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フレーム問題 Problème du cadre 사고범위 문제 Frame-probleem Frame problem Rahmenproblem
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フレーム問題（フレームもんだい、（英: frame problem）とは、人工知能における重要な難問の一つで、有限の情報処理能力しかないロボットには、現実に起こりうる問題全てに対処することができないことを示すものである。 1969年、ジョン・マッカーシーとの論文の中で述べられたのが最初で、現在では、数多くの定式化がある。 In de kunstmatige intelligentie is het frame-probleem het probleem om efficiënt te noteren in een logisch formalisme wat er verandert én wat er niet verandert als gevolg van een actie. Met efficiënt wordt bedoeld dat men niet voor elke veranderlijke eigenschap van de omgeving hoeft uit te schrijven dat het niet verandert als er een actie wordt uitgevoerd. Het werd voor het eerst geformuleerd door John McCarthy en in 1969 in hun publicatie met de titel Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. Later kreeg het frame-probleem ook een betekenis in de filosofie waarbij de vraag gesteld wordt hoe denkende systemen kunnen bepalen welke informatie relevant is en welke niet, bij het redeneren over een bepaalde gebeurtenis. Wanneer een gebeurtenis (bijvoorbeeld een Das Rahmenproblem oder auch Frame-Problem bezeichnet in der künstlichen Intelligenz ein Problem bei der logischen Repräsentation der Effekte von Aktionen. In gewissen Logikkalkülen (etwa dem Situationskalkül) reicht es nicht aus, bloß die Effekte von Aktionen zu beschreiben, deren Wahrheitswerte sich ändern. Eine vollständige, explizite Beschreibung sämtlicher Auswirkungen von Aktionen auf alle in einer Welt geltenden Fakten (also nicht nur dessen, „was sich ändert“, sondern auch, „was gleich bleibt“) wäre allerdings zu aufwendig. Das Rahmenproblem beschäftigt sich somit mit der Frage, wie ein Logikkalkül vollständig sein kann, ohne triviale Nichtänderungen explizit zu beschreiben. In artificial intelligence, the frame problem describes an issue with using first-order logic (FOL) to express facts about a robot in the world. Representing the state of a robot with traditional FOL requires the use of many axioms that simply imply that things in the environment do not change arbitrarily. For example, Hayes describes a "block world" with rules about stacking blocks together. In a FOL system, additional axioms are required to make inferences about the environment (for example, that a block cannot change position unless it is physically moved). The frame problem is the problem of finding adequate collections of axioms for a viable description of a robot environment. En informatique et philosophie, plus précisément en intelligence artificielle, le problème du cadre (frame problem en anglais) concerne la modélisation de l'effet des actions. Il s'agit d'énoncer la préservation du cadre : toutes les propriétés non modifiées par une action. Par exemple, si un robot pose une tasse sur une table, il faut non seulement spécifier que la tasse est désormais sur la table, mais aussi que la lumière reste allumée, que la table est toujours au même endroit, que le robot est toujours dans la même pièce etc. 사고범위 문제(思考範圍問題, 영어: frame problem, 프레임 문제)는 인공지능에서 중요한 문제의 하나로, 유한한 정보처리능력을 지닌 로봇이 현실에서 일어날 수 있는 모든 문제에 대해 대처하지 못하는 문제를 말한다. 1969년 존 매카시와 가, Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence→인공지능 관점에서의 몇몇 철학적 문제들에 서술한 것이 최초이며, 현재는 정형화된 것들이 여러 가지 있다.
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August 2013
dbp:reason
Mention the approach by which the frame problem was solved. Shouldn't then the frame axiom be the following modification of the above rule: '∀t.executeopen→open∧' ? In contrast, the formula 'on↔on' seems to be too particular taylored to the 'executeopen' situation. What kind of logic? [Old reason: If ordinary predicate logic is meant, what is the purpose of the 'true →' in the 3rd formula? If some other logic is meant, it should be stated explicitly here, together with the purpose of the 'true →' in that logic.]
