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| - The open society is a concept originally developed by philosopher Henri Bergson. In open societies, government is responsive and tolerant, and political mechanisms are transparent and flexible. The state keeps no secrets from itself in the public sense; it is a non-authoritarian society in which all are trusted with the knowledge of all. Political freedoms and human rights are the foundation of an open society.In Karl Popper's definition, found in his two-volume book The Open Society and Its Enemies, he defines an "open society" as one which ensures that political leaders can be overthrown without the need for bloodshed, as opposed to a "closed society", in which a bloody revolution or coup d'état is needed to change the leaders. He further describes an open society as one "in which individuals are confronted with personal decisions" as opposed to a "magical or tribal or collectivist society". In this context, tribalistic and collectivist societies do not distinguish between natural laws and social customs. Individuals are unlikely to challenge traditions they believe to have a sacred or magical basis. The beginnings of an open society are thus marked by a distinction between natural and man-made law, and an increase in personal responsibility and accountability for moral choices. Popper argues that the ideas of individuality, criticism, and humanitarianism cannot be suppressed once people become aware of them, and therefore that it is impossible to return to the closed society. Popper's concept of the open society is epistemological rather than political. When Popper wrote The Open Society and its Enemies he believed that the social sciences had failed to grasp the significance and the nature of fascism and communism. because these sciences were based on faulty epistemologies. Totalitarianism forced knowledge to become political which made critical thinking impossible and led to the destruction of knowledge in totalitarian countriesPopper's theory that knowledge is provisional and fallible implies that society must be open to alternative points of view. An open society is associated with cultural and religious Pluralism . Open society is always open to improvement because knowledge is never completed but always ongoing. Claims to certain knowledge and ultimate truth lead to the attempted imposition of one version of reality. Such a society is closed to freedom of thought. In contrast, in an open society each citizen needs to engage in critical thinking, which requires freedom of thought and expression and the cultural and legal institutions that can facilitate this. Democracies are examples of the "open society", whereas totalitarian dictatorships, theocracy, and autocratic monarchies are examples of the "closed society". Humanitarianism, equality and political freedom are fundamental characteristics of an open society. This was recognised by Pericles, a statesman of the Athenian democracy, in his funeral oration: "... advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life."George Soros, a student of Karl Popper, has argued that the sophisticated use of powerful techniques of deception borrowed from modern advertising and cognitive science by political operatives such as Frank Luntz and Karl Rove casts doubt on Popper's original conception of Open Society. . Because the electorates' perception of reality can easily be manipulated, democratic political discourse does not necessarily lead to a better understanding of reality. Soros argues that besides the requirements for the separation of powers, free speech, and free elections, we also need to make explicit a strong commitment to the pursuit of truth. "Politicians will respect, rather than manipulate, reality only if the public cares about the truth and punishes politicians when it catches them in deliberate deception."Organisations such as the Open Society Institute and Open Society Foundation of South Africa aim to actively promote the open society through lobbying and public involvement. (en)
- Откры́тое о́бщество — общество с динамической социальной структурой. Один из типов общества в разных классификациях. Концепция открытого общества была изначально создана философом Анри Бергсоном. Затем она была подробно разработана Карлом Поппером, который объединил философию открытого общества со своей философией научной рациональности. (ru)
- Öppet samhälle, begrepp introducerat av Henri Bergson. (sv)
- Avoin yhteiskunta on ranskalaisen filosofi Henri Bergsonin luoma sekä Karl Popperin popularisoima ja edelleenkehittämä käsite, jonka Popper esitteli kirjassaan Avoin yhteiskunta ja sen viholliset. Ajatuksena on äärimmäisen läpinäkyvä demokratia, joka on avoin muutoksille ja perustuu ihmisoikeuksille sekä panarkismille. Avoimen yhteiskunnan vastakohta on totalitarismi. Nämä eroavat toisistaan seuraavissa suhteissaCite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content: (fi)
