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- During Tang dynasty rule in China (618–907), Chinese and Tibetan forces had many battles, although there were also years of peace. The Old Book of Tang recorded the first ever embassy from Tibet arrived in China from the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo in the 8th Zhenguan year or 634 CE. Tang chronicles describe this as a tribute mission, but it brought an ultimatum demanding an alliance through marriage, not subservient rituals. When Emperor Taizong of Tang refused a marriage alliance, Songtsen Gampo sent an army to attack the Chinese frontier city of Songzhou in 638, which was the first military conflict between the rising Tibetan Empire and the Chinese Tang dynasty. After a Tang army inflicted heavy casualties on the Tibetans in a night-time attack, Songtsen Gampo withdrew. He sent emissaries and tributes to Tang capital Chang'an to apologize, and to again request marriage. Taizong decided to give Songtsen Gampo a distant niece, Princess Wencheng, in marriage. The peace held for the remainder of the reigns of Taizong and Songtsen Gampo, although Tibet would pose major military threats for most of the rest of the Tang period. In 763 AD, the Tibetans captured Chang'an in 763 during the midst of the Anshi Rebellion, which saw Tang China devastated by a massive Turkic uprising. However, the incursion was soon defeated. There is some confusion as to whether Central Tibet conquered Zhang Zhung during the reign of Songtsen Gampo or in the reign of Trisong Detsän, (r. 755 until 797 or 804 CE). The records of the Tang Annals do, however, seem to clearly place these events in the reign of Songtsen Gampo for they say that in 634, Yangtong (Zhang Zhung) and various Qiang tribes "altogether submitted to him." Following this he united with the country of Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or Tuyuhun, and then conquered two more tribes of Qiang before threatening Songzhou with an army of (according to the Chinese) more than 200,000 men (100,000 according to Tibetan sources). He then sent an envoy with gifts of gold and silk to the Chinese emperor to ask for a Chinese princess in marriage and, when refused, attacked Songzhou. According to the Tang Annals, he finally retreated and apologised and later the emperor granted his request. (en)
- Танско-тибетские войны — боевые действия между китайской империей Тан и Тибетской империей в VII—IX веках. (ru)
- 唐与吐蕃的战争，又称唐蕃戰爭，是公元7世纪至9世纪发生在唐朝和吐蕃之间的战争。原因是吐蕃与唐朝争夺西域和青海地区。唐太宗贞观十二年（638年），唐蕃发生松州之战，唐军击退了吐蕃军队；唐高宗、武则天时期，唐朝、吐蕃互有胜负，安西四镇數次置而又棄；唐玄宗时期，吐蕃处于劣势，其间多次通过会盟划分唐蕃边界。安史之乱期间和之後，吐蕃借机控制了陇右十八州和安西四镇，一度攻陷唐朝都城长安。唐朝联合回鹘、南诏、黑衣大食，合围吐蕃，唐将李晟、韦皋皆重创吐蕃军队，吐蕃国势大衰。唐穆宗长庆三年（823年），唐蕃第八次会盟结束，至此唐蕃之间的战争基本结束。吐蕃在末代贊普朗達瑪被刺杀后，於877年分裂崩溃及瓦解為諸部，而唐朝也因黃巢之亂走向分裂內亂并于10世纪初滅亡。唐朝和吐蕃前后共有八次会盟，由于唐朝文成公主、金城公主先后嫁给吐蕃赞普，所以唐蕃关系又称舅甥之盟。 (zh)
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- Танско-тибетские войны — боевые действия между китайской империей Тан и Тибетской империей в VII—IX веках. (ru)
- 唐与吐蕃的战争，又称唐蕃戰爭，是公元7世纪至9世纪发生在唐朝和吐蕃之间的战争。原因是吐蕃与唐朝争夺西域和青海地区。唐太宗贞观十二年（638年），唐蕃发生松州之战，唐军击退了吐蕃军队；唐高宗、武则天时期，唐朝、吐蕃互有胜负，安西四镇數次置而又棄；唐玄宗时期，吐蕃处于劣势，其间多次通过会盟划分唐蕃边界。安史之乱期间和之後，吐蕃借机控制了陇右十八州和安西四镇，一度攻陷唐朝都城长安。唐朝联合回鹘、南诏、黑衣大食，合围吐蕃，唐将李晟、韦皋皆重创吐蕃军队，吐蕃国势大衰。唐穆宗长庆三年（823年），唐蕃第八次会盟结束，至此唐蕃之间的战争基本结束。吐蕃在末代贊普朗達瑪被刺杀后，於877年分裂崩溃及瓦解為諸部，而唐朝也因黃巢之亂走向分裂內亂并于10世纪初滅亡。唐朝和吐蕃前后共有八次会盟，由于唐朝文成公主、金城公主先后嫁给吐蕃赞普，所以唐蕃关系又称舅甥之盟。 (zh)
- During Tang dynasty rule in China (618–907), Chinese and Tibetan forces had many battles, although there were also years of peace. The Old Book of Tang recorded the first ever embassy from Tibet arrived in China from the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo in the 8th Zhenguan year or 634 CE. Tang chronicles describe this as a tribute mission, but it brought an ultimatum demanding an alliance through marriage, not subservient rituals. When Emperor Taizong of Tang refused a marriage alliance, Songtsen Gampo sent an army to attack the Chinese frontier city of Songzhou in 638, which was the first military conflict between the rising Tibetan Empire and the Chinese Tang dynasty. After a Tang army inflicted heavy casualties on the Tibetans in a night-time attack, Songtsen Gampo withdrew. He sent emiss (en)
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- Tang–Tibet relations (en)
- Танско-тибетские войны (ru)
- 唐朝与吐蕃的战争 (zh)
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