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History of coal mining Histoire de l'extraction du charbon تاريخ استخراج الفحم الحجري
rdfs:comment
Le charbon (ou la houille) est exploité depuis des siècles, et utilisé comme combustible et source d'énergie. C'est au XVIIIe siècle, en Angleterre, lors de la révolution industrielle que va se généraliser son utilisation. L’invention de la machine à vapeur est déterminante, seul le charbon, à l’époque, est capable de fournir assez de chaleur pour produire de la vapeur. À partir de ce moment-là commence l'exploitation industrielle des mines de charbon un peu partout en Europe, puis dans le monde. يعود تاريخ استخراج الفحم الحجري أو تعدين الفحم الحجري إلى آلاف السنين، إذ وثق وجود مناجم قديمة للفحم الحجري في كل من الصين القديمة، والإمبراطورية الرومانية، واقتصادات تاريخية قديمة أخرى. أصبح الفحم الحجري مهمًا في الثورة الصناعية في القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين، عندما كان يستخدم بشكل رئيسي لتغذية محركات البخار بالطاقة، ولتدفئة المباني وتوليد الكهرباء. يستمر استخراج الفحم الحجري كنشاط اقتصادي مهم اليوم، ولكنه بدأ بالانحدار بسبب المساهمة الكبيرة للفحم الحجري في الاحتباس الحراري العالمي والمشاكل البيئية، ما أدى إلى انخفاض الطلب، وفي بعض البقع الجغرافية إلى الوصول إلى ذروة استهلاك الفحم. The history of coal mining goes back thousands of years, with early mines documented in ancient China, the Roman Empire and other early historical economies. It became important in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was primarily used to power steam engines, heat buildings and generate electricity. Coal mining continues as an important economic activity today, but has begun to decline due to the strong contribution coal plays in global warming and environmental issues, which result in decreasing demand and in some geographies, peak coal.
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Coal Mining Casualties
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2016
dbo:abstract
يعود تاريخ استخراج الفحم الحجري أو تعدين الفحم الحجري إلى آلاف السنين، إذ وثق وجود مناجم قديمة للفحم الحجري في كل من الصين القديمة، والإمبراطورية الرومانية، واقتصادات تاريخية قديمة أخرى. أصبح الفحم الحجري مهمًا في الثورة الصناعية في القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين، عندما كان يستخدم بشكل رئيسي لتغذية محركات البخار بالطاقة، ولتدفئة المباني وتوليد الكهرباء. يستمر استخراج الفحم الحجري كنشاط اقتصادي مهم اليوم، ولكنه بدأ بالانحدار بسبب المساهمة الكبيرة للفحم الحجري في الاحتباس الحراري العالمي والمشاكل البيئية، ما أدى إلى انخفاض الطلب، وفي بعض البقع الجغرافية إلى الوصول إلى ذروة استهلاك الفحم. بالمقارنة مع الوقود الخشبي، فإن الفحم يعطي كميات أكبر من الطاقة لواحدة الكتلة، ويمكن عادةً الحصول عليه في مناطق لا يتوافر الخشب فيها بشكل جاهز. وبرغم استخدام الفحم الحجري تاريخيًا كوقود منزلي، فإنه يستخدم اليوم في الصناعة بشكل رئيسي، وخاصة في الصهر وإنتاج السبائك المعدنية، بالإضافة إلى توليد الكهرباء. تطور استخراج الفحم الحجري على نطاق واسع في الثورة الصناعية، ووفر الفحم المصدر الرئيسي للطاقة الأساسية للصناعة والنقل في المناطق الصناعية من القرن الثامن عشر حتى خمسينيات القرن العشرين. ما يزال الفحم الحجري مصدرًا مهمًا للطاقة. يستخرج الفحم الحجري أيضًا اليوم على نطاق واسع بطرق الحفرة المفتوحة أينما وجدت طبقات الصخور الفحمية على السطح أو كانت قريبةً نسبيًّا منه. طورت بريطانيا التقنيات الرئيسية لاستخراج الفحم الباطني من أواخر القرن الثامن عشر وما بعد، مع مزيد من التقدم بسبب التطورات التي جرت في القرنين التاسع عشر وبداية القرن العشرين. ولكن ظل النفط والغاز يستخدمان بازدياد كبدائل من ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر وما بعد. بحلول أواخر القرن العشرين، استخدم، إلى حد كبير، النفط والغاز الطبيعي أو الكهرباء المنتجة من النفط والغاز أو الطاقة النووية أو مصادر الطاقة المتجددة عوضًا عن الفحم الحجري في الاستخدامات المنزلية بالإضافة إلى النقل والاستخدامات الصناعية. بحلول عام 2010، كان الفحم الحجري ينتج أكثر من ربع الطاقة في العالم. منذ عام 1890، أصبح استخراج الفحم قضية سياسية واجتماعية أيضًا. أصبحت اتحادات العمال والنقابات الخاصة بالعمال قوية في العديد من الدول