- A sociedade aberta é um conceito que foi originalmente criado pelo filósofo Henri Bergson. Em sociedades abertas o governo é responsável e tolerante, e os mecanismos políticos são transparentes e flexíveis. O Estado não mantém segredos para si mesmo; é uma sociedade não-autoritária, uma sociedade em que todos são respeitados, com o conhecimento de todos. Liberdade política e direitos humanos são os princípios fundamentais que regem a sociedade aberta. Na definição de Karl Popper, encontrada em seu livro de dois volumes The Open Society and Its Enemies a "sociedade aberta" é aquela que se assegura de que seus líderes possam ser destituídos sem a necessidade de derramamento de sangue, por oposição às sociedades autoritárias nas quais uma violenta revolução ou um golpe de estado se faz necessário para alterar sua liderança. Ele acrescenta que numa "sociedade aberta" "os indivíduos encaram decisões pessoais", por oposição às "sociedades mágicas, tribais ou coletivistas" .O conceito de "sociedade aberta" de Popper é mais epistemológico que político . De acordo com sua teoria, o fato do conhecimento humano ser provisório e falível implica na necessidade de que as sociedades estejam abertas a diferentes pontos de vista. Pretensões ao domínio de certos conhecimentos e da verdade final conduzem à imposição de uma única versão da realidade . Contrastando com isso, numa "sociedade aberta" cada cidadão deve formar sua própria opinião sobre a realidade e para isso é necessário haver liberdade de expressão de pensamentos, e a manutenção de instituições legais e culturais que a favoreçam. Uma "sociedade aberta" também deve ser pluralística e multicultural para que possa se beneficiar da análise do maior número de pontos de vista em seus problemas . (pt)
- 开放社会（Open Society）这个概念一开始由哲学家亨利·博格森（Henri Bergson）提出。在一个开放社会中，政府容许并接受民间的批评；政府行为透明；它不是集权社会，个人自由和人权是开放社会的基石。卡尔·波普尔在他的《开放社会及其敌人》中定义开放社会为政治多级（Pluralistic）和文化多元（Multicultural）的社会。波普尔认为，没有人知道完美的政府是什么样子，于是次优的选择是一个可以和平更替权力的政府。文化多元不仅是开放社会的特点，也是开放社会不断改善、进化的活力源泉。而“封闭社会”的特点是政治单极、文化单元，权力更替常常只能用暴力革命完成。 (zh)
- Die offene Gesellschaft ist ein in der Tradition des Liberalismus stehendes Staatsmodell Karl Poppers, das die größtmögliche Freiheit für jedes Individuum bieten soll. Die Gewalt des Staats soll dabei soweit wie möglich geteilt werden, um Machtmissbrauch zu verhindern. Poppers Vorstellung von der offenen Gesellschaft ist eng mit der Demokratie verbunden, allerdings nicht verstanden als Herrschaft des Volkes, sondern als die Möglichkeit, die Regierung gewaltfrei abzuwählen. Der offenen Gesellschaft steht einerseits die Laissez-Faire-Gesellschaft gegenüber, andererseits die totalitäre, am holistisch-kollektivistischen Denken ausgerichtete „geschlossene Gesellschaft“, die Popper auch ironisch den „Himmel auf Erden“ nennt, weil sie als solcher propagiert wird. (de)
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| - The open society is a concept originally developed by philosopher Henri Bergson. In open societies, government is responsive and tolerant, and political mechanisms are transparent and flexible. The state keeps no secrets from itself in the public sense; it is a non-authoritarian society in which all are trusted with the knowledge of all. Political freedoms and human rights are the foundation of an open society.In Karl Popper's definition, found in his two-volume book The Open Society and Its Enemies, he defines an "open society" as one which ensures that political leaders can be overthrown without the need for bloodshed, as opposed to a "closed society", in which a bloody revolution or coup d'état is needed to change the leaders. He further describes an open society as one "in which individuals are confronted with personal decisions" as opposed to a "magical or tribal or collectivist society". In this context, tribalistic and collectivist societies do not distinguish between natural laws and social customs. Individuals are unlikely to challenge traditions they believe to have a sacred or magical basis. The beginnings of an open society are thus marked by a distinction between natural and man-made law, and an increase in personal responsibility and accountability for moral choices. Popper argues that the ideas of individuality, criticism, and humanitarianism cannot be suppressed once people become aware of them, and therefore that it is impossible to return to the closed society. (en)
- Откры́тое о́бщество — общество с динамической социальной структурой. Один из типов общества в разных классификациях. (ru)
- Öppet samhälle, begrepp introducerat av Henri Bergson. (sv)
- Avoin yhteiskunta on ranskalaisen filosofi Henri Bergsonin luoma sekä Karl Popperin popularisoima ja edelleenkehittämä käsite, jonka Popper esitteli kirjassaan Avoin yhteiskunta ja sen viholliset. (fi)
- A sociedade aberta é um conceito que foi originalmente criado pelo filósofo Henri Bergson. Em sociedades abertas o governo é responsável e tolerante, e os mecanismos políticos são transparentes e flexíveis. (pt)
- 开放社会（Open Society）这个概念一开始由哲学家亨利·博� �森（Henri Bergson）提出。在一个开放社会中，政府容许并接受民间的批评；政府行为透明；它不是集权社会，个人自由和人权是开放社会的基石。卡尔·波普尔在他的《开放社会及其敌人》中定义开放社会为政治多级（Pluralistic）和文化多元（Multicultural）的社会。波普尔认为，没有人知道完美的政府是什么� �子，于是次优的选择是一个可以和平更替权力的政府。文化多元不仅是开放社会的特点，也是开放社会不断改善、进化的活力源泉。而“封闭社会”的特点是政治单极、文化单元，权力更替常常只能用暴力革命完成。 (zh)
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