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- The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. In 1835, colonists from the United States joined with Tejanos (Mexicans born in Texas) in putting up armed resistance to the centralization of the Mexican government. President Antonio López de Santa Anna and the government in Mexico City believed the United States had instigated the insurrection with a goal of annexing Texas. In an effort to tamp down on the unrest, martial law was declared and military governor General Martín Perfecto de Cos established headquarters in San Antonio de Béxar, stationing his troops at the Alamo. When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Béxar, compelling Cos to surrender on December 9, many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas. Most Texian soldiers in Béxar left to join a planned invasion of Matamoros, Mexico. Garrison commander James C. Neill went home on family matters February 11, 1836, leaving James Bowie and William B. Travis as co-commanders over the predominantly volunteer force. When the Mexican Army of Operations under the command of Santa Anna arrived in Béxar with 1,500 troops on February 23, the remaining Alamo garrison numbered 150. Over the course of the next several days, new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers, to forage for food, or to buy supplies. A fierce defense was launched from within the walls, even as Bowie and Travis made unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the Mexican army. Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements. Although Santa Anna refused to consider a proposed conditional surrender, he extended an offer of amnesty for all Tejanos inside the fortress to walk away unharmed. Most Tejanos evacuated from the fortress about February 25, either as part of the amnesty, or as a part of Juan Seguín's company of courier scouts on their last run. In response to pleas from Travis, James Fannin started from Goliad with 320 men, supplies and armaments, yet had to abort a day later due to a wagon breakdown. Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 1–4, most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp. Others who had left intending to return were unable to re-enter. At 5:30 a.m. on March 6, the Mexican army began the final siege. An hour later, all combatants inside the Alamo were dead. The bodies, with the exception of Gregorio Esparza's, were cremated on pyres and abandoned. Esparza's brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial. Juan Seguín oversaw the 1837 recovery of the abandoned ashes and officiated at the February 25 funeral. The March 28 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register only gave the burial location as where "the principal heap of ashes" had been found. In the following decades, the public wanted to know the location of the burial site, but Seguín gave conflicting statements, perceived as due to age-related memory problems. Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial, and re-interred in a marble sarcophagus. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there. (en)
- 1836年2月23日至3月6日的阿拉摩之戰是得克萨斯革命关键战役。美国殖民者1835年与德哈諾人（即生于德克萨斯的墨西哥人）揭竿而起，反对墨西哥政府的中央集权。安东尼奥·洛佩斯·德·桑塔·安纳总统与墨西哥城政府认为美国蓄意煽动叛乱，意图吞并德克萨斯。 为平息叛乱，总统妹夫、军事总监将军宣布德克萨斯戒严并在贝克萨尔的圣安东尼奥设立总部，手下将士驻扎阿拉莫。德克萨斯志愿军，科斯12月9日投降后被逐至格蘭德河对岸，许多人以为墨西哥对德克萨斯的统治至此终结。大部分志愿军离开贝克萨尔，准备墨西哥马塔莫罗斯。 1836年2月11日，驻军司令詹姆斯·尼尔回去处理家事，军队事务由詹姆士·鮑依与负责，此时绝大多数驻军都是志愿军。2月23日，桑塔·安纳率领1500将士组成的墨西哥作战部队抵达贝克萨尔，阿拉莫驻军仅余150人。此后几天新志愿兵陆续赶来参战，有些受命外出求援、搜寻粮草、购买补给。 鲍依与特拉维斯试着同墨西哥大军谈判未果，守军防御非常积极特拉维斯多次派人携带公开信外出请求增援。桑塔·安纳拒绝考虑有条件投降提议，但同意特赦堡垒内所有提加洛人自行离开。2月25日左右大部分提加洛人撤离，有些选择接受墨西哥总统的特赦，有些加入带领的最后一批求援信使。 响应特拉维斯的公开信，率320人携带补给和军备从戈利亚德出发，但第二天就因车祸故障中止。最后一批增援在3月1至4日进入阿拉莫，大部分从已成招兵基地的冈萨雷斯赶来。有些人中途离开并计划返回，但已无法进入堡垒。3月6日早上五点半，墨西哥大军开始围攻，一小时后阿拉莫所有战斗人员均已阵亡。除外，所有阵亡守军遗体堆积起来火化，骨灰就地遗弃。埃斯帕扎的兄弟弗朗西斯科是墨西哥大军一员，经总统同意按基督教习俗下葬格雷戈里奥。 塞古因1837年监督阿拉莫阵亡守军骨灰回收并主持2月25日的葬礼，3月28日《》仅提供找到“主要骨灰堆”的位置。此后数十年间，公众一直想了解烈士安息地点，但塞古因的说法前后不一，估计是年势日长所致。1936年德克萨斯共和国成立百年纪念期间，圣费尔南多大教堂出土大量遗骸，据信正是阿拉莫守军骨灰，随后重新葬入大理石棺。据称特拉维斯、鲍依、克洛科特的骨灰也在其中，但已无法证明。 (zh)
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