dbo:abstract
En informatique et philosophie, plus précisément en intelligence artificielle, le problème du cadre (frame problem en anglais) concerne la modélisation de l'effet des actions. Il s'agit d'énoncer la préservation du cadre : toutes les propriétés non modifiées par une action. Par exemple, si un robot pose une tasse sur une table, il faut non seulement spécifier que la tasse est désormais sur la table, mais aussi que la lumière reste allumée, que la table est toujours au même endroit, que le robot est toujours dans la même pièce etc. Le problème du cadre a été initialement formulé en intelligence artificielle par John McCarthy et Patrick J. Hayes en 1969 dans leur article Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence. In de kunstmatige intelligentie is het frame-probleem het probleem om efficiënt te noteren in een logisch formalisme wat er verandert én wat er niet verandert als gevolg van een actie. Met efficiënt wordt bedoeld dat men niet voor elke veranderlijke eigenschap van de omgeving hoeft uit te schrijven dat het niet verandert als er een actie wordt uitgevoerd. Het werd voor het eerst geformuleerd door John McCarthy en in 1969 in hun publicatie met de titel Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. Later kreeg het frame-probleem ook een betekenis in de filosofie waarbij de vraag gesteld wordt hoe denkende systemen kunnen bepalen welke informatie relevant is en welke niet, bij het redeneren over een bepaalde gebeurtenis. Wanneer een gebeurtenis (bijvoorbeeld een gebeurtenis als gevolg van een geplande actie) plaatsvindt in de wereld, kunnen we ons afvragen: (A) Welke dingen veranderen en welke niet? Meer specifiek: * (A1) Wat zijn de noodzakelijke en voldoende voorwaarden voor het ontstaan van een gebeurtenis? * (A2) Wat zijn de (potentiële) veranderingen ontstaan door de gebeurtenis? * (B) Hoe representeren we (A)? * (C) Hoe kunnen we over (A) redeneren? フレーム問題（フレームもんだい、（英: frame problem）とは、人工知能における重要な難問の一つで、有限の情報処理能力しかないロボットには、現実に起こりうる問題全てに対処することができないことを示すものである。 1969年、ジョン・マッカーシーとの論文の中で述べられたのが最初で、現在では、数多くの定式化がある。 Das Rahmenproblem oder auch Frame-Problem bezeichnet in der künstlichen Intelligenz ein Problem bei der logischen Repräsentation der Effekte von Aktionen. In gewissen Logikkalkülen (etwa dem Situationskalkül) reicht es nicht aus, bloß die Effekte von Aktionen zu beschreiben, deren Wahrheitswerte sich ändern. Eine vollständige, explizite Beschreibung sämtlicher Auswirkungen von Aktionen auf alle in einer Welt geltenden Fakten (also nicht nur dessen, „was sich ändert“, sondern auch, „was gleich bleibt“) wäre allerdings zu aufwendig. Das Rahmenproblem beschäftigt sich somit mit der Frage, wie ein Logikkalkül vollständig sein kann, ohne triviale Nichtänderungen explizit zu beschreiben. Als Rahmenprobleme werden eine Reihe von ähnlichen Problemen bezeichnet. Neben den gelösten und Rahmenproblemen gibt es das , das keine vollständige Lösung hat. Der Name Rahmenproblem bezieht sich auf das Referenzsystem (Englisch: Frame of reference) in der Physik. Das Frame-Problem besteht darin, nicht nur die sich ändernden Objekte, sondern auch den statischen Rahmen des Bezugsystems zu erfassen. 사고범위 문제(思考範圍問題, 영어: frame problem, 프레임 문제)는 인공지능에서 중요한 문제의 하나로, 유한한 정보처리능력을 지닌 로봇이 현실에서 일어날 수 있는 모든 문제에 대해 대처하지 못하는 문제를 말한다. 1969년 존 매카시와 가, Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence→인공지능 관점에서의 몇몇 철학적 문제들에 서술한 것이 최초이며, 현재는 정형화된 것들이 여러 가지 있다. In artificial intelligence, the frame problem describes an issue with using first-order logic (FOL) to express facts about a robot in the world. Representing the state of a robot with traditional FOL requires the use of many axioms that simply imply that things in the environment do not change arbitrarily. For example, Hayes describes a "block world" with rules about stacking blocks together. In a FOL system, additional axioms are required to make inferences about the environment (for example, that a block cannot change position unless it is physically moved). The frame problem is the problem of finding adequate collections of axioms for a viable description of a robot environment. John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes defined this problem in their 1969 article, Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence. In this paper, and many that came after, the formal mathematical problem was a starting point for more general discussions of the difficulty of knowledge representation for artificial intelligence. Issues such as how to provide rational default assumptions and what humans consider common sense in a virtual environment. Later, the term acquired a broader meaning in philosophy, where it is formulated as the problem of limiting the beliefs that have to be updated in response to actions. In the logical context, actions are typically specified by what they change, with the implicit assumption that everything else (the frame) remains unchanged.
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