كما تم اقتراح طرق بديلة لتكوين الكائن لا تعتمد على الميراث مثل الخلطات والسمات لمعالجة الغموض. Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class. Multiple inheritance has been a controversial issue for many years, with opponents pointing to its increased complexity and ambiguity in situations such as the "diamond problem", where it may be ambiguous as to which parent class a particular feature is inherited from if more than one parent class implements said feature. This can be addressed in various ways, including using virtual inheritance. Alternate methods of object composition not based on inheritance such as mixins and traits have also been proposed to address the ambiguity. Vícenásobná dědičnost (někdy také označována jako mnohonásobná dědičnost) patří do funkcionality některých objektově orientovaných programovacích jazyků, kde třídy mohou dědit atributy a metody z více než jednoho předka. To představuje rozdíl od jednonásobné dědičnosti, kde třídy mohou mít pouze jednoho předka.Mnohonásobná dědičnost umožňuje třídě dědit datové atributy a implementaci z více rodičovských tříd. To však současně přináší určité negativní jevy. Nejznámějším příkladem takového problému je diamantový problém popsaný níže.
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