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- The "Three Musketeers" was the nickname given to three liberal members during the 1932–37 terms of the United States Supreme Court, who generally supported the New Deal agenda of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They were Justices Louis Brandeis, Benjamin N. Cardozo, and Harlan Fiske Stone. They were opposed by the Four Horsemen, consisting of Justices James Clark McReynolds, George Sutherland, Willis Van Devanter, and Pierce Butler. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes and Justice Owen J. Roberts controlled the balance. Charles Evans Hughes often voted with the liberal wing while Owen J. Roberts voted with the conservatives. With the help of Roberts, the Four Horsemen maintained a majority in most of the decisions and struck down many New Deal laws as unconstitutional. Although the "Three Musketeers" were a bipartisan group, with Stone being a Republican, they were drawn together by their shared views on New Deal policies. During the 1935 term, the Four Horsemen would often ride together to and from Court in order to coordinate their positions. To counter them, the Three Musketeers started meeting at Brandeis's apartment on Friday afternoons. However, the Four Horsemen held sway, leading to Roosevelt's court-packing scheme. In 1937, in the "switch in time that saved nine," Roberts and Hughes switched to the liberal side in several key decisions, the most important one being West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, a case regarding the minimum wage of workers. Within a year, Van Devanter and Sutherland retired and were replaced by Hugo Black and Stanley Reed, strong New Dealers, ending the Four Horsemen's sway. By 1941, Brandeis, Cardozo, Butler, McReynolds, and Hughes were also gone. Only Stone and Roberts remained, and by then Stone had been elevated to the position of Chief Justice. The Three Musketeers were successful in many cases. They often were able to convince the swing voters, Charles Evans Hughes and Owen Roberts, to vote for New Deal policies. The Three Musketeers were able to uphold many New Deal laws such as the Gold Reserve Act (in the Gold Clause Cases), The Fair Labor Standards Act (in United States v. Darby Lumber Co.), the Tennessee Valley Authority (in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority) and the Social Security Act (in Steward Machine Co. v. Davis and Helvering v. Davis). They persuaded members of the Four Horsemen to vote to uphold New Deal legislation occasionally. (en)
- I "Tre Moschettieri" era lo pseudonimo utilizzato con riferimento ai tre membri liberali della Corte suprema degli Stati Uniti d'America durante il periodo 1932-1937, i quali supportavano l'agenda del New Deal del presidente Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Parliamo dei giudici Louis Brandeis, Benjamin N. Cardozo, e Harlan Fiske Stone. Ad essi si contrapponevano i "", vale a dire i giudici James Clark McReynolds, , , e . Il presidente della Corte suprema Charles Evans Hughes ed il giudice mantenevano l'equilibrio tra le due parti. A partire dal 1935, i Quattro Cavalieri presero l'abitudine di viaggiare insieme verso e dalla Corte, in modo da avere il tempo di coordinare le proprie posizioni. Per riuscire a contrastarli, i Tre Moschettieri cominciarono ad incontrarsi il venerdì pomeriggio presso l'appartamento di Brandeis. Nonostante ciò, i Quattro Cavalieri mantennero il controllo e riuscirono ad ottenere un'importante riforma delle procedure giudiziarie. Nel 1937, in occasione del cosiddetto "", Roberts e Hughes si schierarono con il fronte liberale in molte decisioni chiave; dopo un anno, Van Devanter e Sutherland andarono in pensione e Hugo Black and , apertamente schierati a favore del New Deal, presero il loro posto. Questo pose fine al dominio dei Quattro Cavalieri. Entro il 1941 anche Brandeis, Cardozo, Butler, McReynolds, Hughes abbandonarono la propria carica. Rimasero solo Stone e Roberts, ed in un secondo momento Stone divenne presidente della Corte suprema. (it)
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- I "Tre Moschettieri" era lo pseudonimo utilizzato con riferimento ai tre membri liberali della Corte suprema degli Stati Uniti d'America durante il periodo 1932-1937, i quali supportavano l'agenda del New Deal del presidente Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Parliamo dei giudici Louis Brandeis, Benjamin N. Cardozo, e Harlan Fiske Stone. Ad essi si contrapponevano i "", vale a dire i giudici James Clark McReynolds, , , e . Il presidente della Corte suprema Charles Evans Hughes ed il giudice mantenevano l'equilibrio tra le due parti. (it)
- The "Three Musketeers" was the nickname given to three liberal members during the 1932–37 terms of the United States Supreme Court, who generally supported the New Deal agenda of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They were Justices Louis Brandeis, Benjamin N. Cardozo, and Harlan Fiske Stone. They were opposed by the Four Horsemen, consisting of Justices James Clark McReynolds, George Sutherland, Willis Van Devanter, and Pierce Butler. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes and Justice Owen J. Roberts controlled the balance. Charles Evans Hughes often voted with the liberal wing while Owen J. Roberts voted with the conservatives. With the help of Roberts, the Four Horsemen maintained a majority in most of the decisions and struck down many New Deal laws as unconstitutional. Although the "Thr (en)
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