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- Section 98 (s. 98) of the Criminal Code of Canada was a law enacted after the Winnipeg general strike of 1919 banning "unlawful associations." It was used in the 1930s against the Communist Party of Canada. After the Winnipeg general strike of 1919, Arthur Meighen, Minister of Justice in Robert Borden's government, introduced an amendment to the Criminal Code. The legislation was tabled in the House of Commons on June 27, 1919, where it was passed with little to no debate. In the Senate, it only took two days to pass going on to receive royal assent on July 7, 1919. Section 98 read: Any association...whose professed purpose...is to bring about any governmental, industrial or economic change within Canada by use of force, violence or physical injury to person or property, or by threats of such injury, or which teaches, advocates, advises or defends the use of force, violence, terrorism, or physical injury to person or property...in order to accomplish such change, or for any other such purpose..., or which shall by any means prosecute or pursue such purpose...or shall so teach, advocate, advise or defend, shall be an unlawful association. The law was extremely broad and carried a penalty of up to 20 years in prison. It was used throughout the 1920s and early half of the 1930s to harass Communists, other left parties and organizations, and labour unions generally. The most well-known use of Section 98 was in a crackdown designed to "strike a death blow at the Communist Party." The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Ontario Provincial Police rounded up eight leaders of the Communist Party on 11 August 1931, who were subsequently convicted under the law and sentenced for up to five-year prison terms. In the years after the conviction, public opinion turned in favour of the Communists and against the law, which was opposed by liberals and moderate leftists as well as far-left organizations like the Canadian Labour Defence League, a Communist legal defence committee. As a result of public opposition, the Communists were released early from jail and the law was repealed in 1936 following the election of Mackenzie King in 1935. Opposition to Section 98 was an important campaign for crystallizing an early civil rights movement within an otherwise fractured left wing in Canada. Although the law was repealed, it served as the model for the Defence of Canada Regulations under the War Measures Act to suppress aliens and dissenters during the Second World War and during the October Crisis of 1970. (en)
- L'ancien article 98 du Code criminel a été introduit en 1919 à la suite de la grève générale de Winnipeg. Cette disposition a été utilisé surtout dans les années 1920 et lors de la première moitié des années 1930 pour harceler les syndicats en général et les communistes en particulier. (fr)
- 加拿大《刑事法典》第98條是在1919年溫尼辟大罷工之後制定的旨在禁止「非法結社」（unlawful association）的法律，在1930年代被用以應對加拿大共產黨。 在1919年溫尼辟大罷工之後，羅拔·萊爾德·博登政府的署理司法部長亞瑟·米恩提出了對《刑事法典》的修訂。該修正案於1919年6月27日提交予下議院，並在幾乎沒有辯論的情況下獲得通過。在上議院，僅用了兩天時間就在1919年7月7日獲得御准。第98條內容如下： Any association...whose professed purpose...is to bring about any governmental, industrial or economic change within Canada by use of force, violence or physical injury to person or property, or by threats of such injury, or which teaches, advocates, advises or defends the use of force, violence, terrorism, or physical injury to person or property...in order to accomplish such change, or for any other such purpose..., or which shall by any means prosecute or pursue such purpose...or shall so teach, advocate, advise or defend, shall be an unlawful association. 該法律極為寬泛，最高可處20年監禁。它在整個1920年代及1930年代上半葉被用於約制共黨分子、其他左翼政黨及組織，以及一般的工會。第98條最廣為人知的用途是在旨在「對共產黨致命一擊」的鎮壓行動中。1931年8月11日，皇家加拿大騎警及安大略省省警圍捕了8名共黨首腦，這些人隨後被依法定罪，處以最高5年的監禁。在他們被定罪後的數年內，公眾輿論轉而支持共產黨及反對該法律。該法遭到了自由派及溫和的左翼分子以及極左翼組織的反對，如加拿大勞工保護聯盟（Canadian Labour Defence League，一個共產主義法律辯護委員會）。由於公眾的反對，共黨分子提前從監獄中獲釋。1935年麥肯齊·金當選後，該法律於1936年被廢除。 反對第98條是一項重要的運動，在加拿大分裂的左翼內部形成了早期的民權運動。儘管該法被廢除，但它作為《戰爭措施法令》（War Measures Act）下的《加拿大防衛規例》（Defence of Canada Regulations）的範本，在第二次世界大戰及1970年十月危機期間壓制敵僑及持不同政見者的活動。 (zh)
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- L'ancien article 98 du Code criminel a été introduit en 1919 à la suite de la grève générale de Winnipeg. Cette disposition a été utilisé surtout dans les années 1920 et lors de la première moitié des années 1930 pour harceler les syndicats en général et les communistes en particulier. (fr)
- Section 98 (s. 98) of the Criminal Code of Canada was a law enacted after the Winnipeg general strike of 1919 banning "unlawful associations." It was used in the 1930s against the Communist Party of Canada. After the Winnipeg general strike of 1919, Arthur Meighen, Minister of Justice in Robert Borden's government, introduced an amendment to the Criminal Code. The legislation was tabled in the House of Commons on June 27, 1919, where it was passed with little to no debate. In the Senate, it only took two days to pass going on to receive royal assent on July 7, 1919. Section 98 read: (en)
- 加拿大《刑事法典》第98條是在1919年溫尼辟大罷工之後制定的旨在禁止「非法結社」（unlawful association）的法律，在1930年代被用以應對加拿大共產黨。 在1919年溫尼辟大罷工之後，羅拔·萊爾德·博登政府的署理司法部長亞瑟·米恩提出了對《刑事法典》的修訂。該修正案於1919年6月27日提交予下議院，並在幾乎沒有辯論的情況下獲得通過。在上議院，僅用了兩天時間就在1919年7月7日獲得御准。第98條內容如下： 該法律極為寬泛，最高可處20年監禁。它在整個1920年代及1930年代上半葉被用於約制共黨分子、其他左翼政黨及組織，以及一般的工會。第98條最廣為人知的用途是在旨在「對共產黨致命一擊」的鎮壓行動中。1931年8月11日，皇家加拿大騎警及安大略省省警圍捕了8名共黨首腦，這些人隨後被依法定罪，處以最高5年的監禁。在他們被定罪後的數年內，公眾輿論轉而支持共產黨及反對該法律。該法遭到了自由派及溫和的左翼分子以及極左翼組織的反對，如加拿大勞工保護聯盟（Canadian Labour Defence League，一個共產主義法律辯護委員會）。由於公眾的反對，共黨分子提前從監獄中獲釋。1935年麥肯齊·金當選後，該法律於1936年被廢除。 (zh)
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