في القرن العشرين، وغالبًا ما أصبح عمال المناجم قادة للحركات اليسارية أو الاشتراكية (كما في بريطانيا، وألمانيا، وبولندا، واليابان، وتشيلي، وكندا، والولايات المتحدة). منذ عام 1970، تزايد الاهتمام بالقضايا البيئية بالتدريج، بما فيها صحة عمال المناجم، ودمار المناطق الطبيعية بسبب المناجم السطحية، وإزالة رؤوس الجبال، وتلوث الهواء، ومساهمة حرق الفحم في الاحتباس الحراري. The history of coal mining goes back thousands of years, with early mines documented in ancient China, the Roman Empire and other early historical economies. It became important in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was primarily used to power steam engines, heat buildings and generate electricity. Coal mining continues as an important economic activity today, but has begun to decline due to the strong contribution coal plays in global warming and environmental issues, which result in decreasing demand and in some geographies, peak coal. Compared to wood fuels, coal yields a higher amount of energy per unit mass, specific energy or massic energy, and can often be obtained in areas where wood is not readily available. Though it was used historically as a domestic fuel, coal is now used mostly in industry, especially in smelting and alloy production, as well as electricity generation. Large-scale coal mining developed during the Industrial Revolution, and coal provided the main source of primary energy for industry and transportation in industrial areas from the 18th century to the 1950s. Coal remains an important energy source. Coal is also mined today on a large scale by open pit methods wherever the coal strata strike the surface or are relatively shallow. Britain developed the main techniques of underground coal mining from the late 18th century onward, with further progress being driven by 19th-century and early 20th-century progress. However, oil and gas were increasingly used as alternatives from the 1860s onward. By the late 20th century, coal was, for the most part, replaced in domestic as well as industrial and transportation usage by oil, natural gas or electricity produced from oil, gas, nuclear power or renewable energy sources. By 2010, coal produced over a fourth of the world's energy. Since 1890, coal mining has also been a political and social issue. Coal miners' labour and trade unions became powerful in many countries in the 20th century, and often, the miners were leaders of the Left or Socialist movements (as in Britain, Germany, Poland, Japan, Chile, Canada and the U.S.) Since 1970, environmental issues have been increasingly important, including the health of miners, destruction of the landscape from strip mines and mountaintop removal, air pollution, and coal combustion's contribution to global warming. Le charbon (ou la houille) est exploité depuis des siècles, et utilisé comme combustible et source d'énergie. C'est au XVIIIe siècle, en Angleterre, lors de la révolution industrielle que va se généraliser son utilisation. L’invention de la machine à vapeur est déterminante, seul le charbon, à l’époque, est capable de fournir assez de chaleur pour produire de la vapeur. À partir de ce moment-là commence l'exploitation industrielle des mines de charbon un peu partout en Europe, puis dans le monde. Depuis les années 1970, les problèmes environnementaux sont devenus de plus en plus importants, ainsi que la santé des mineurs, la destruction des paysages, la pollution de l'air, et la contribution de la combustion du charbon au réchauffement climatique. En 2019, pour la première fois dans l'histoire minière, un tribunal a - en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, en Australie, pays qui est le second exportateur de charbon au monde - interdit l'ouverture d'une nouvelle mine de charbon à ciel ouvert au motif de la contribution qu'elle aurait en termes d'émission de gaz à effet de serre et pour la contribution qu'elle aurait en termes de réchauffement de la planète.
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